Liu Yuxi (772-842) was born in Luoyang, China (now Luoyang, Henan) in the Tang Dynasty. Self-proclaimed "Xingyang people, Luoyang people", and self-proclaimed Zhongshan (now Dingzhou, Hebei Province) people, first named Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan Jing, and last named Lushan. Liu Yuxi was a scholar in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793). At the beginning, he was appointed as the clerk of Du You's shogunate and the special envoy of Huainan, and was highly valued by Du You. Later, he entered the DPRK from Du You and supervised the empire. At the end of Zhenyuan, he made friends with Liu Zongyuan, Han Ye and formed a political group headed by Wang. Later, he successively served as Sima of Langzhou, Secretariat of Lianzhou, Secretariat of Kuizhou, Secretariat of Hezhou, Doctor of Host and Guest, Doctor of Ritual and Secretariat of Suzhou. Liu Yuxi's last term was Prince Ke, so his poetry collection was named "Liu Ke Ji" by later generations. Bai Juyi praised Liu Mengde as a poet in Pengcheng, so Liu Yuxi was also known as a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, an outstanding politician, philosopher, poet and essayist in the middle Tang Dynasty. Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi are also called "Bai Liu". And Liu Zongyuan are also called "Liu Liu". Liu Pengcheng Mende was also a great poet. Its front is looming, and its bravery is even smaller. He also said that his poems should be protected by sacred objects, which is highly valued by celebrities. In Huichang, we will check the history of the Ministry of Justice. He died at the age of 70 and gave it to the Minister of Housing. Eighteen volumes of poetry, now twelve volumes.
Basic information
Chinese name: Liu Yuxi
Alias: Liu Binke, Liu Mengde
Native place: Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu)
Gender: male
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Nationality: China.
Date of birth: 772 AD
Date of death: 842 AD
Representative works: Wuyi Lane, Autumn Poems, Bamboo Branches (6), Langtaosha (1), Langtaosha (8), Yang Liuzhi (1), Old Time Thoughts of Xipaotai Mountain, and The First Banquet in Yangzhou to Enjoy Lotte.
Name: Lushan, No.
Time: Tang Dynasty
Honorary title: poet
brief introduction
Liu Yuxi (772~842) was born in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), a poet and philosopher in the middle Tang Dynasty. Advocating political innovation is one of the core figures of the Wang school's political innovation activities. Later, he was demoted to Langzhou Sima and Lianzhou Secretariat, and made a guest appearance as a prince in his later years. Some of his poems reflect the author's progressive thoughts. Poems such as Zhuzhici written by learning folk songs are fresh and lively, healthy and cheerful, and have a unique artistic conception. The language is concise and vivid, and the feelings are lingering. Representative works include Wuyi Lane, Autumn Poems, Zhuzhi Ci (VI), Langtaosha (I), Langtaosha (VIII), Yang Liuzhi (I), Old Times of Xipaotai Mountain, and The First Reward for Lotte in Yangzhou, among which bamboo. His collection of poems includes Liu Bin Ji.
He claimed to be a descendant of Hanzhong Mountain King. The records of Liu genealogy vary from place to place. Fujian is said to be the descendant of Liu Jiao, the younger brother of Liu Bang, and Anhui is said to be the descendant of Liu Fei, the eldest son of Liu Bang. There are also records of Xiongnu descendants. What is the specific life experience, we have not yet verified. Poet and philosopher in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. His family is a scholarly family handed down from generation to generation by Confucianism. Advocating political innovation is one of the core figures of the Wang school's political innovation activities.
