big seal character
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed into Da Zhuan. The development of seal script has produced two characteristics: first, the lines with uneven thickness in the early days became uniform and soft, and the lines they drew with utensils were very concise and vivid; Second, standardization, the glyph structure tends to be neat, and gradually deviates from the original shape of the picture, laying the foundation for the square characters. The big seal is for the later small seal. In a broad sense, Da Zhuan includes Xiao Zhuan, pre-Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and six-country scripts. The big seal script here refers to the Qin script that prevailed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. With the eastward move to Luoyang, Qin occupied the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and at the same time inherited the writing of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was developed on the basis of inheriting the bronze inscriptions. Regional, some are difficult to identify.
Dazhuan, also known as Zhuan (zhòu) text. It was named after it was recorded in Shi Shuo pian. History of Han Dynasty: "Fifteen poems, printed by Mrs. Shu of Zhou Shi." There are 225 Shuo Wen, which was collected by Xu Shen on the basis of nine Shi Shuo, and it is the main material for us to study Da Chuan today.
The original seal script is generally considered as "Shi Guwen". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, in the south of Chencang (now Baoming, Shaanxi Province) in Tianxing County, ten drum-shaped stone piers were originally unearthed, which were about three feet in diameter, small on the top and large on the bottom, flat on the top and shaped like steamed buns. It is engraved with ten four-character poems written by Qin Xiangong in the eleventh year, which is the earliest stone inscription in China. Lost and found, lost again. More than 700 words were originally engraved, and more than 300 words are now in existence. These ten stone cities exist in the Forbidden City. Because the content recorded the hunting, it was named "Hunting or Carving Stones Forever". Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, thought this stone was shaped like a drum, so he renamed it "Shi Guwen". Now he is the representative of Da Zhuan.
Shi Guwen has a vigorous and dignified style. The font structure is neat, the strokes are even and round, horizontal and vertical, and the shape tends to be square. Da Zhuan largely retains the writing style of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, but slightly changes, making the strokes more neat and symmetrical. The strokes are round. The lines are more uniform than the bronze inscriptions, and the line cutting has reached the completion level, with no obvious unevenness in thickness. The body structure is more neat than the bronze inscriptions, and it began to get rid of the shackles of hieroglyphics, laying the foundation for square Chinese characters. There are few variants on the same object. The font is complex, the radicals often overlap, and writing is inconvenient.
Small/small seal characters
Also known as "Qin Zhuan". During the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the characters, which was called Xiao Zhuan. It was in the Qin dynasty. The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said, "Qin Shihuang is the first emperor in the world, ... but he is not in harmony with Qin Wen." (Reese) wrote Cang Xie, and the CZ government ordered Zhao Gao to write a calendar, while the Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write a book of learning, all of which were based on the big seal script of the history books, or were well preserved, so-called small seal script writers also. "Today, there are remnants of" Engraving Stones in Langyatai "and" Engraving Stones in Taishan "(as shown below), which are representative works of Xiao Zhuan.
It is said that the seal script carved by Qin Quan was written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing with the same class, cars with the same track". Prime Minister Reese is in charge. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, he simplified it, canceled the variant characters of other six countries, and created a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.
Who invented Xiao Zhuan?
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 1 year ago), Xiao Zhuan implemented the policy of "the words are the same, the cars are the same", and unified measurement is responsible. On the basis of the original script of the Qin Dynasty's Da Zhuan, it was simplified, and the variant characters of the other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD) and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. In addition, seal cutting can be added at will because of its complicated strokes, strange forms and twists and turns, especially for official seals that need anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was used all the time until the collapse of the feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technologies. It has really become a historical text.
Who invented official script?