He is a descendant of Xiongnu, and his seventh ancestor Liu Liang changed his surname after he moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen Wei. Father Liu Xu moved his family to Jiaxing (present-day Zhejiang) to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. Liu Yuxi was born in Jiaxing and studied in Chang 'an at the age of 19. Zhenyuan nine years, and Liu Zongyuan tied for Jinshi, and later promoted to Hongci. In the eleventh year of Zhenyuan, he went to the official department to take an examination of scholars, awarded the prince a school book, and began to set foot on his official career. In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, he joined Du You as the secretary of the curtain and took part in the crusade against Xuzhou rebels. In eighteen years, he was transferred to the main book of Weinan County. The following year, he served as a supervisor. In January of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (changed to Yongzheng in August of the same year), Wang and others were ordered to carry out a series of measures to reform malpractice. At that time, Liu Yuxi was appointed as the foreign minister of wasteland and sentenced to the case of supporting salt and iron. Together with Wang, Wang□ and Liu Zongyuan, he is the core figure of political innovation and is called the "two kings". Only after half a year, the innovation was strongly opposed by eunuchs and buffer regions. Shunzong was forced to abdicate and Xianzong acceded to the throne. In September, the innovation failed and Wang was granted the death penalty. Liu Yuxi was first demoted to Lianzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province) as a secretariat, then to Jiangling, and then to Sima in Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan Province). At the same time, eight people were demoted to distant Sima, which was called "Eight Sima" in history.
In December of Yuanhe 9, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were recalled to Beijing. In March of the following year, Liu Yuxi wrote a poem "In the eleventh year of Yuanhe (one word), he was called to Beijing from Langzhou to give a play to a gentleman who looks at flowers", which offended the ruling and opposition parties and was released as the secretariat of Lianzhou. Later, he served as the secretariat of Kuizhou and Hezhou. In the winter of the second year, Bao Li was recalled from Hezhou to Luoyang. Twenty-two years of relegation is over here. In the first year of Daiwa, Liu Yuxi was appointed as a visiting doctor in Dushong Shangshu Province. The following year, he returned to North Korea as a visiting doctor. As soon as he arrived in Chang 'an, he wrote "Re-visit Du Xuanguan Bureau", which showed his indomitable will after repeated blows. Later, officials from Suzhou, Ruzhou and Tongzhou made a secretariat. From the first year of Kaicheng (836), he was appointed as the guest and secretary of the prince to supervise Du Dong. In the first year of Huichang (84 1), the collation department added the title of Shangshu. The world calls them Liu Binke and Liu Shangshu. Liu Yuxi, a poet, was as famous as Bai Juyi before his death and was called "Bai Liu" by the world. Bai Juyi called him a "poet" and admired him to the utmost. His poems are widely read. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, Liu Yuxi edited his writings into forty couplets, and deleted a quarter of them as "anthology". This is the earliest anthology and anthology of Liu Yuxi, which has not been handed down today. The New Tang Book Yi Wenzhi contains 40 volumes of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Lost in the early song dynasty 10. Song compiled Legacy into Waiji 10, but there are still some omissions.
There are three kinds of existing ancient books in Liu Yuxi's collection: ① Dong's engraving (1 138) collected in the Qing Summer Resort in the eighth year of Song Shaoxing is a small seal script, and Xu Hongbao's photocopy is available. In the 13th year of Xichun (1 186), Luyou was re-engraved according to the Eastern edition, which was called "the reduced edition". Block printing, which has been popular since Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically belongs to this system. (2) The Collected Works of Liu Mengde, an engraving of the Song Dynasty in Chonglan Museum, Fukui, Ping 'an, Japan, is a large-character version of Shu, which is now a photocopy of Dong Kang and a condensed version of the Commercial Press. ③ Collected Works of Liu Mengde (Volume 1-4), and Jian 'anfang Block Edition in Beijing Library. Jin Mao, Hui Dong, He Chao, Feng Hao, Huang Pilie and others in the Ming and Qing Dynasties preliminarily sorted out Liu Yuxi's books, but most of them were manuscripts, which were not widely circulated. The existing editions of Liu Yuxi's collected works are: Four Editions, Liu Mengde's Collected Works, Four Notes, Liu Binke's Collected Works, Collection Integration and Liu Binke's Collected Works. There is also the proofreading of Liu Yuxi's collected works.
Liu Yuxi's life story can be found in the old and new biographies of Tang Dynasty, and Jia (called Jia) compiled by Tang Dynasty records Liu Yuxi's conversation about creation and learning in his later years, which is quite informative. The Chronicle of Liu Yuxi written by Bian, a modern man, has done a lot of textual research on Liu Yuxi's life and various historical materials.
Later, Yongzhen failed to innovate and was demoted to Langzhou Sima. Instead of indulging in self-indulgence, he wrote with a positive and optimistic spirit, actively learned from folk songs, and created poems imitating folk songs such as Picking Ling Xing. Liu Yuxi was once sent back to Beijing by imperial edict, and was demoted as a secretariat of Lianzhou because of a poem "Peach trees were all planted in Guanli, Du Xuan after Liu Lang went". Later, he was appointed as Jiangzhou Secretariat, where he wrote a lot of Zhi Zhu Ci. Many famous sentences are widely read. In the summer of 824, he wrote the famous "Missing in Old Times" in Xipaotai Mountain: "Wang Zhuolou disembarked from Yizhou, and the imperial ghost has languished in Nanjing. The long Zhang Qian chain sank to the bottom of the river, and a flag was lowered on the stone wall. How many sad past in life, the mountains still remain cold. Today, every sea is home, and ancient fortresses are full of ruins and autumn reeds. " This poem was greatly appreciated by later literary critics and regarded as a masterpiece of Tang poetry with endless meanings. Later, after several transfers, Liu Yuxi was sent to Suzhou as a secretariat. At that time, Suzhou was flooded and there was hunger everywhere. After he came to power, he opened a warehouse to relieve hunger, exempted taxes and reduced labor, and soon brought the people out of the disaster and lived a life of peace and contentment. Suzhou people loved him and thanked him, so they called Wei and Bai Juyi, who had been the secretariat in Suzhou, "three sages" and established the hall of three sages. Tang Wenzong also praised his achievements and gave him a Zijin fish bag. Liu Yuxi returned to Luoyang in his later years, making a guest appearance as a prince, adding school history, making friends and writing poems, and living a leisurely life. After his death, he was posthumously appointed Minister of the Interior.
There are more than 800 poems in existence. His poems study folk songs, reflect people's life and customs, have a wide range of themes, and draw lessons from the implicit, simple and beautiful characteristics of Bashu folk songs in style, which are fresh and natural, healthy and lively, and full of life interest. His satirical poems often use allegorical excuses to attack and suppress the innovative dignitaries in Yongzhen, which involves a wide range of social phenomena. In his later years, his style became more subtle, ironic and unobtrusive. There are more than 40 poems with the characteristics of folk songs. When Liu Yuxi was in Luoyang, he and Bai Juyi created the inscription "Recalling Jiangnan".
poetic sentiment
Loushiming
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green. There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form. Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu. Kong Ziyun: What's wrong?
Autumn wind songs
Autumn wind comes everywhere, and the rustling sends geese. When the morning light enters the courtyard, lonely guests smell it first.
Shang Di line
The wine flag faces the embankment, even up and down the embankment. At dusk, pedestrians rush to cross the river, and the sound of paddling is full of midstream.
Autumn ci
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring. There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky.
Autumn ci
The mountains and rivers are clear and frosty at night, and several trees are deep red and light yellow. Trying to get under a tall building is as crazy as spring.
Visit Du Xuan Temple again.
Half of the 100-acre courtyard is covered with moss and peach blossoms are in full bloom. Where Taoism returned, Liu Lang came again today.
Wangdongting
The lake and the moon set each other off, and there is no wind mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape. There is a green snail in the silver plate.
Jiangnanchun
It's a good day to make up the new Red Mansion and have a deep garden. Go to the court and look up at the new flowers. Dragonflies fly to the head of Hosta.
Bamboo branch
Spring grass grows in the head of Baidicheng, and the Qingjiang River in Sichuan is at the foot of Baiyan Mountain. Southerners come up to sing a song, but northerners don't come up to be nostalgic.
Bamboo branch
Qutang 12 beaches, it is difficult to travel since ancient times. It's better to hate people than water, and make waves casually.
Bamboo branch
There are peaches and plums everywhere, and the fireworks in the clouds are others. The silver hairpin and gold hairpin came to carry water, and the long knife and short hat burned her.
Bamboo branch
In spring, the wild peach blossoms on the mountain are bright red, and the Shuhe River beats the cliff on the edge of the cliff. A girl saw it and thought that her husband's love was as fleeting as this peach blossom, and infinite sadness was like this endless river of water.
Bamboo branch
When the Wuxia Gorge is gray and rainy, the green apes crow the highest branch. It is not this sad voice that makes people feel sad.
Bamboo branch
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. Rain in the east, sunrise in the east, said it was not sunny, but it was still sunny.
Bamboo branch
There is much rain on Bashan Mountain, and Ba people are good at singing their own songs. At present, the northern bamboo slips man has gone from Guodian, and he has also come to meet the busker of Shulianghe.
Bamboo branch
The spring rain on the river is fine, and the spring water in the west is budding. There are willows in the east and west of the bridge, and people come to sing.
Bamboo branch
Flowers bloom like snow on both sides of the strait, and every family is full of silver cups of spring wine. Many female companions in Zhaojun Square come to Yong 'an Palace for an outing.
Bamboo branch
There is a pile outside the west gate, and the waves will not go out every year. Angry people are not as good as stones, and they run around when they are young.
Bamboo branch
As the sun rises, the spring fog disappears, and Jiangtou Shuke is stationed in Lanyu. I live in Wan Li Bridge in Chengdu, and I send a piece of paper to a madman.
Step function words
Mother planted peaches in the sea of clouds, which bloomed for two thousand years. The sea breeze blows off the most numerous branches, kneeling and hugging Qiong Pan to offer sacrifices to God.
Step function words
A crane has been returned to China for thousands of years, and Dan is the top of the snow. After listening to the fairy tales of the stars, people fly to five clouds.
Throw music
Five-color embroidery is a reunion and a feast for kings. The best place is under the red candle, before the flowers fall. If passengers get off the boat first, they should be given a boat.
Langtaosha
The Yellow River winds from a distant place, carrying thousands of miles of yellow sand. Since you are from the sky, and now you seem to fly directly to the Milky Way, please take me to the sky, gather in the Milky Way, and go to the home of Cowherd and Weaver Girl together.
Langtaosha
In August, the waves roared, and the head was several feet high, touching the back of the mountain. In a blink of an eye, I arrived at Haimen, and the rolled sand was like a snowdrift.
Langtaosha
The running water keeps scouring the sand, and the front waves are not extinguished, and the back waves are not born. It suddenly reminds people of George W. xiang zhu and sings three or two times to welcome God.
Langtaosha
On the bank of Luoshui Bridge, the sun sets in spring, and Bixi is light and shallow. Strangers for no reason met with strong winds, which made Yuanyang splash.
Langtaosha
Mo Tao's slanderers are as deep as waves, and Mo Yan's guests are as heavy as sand. Although it is hard, it is difficult to blow out the cold sand before reaching the gold.
Langtaosha
The bian river flows eastward with tiger's eyes, and the duck's head is clear and pregnant. Look at the sand washing place at the ferry, but how many people have crossed the world.
Langtaosha
On both sides of Jinjiang River, flowers are blooming, and the spring breeze blows the waves. The girl cut the mandarin duck brocade and set the sunset glow in the middle stream.
Langtaosha
Rizhao Chengzhou River is foggy, and gold diggers are all over the river. Behind the beautiful jewels is sand full of waves.
Langtaosha
Nautilus Island is full of waves and sand, and the brothel will be inclined in spring. Swallows with mud fight for home, and crazy people don't remember home alone.
Yang Liuzhi
Plum blossoms in Saibei play strong flutes, and lyrics in Guihua Mountain in Huainan. Please don't play the old songs and listen to the new Yang Liuzhi.
Yang Liuzhi
The green door of Yumo hangs down, and the golden thread is inextricably linked. Now as a knot of empathy, give it to pedestrians.
Yang Liuzhi
Light and graceful occupy the years, and dance halls are everywhere. You can't stay in late spring, but it's not bad to fall with the wind.
Yang Liuzhi
It is difficult to meet each other when there is spring grass in Nanmo Dongcheng. Both Taohong and Li Bai praise good things. It must be played by someone else.
Yang Liuzhi
Outside the city, the spring breeze blows the wine flag, and pedestrians wave when the sun is shining. Chang 'an is a stranger to infinite trees, and only weeping willows can leave.
Yang Liuzhi
The Yangtze River is misty, and the trees in Sui Palace brush the golden embankment. Cragginess still has the color of the times, and waterfowl inhabit the waves.
Yang Liuzhi
Spring comes first, and the light yellow and green set off the balcony. It is only because of elegant feelings that it is destroyed by the long spring breeze.
Yang Liuzhi
There are many willows in Wushan, and the rain is far away. Because I want to have infinite things on the balcony, I sing bamboo songs for you.
Yang Liuzhi
The phoenix pavilion is lightly covered with jade, and the dragon hill looks at silk dust. Jade ditch and spring water set each other off, killing Chang' an children.
Yang Liuzhi
When Calyx Building just planted the seeds, the beautiful women were fighting upstairs. Now throw it in the long street, and the leaves look like crying and hating someone.
Yang Liuzhi
Emperor Yang Di's palace is near the seashore, and several willow trees can't survive in spring. Late as snow, fly into the palace wall and see no one.
Yang Liuzhi
Jinguyuan, orioles flying around, bronze camel wind. The peaches and plums in the east of the city are exhausted for a while, and the struggle is like weeping willows.
Tread on lyrics
On the riverside, the levee is flat, and the girls on the levee line up in a row. After singing all the new words, I can't see. The tree is singing in the red window.
Tread on lyrics
Peach blossoms and willows are easy to pass, and the makeup is full of songs. Because it is Wang Xiang Palace, there are still many narrow waists.
Tread on lyrics
New words are handed down from generation to generation, and the sleeves are swaying. The moon sets, the clouds and rain disperse, and the wandering children pick flowers from strangers.
Tread on lyrics
At dusk, Jiangnan people smell bamboo branches, southerners enjoy themselves, and northerners are sad. Since singing new songs in the snow, until the end of March.
Dreamed of the south bank
Thanks to the people of Los Angeles, spring is over. Weak willows doubt the wind, the jungle is like a towel, and sitting alone also contains a frown.
Dreamed of the south bank
Spring has passed, and * * * cherishes a sunny year. There are still peach blossoms on the running water, and bamboo leaves are drunk, but they are waiting to see the sky.
Elephant god
Hunan water flow, Hunan water flow, nine doubt clouds to autumn. If you ask the second princess where she lives, Lingling grass will show sadness.
Characteristics of poetry
Liu Yuxi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, is very stubborn and has a spirit of recognizing the truth and never looking back. His long-term relegation has not changed his political stance. Many of his poems are sharp and sarcastic, aiming at the powerful jesters of today's dynasties. After being demoted for ten years, he was recalled to Chang 'an. While enjoying the peach blossoms in Du Xuan, he wrote a poem "Yuanhe was called to Beijing from Langzhou for ten years, and the play was given to the gentleman who looked at the flowers":
On the main road of the city, pedestrians are constantly flowing, and the dust is blowing on their faces. People say that they have just seen flowers coming back from Xuandu. There are thousands of peach trees in the Xuanmiao Temple, all of which were planted after I was exiled to Beijing.
Poetry is ostensibly a flower viewing, but its significance is self-evident. Nowadays, those upstarts who are full of arrogance are very superficial, and there is no real talent and learning, just like that thin peach blossom. I made up the vacancy after Liu Lang was driven out of Chang 'an.
This poem "satirizes" those powerful people, so he was banished to Lianzhou within a few days of his return to Beijing. The demotion lasted longer, and it took fourteen years to return to Chang 'an. Once again, the poet came to Xuanduguan, and the peach blossoms in the garden were exhausted, leaving only weeds and moss. Looking at this bleak scene of ups and downs yesterday, he was deeply touched, and that stubborn strength came up again. He wrote a song "Visit Du Xuanguan again":
Half of the 100-acre courtyard is covered with moss and peach blossoms are in full bloom. Where does Taoism return? Liu Lang came again today.
This poem is a continuation of the last one, but the satire is more pungent than the last one. The peach blossoms that once filled the garden have now been replaced by a weed. Where did the nouveau riche who were proud of it go now? I, Liu Lang, who was reviled in those years, didn't come back today? This poem is full of contempt for the enemy and indomitable spirit of struggle.
Liu Yuxi is not blindly stubborn and never gives in on some issues of principle, but on the whole, he is open-minded and can get things through. When he was demoted to Langzhou, he was thirty-four years old. It was a good time to do something, but he was once again driven out of the court. His frustration can be imagined. But he has strong adaptability, can self-regulate, can comfort himself, and can find pleasure in suffering:
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring. There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky.
This is his poem Autumn Poems. The ancients looked forward to autumn and mourned, but he insisted on doing the opposite, thinking that autumn was better than spring. The sky is crisp, the blue sky is like washing, and a crane flies straight into the sky, with high spirits and refreshing. Poetry expresses the poet's brave and tenacious attitude towards life.
Liu Yuxi also studied philosophy, and through philosophical reflection, he turned the sadness in life into a feeling with historical depth. In this way, he can jump out of the limited time and space and achieve psychological balance at a higher level. We saw his "Yangzhou First Meeting to Enjoy Lotte", which has been abandoned for 23 years in such a desolate area as Bashan Chushui. After coming back, it has become an antique like an unearthed cultural relic. Many friends in the past died, but the poet didn't feel old and depressed. Although the poet compares himself to a "sunken ship" and a "sick tree", his heart is very sad, but in the context of the passage of time, this sadness is not worthy of attention.
Poetic style
Liu Yuxi and his poetic style are quite unique. He is resolute and full of heroism. During his years in exile, he really felt heavy psychological pain and sang a lamentation for lonely ministers. But he never despairs, and always beats the soul of a fighter; He wrote poems such as Yuan He's Ten Years' Calling Beijing Opera for a Flower-Watching Gentleman, Visiting Xuanduguan Jueju, White Snake, Chrysanthemum Mosquito Ballad, Flying a Kite, Hua Tuo Lun, etc., and repeatedly satirized and attacked his political enemies, resulting in repeated political repression and blows, but such repression and blows aroused his stronger anger. He said, "I'm from Shandong, and I've felt a lot in my life" (Zhu Qiao Meets the Zen Master). This kind of "emotion" not only increases the charm of his poems, but also greatly enriches the depth and intensity of his poems.
Liu Yuxi's poems, whether short or long, are mostly simple, lively and handsome, with the wisdom of a philosopher and the sincere feelings of a poet, full of artistic tension and heroic momentum. Such as "the north wind mourns the old horse, and the autumn frost moves the birds." ..... because of the sense of decline, Ann can arouse the heart "(the second part of" Learning Ruan Gong's Three Poems ")," Ma Si changed grass and fists, carving Qingyun sleep. Poems such as "Heaven and earth can be swept away, and the disease can be cured on a high platform" ("Beginning to smell the autumn wind") are written with high spirits and fierce style, which has a power to rise and fall and rejuvenate the people. As for his seven-character quatrains, they are also unique, such as: "Mo Dao's slanderers are as deep as waves, and Mo Yanke is as heavy as sand." Although the effort is hard, it still needs a lot of sand to nugget. "("Nine Poems of Langtaosha ",the eighth)" Plum blossoms play the strong flute in Saibei, and Guishushan poems Huainan. Please don't play the previous songs and listen to the new version of Yang Liuzhi. " Poetically speaking, these two works are concise and easy to understand, but through one layer, we will realize a kind of arrogance, independence, a feeling of overcoming difficulties and transcending suffering, a flowing vitality, an optimistic spirit of abandoning the old and moving forward, and a firm and noble personality connotation. Another example is his famous "Autumn Ci":
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring. There is a crane and a row of clouds in the sky, and poetry is attracted to Bixiao. The whole poem opposes the traditional view of mourning for autumn, praises autumn, gives autumn a power to guide life, and shows the poet's infinite yearning for the realm of freedom. The chest is extremely high and the bone strength is very strong.
Liu Yuxi lived in Jiaxing with his father in his early years and often went to Xing Wu to visit Jiao Ran and Che Ling, famous Zen monks and poets in the south of the Yangtze River. According to his "Collected Works of Che Masters", at that time, he "wrote inkstones and accompanied poems, all of which were called obedience". This early experience has a great influence on later poetry creation. So, what are the poetic ideas of Jiao Ran and Che Ling? Jiao Ran has a poetic style, paying special attention to two aspects. First, he advocated hard thinking and asked poets to return to nature after carefully honing their words. He believes that this nature is the ultimate of poetry; Secondly, it attaches great importance to the realm of profound meaning and lofty charm of poetry, and holds that "high context means high poetry, while biased context means easy poetry." And this "realm", that is, artistic conception comes from the mood of the creative subject. "True thoughts are in the shadow, floating thoughts are in the shadow" ("Answering the School Book in Winter Night"), that is, the poet's subjective state of mind and aesthetic photos are the most important. Che Ling has no poetic theory handed down from ancient times, but according to Quan Deyu's Preface to Send Master Che Ling from Lushan to Wozhou, he "has no trace of words, so his words are easy to speak, and he can't think without leaving the natural environment ... knowing that his heart is quiet and quiet"; He also said that he often "brushed the square robe, took a canoe, looked back in the mirror, got a quiet sentence, and then went deep into the empty silence and washed it with sorrow." It can be seen that Che Ling also attaches importance to winning ethereal and profound artistic conception through silent observation of the subject, and language also pursues nature. On the one hand, these opinions are influenced by the poetic style of Dali and Zhenyuan, and pay attention to the tempering of words without revealing traces. On the other hand, they come from the Buddhist concept of attaching importance to "heart", that is, subjective experience and feeling. Liu Yuxi was deeply convinced of Buddhism, from which he got samadhi. Many years later, he also said that people who write poems should "understand everything in a few words, and sit down and admire all kinds of scenery" (Wuling Ji of Eastern History). The former sentence refers to the conciseness and implication of language, and the latter sentence refers to the observation and meditation of the subject. Therefore, on the one hand, he attaches importance to making the poetic language exquisite and natural through tempering and polishing, and opposes the use of uncommon words. He put forward that "if you want to use uncommon words to write poetry, you must have a place ... If the younger generation wants to learn poetry, it must be well-founded and not lead the way" ("Liu Bin Jia Luhua");
On the other hand, he attaches great importance to the observation and meditation of the subject. He once said in "Preface to Poems in Jiangling after Autumn": If you can leave your desire, you will be empty and enter the scene; There must be a leak when entering, it is shaped by words. ..... Because of the situation, it is clear; Words are chosen by wisdom, so the essence is beautiful. Determination is the reflection and wisdom to eliminate distractions, and it is the acquisition of inspiration. Poems written in this way can contain richer connotations and deeper artistic conception. Therefore, most of Liu Yuxi's poems are natural and fluent, concise and refreshing, and at the same time have an open and open sense of time and space. For example, his famous phrase "Fang Lin's new leaves urge the morning night, and the waves before the flowing water let the waves behind" ("Three gentlemen and one poet all have deep contributions"), "Qian Fan on the side of sinking boat, Wan Muchun before the sick tree" ("Enjoy Lotte as the first Yangzhou") are all his reflections on history and life. This kind of feeling appears in the poem in the form of image, which not only broadens the horizon, but also has an overtime span, showing the blending of history, reality and future here.
Liu Yuxi's epic is highly respected. With concise language and carefully selected images, these poems express his deep thoughts after reading all the vicissitudes of life, which contain deep feelings, such as missing the old days of Xipaotai Mountain, Wuyi Lane, Stone Town and the Temple of Shu Xianwang. When Wang Jun's ships set out from Yizhou, the position of the prince of Wu disappeared. The long Zhang Qian chain sank to the bottom of the river, and a flag was lowered on the stone wall. How many sad past in life, the mountains still remain cold. Since then, the world has belonged to one another, and rushes are whistling in the old base. (Thinking of the old days in Xipaotai Mountain)
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane. Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people. (Wuyi Lane)
The first is the poet's feeling of standing on Mount Cisse overlooking. In his mind, there is a sharp contrast between eternity and transience: Qian Fan's competitive development and the sinking of the river, whether it is fighting to control chaos or splitting and unifying, are all fleeting compared with the silent nature. The latter song is transformed into the historical change of ordinary people's homes through the old traces of Xie Wang, which shows the common sigh in people's hearts: all prosperity and nobility will be washed away by time.
Liu Yuxi's landscape poems have also changed the narrow-minded and bleak style of Dali and Zhenyuan poets, but they often write a kind of half-empty and half-solid open scene of beyond space's real distance, such as "the water goes down the mountain like snow, and the grass on the bridge is like smoke" ("The fable shows that Lotte and Niu Xianggong drink in Nanzhuang"), "The weeds are lush, the gossamer is dazzling, and Luotian is dazzling. Another example is Wang Dongting:
The lake and the moon set each other off, and there is no wind mirror on the pool surface. Looking at Dongting from a distance, there is a green snail in the silver plate.
In this quiet and ethereal landscape, the poet's subjective feelings are integrated, which constitutes a quiet and peaceful atmosphere. However, although Liu Yuxi said that "if he can leave his desire, his heart will be empty", he actively participated in Yongzhen's innovation, in fact, he still had to realize his life ideal in society; His personality is also stubborn, so despite the influence of Buddhism, he is not as satisfied and decadent as Bai Juyi in the later period, but often shows a high-spirited spirit in his poems. For example, one of the two poems in Autumn Poems: "Autumn has been sad and lonely since ancient times, and I say autumn wins spring. On the clear sky and the clouds, it brings poetry to Bixiao. " "Climbing the Lingsi Tower with Lotte": "It is not difficult to carry it step by step, and the nine clouds lean against the railing. Suddenly, I laughed for a long time, and infinite tourists looked up. " There is a high-spirited power. Liu Yuxi's poetry is clear because of its implicit and deep connotation, open and generous realm and lofty and upward emotion.
In addition, we should also mention some poems he wrote under the influence of folk songs.
Jiao Ran, Che Ling and others lived in Wudi, where folk songs prevailed. In Zen's view, folk songs are straightforward, natural, lively and simple, which is the ultimate language, so they also learn the characteristics of folk songs to write poems, which undoubtedly has a certain influence on Liu Yuxi. Liu Yuxi has been demoted to the south for many times, and the south is also a popular place for folk songs, so Liu Yuxi often collects folk songs and learns his style to create poems, such as "Egret Son":
Egret, the tallest lattice. Sweaters are thrown in the new snow, birds are screaming and lonely. Sleeping alone in Ainny, standing on the gurgling stones for a long time. There is no cloud in front of the mountain, flying into the distant blue.
Poetry is a metaphor for their feeling of loneliness, but it has a faint folk style. There are also some works that completely imitate folk songs, such as Zhi Zhu's Ci, Yang Liuzhi's Ci, Di Hangxing's Ci and Ta's Ci, which are simple and natural, fresh and lovely, and exude the rich flavor of life like folk songs. The following two songs are particularly vivid:
Wangjiang north and south smoke waves, pedestrians sing at night. Peach leaves are lyrical and bamboo branches are resentful, and the water is infinite. ("Embankment Climbing" Part II)
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and the songs on the shore can be heard. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny. (One of Zhi Zhu's two songs)