Lishu, also known as Zuo Shu, Fenshu and Bafen, was popular in the Han Dynasty, so it was also called Han Li. It evolved from a round seal pen to a square-folded stroke, and the shape changed from slender to flat, tightened up and down, stretched left and right, and changed from slow to short, showing a lively and diverse atmosphere, which brought great convenience to the writer. Official script is divided into Qin official script and official script. The official script of the Qin Dynasty refers to the official script of the Warring States, the Qin Dynasty and the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. There are different opinions about the origin of ancient plum. According to the information found so far, Li Qin was born in the Warring States period. Judging from the early official script signs on the "wooden slips" unearthed in Qingchuan County, Sichuan Province in the second year of the Warring States Period (309 BC), the complicated strokes of Da Zhuan were damaged, and the shape of the characters changed from rectangular to square or oblate. Although its structure still smells like seal script, the embryonic form of official script has appeared. By the end of the Warring States period, this prototype official script had been widely used. Judging from the Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province in the fifty-first year of Qin Dynasty (256 BC), this kind of font similar to seal script and official script gradually reflects the simplicity and clarity of the font and the lively and standardized lines. The long process from seal script to official script can be seen in a large number of unearthed wooden slips, bamboo slips and silk books from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, he took a series of new measures to promote the rule, one of which was Shu. Li Si, the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, and Zhao Gao, the official secretary of the Warring States, arranged and unified, that is, Xiao Zhuan. Compared with previous scripts, Xiao Zhuan has made a big step forward in lines, structure and font. However, the writing method is still a long circle, and it still does not completely get rid of the pictographic meaning, so the writing speed is slow. At that time, there were many prisons, frequent exchanges between military and political documents and official documents, and it was often necessary to copy a large number of official documents, which made the society at that time urgently need to reform the writing system. As a convenient writing method, official script is widely popular in the lower class. Wei Heng's "Four-body Calligraphy" said: "Since the Qin Dynasty used seal script, many things have been played, and seal script is difficult to achieve. Even if someone is invited to write a book, it is called official script. The scribe is also the winner of the seal. " This is the evidence. Let's not study who is the inventor of official script for the time being, because the generation of a font can never be created by an individual, nor can it be completed in one period. It is gradually formed with the progress of society and the needs of reality. Judging from the development history of Chinese characters for thousands of years, if hieroglyphics to Qin Xiaozhuan are classified as ancient characters, then we classify official scripts and regular scripts that have been used to this day as modern characters. Therefore, official script inherits the rules of seal script, opens the foundation of regular script, and occupies a very important position in the development history of Chinese characters and calligraphy. Its appearance is an extremely important turning point in terms of practicality and artistry, and it is a major change in the evolution of Chinese characters. Because the system in the early Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, writing is no exception, so there is not much difference between the official script in the early Western Han Dynasty and the official script in the Qin Dynasty. It not only has the characteristics of calligraphy in the Qin Dynasty, but also laid the factory foundation for the formation of official script in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and played a role in connecting the past with the future. From the analysis of Mawangdui silk script in Changsha (Figure 2) and Juyan bamboo slips in the Western Han Dynasty (Figure 3), the strokes have been simplified, the flavor of seal script has also decreased, and the fonts tend to be balanced, while the strokes are frustrated, the lines are undulating and the structure is more obvious than that of official script in the Qin Dynasty. Relatively speaking, it reveals the innocence and simplicity of the writer, but the calligraphy skills are not mature enough, so it is not a classic official script. From the mid-Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the official script gradually improved. Especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, because the ruling class adopted some wise policies, the whole society and economy prospered, and so did culture and art. A large number of excellent inscriptions with exquisite skills and distinctive styles appeared, and the official script developed into a formal, artistic and highly aesthetic style. Han Li, as we usually say, mainly refers to the official script on the tablet in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Their characteristics are richer brushwork, echoing the pitch of stippling, ups and downs of brushwork, twists and turns of brushwork, heavy turbidity, light clarity and unevenness of silkworm head and goose tail structure, which is amazing. Various styles, complete statutes, healthy, handsome, chic, elegant, simple, or rigorous, such as bright stars, have reached the peak of art. Inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as Yiying Monument, Ode to Shimen (Figure 4), Book of Rites Monument (Figure 5), Confucius Temple Monument (Figure 6), Huashan Monument (Figure 7), Han Dynasty (Figure 8), Cao Quanbei (Figure 9) and Zhang Qianbei (Figure 9). Calligraphy after Wei and Jin Dynasties is mainly the formation, development and maturity of cursive script, running script and regular script. ......
Who invented regular script?
The father of regular script, Wang Cizhong
In fact, its founder is consistent with the exact date, but most calligraphers in past dynasties think that its founder is Wang Cizhong.
Who invented writing?
Changji's creation
This is the inventor of our Chinese characters
Cang Xie, also known as Cang Xie, is the legendary historian of the Yellow Emperor and the creator of Chinese characters.
Legend has it that Cang Xie was born with "two eyes and four eyes". There are only three people recorded in China's history books, namely Yu Shun, Cang Xie and Xiang Yu. Yu Shun is a modest and filial saint, Cang Xie is Wen Sheng, and Xiang Yu is a warrior.
As early as the end of the Warring States period, the story of "Cangjie creating characters" was widely circulated. The book "Lu Chunqiu Cha Junshou" says: "Xi Zhong made a car, Cang Xie made a tribute, Hou Ji made a crop, made a punishment, and Kunwu made pottery and made a city. These six people did a good job. " "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun" records: "History is a book." Gaoyou Note: "Cang Xie, the emperor in history, was born to watch birds and know how to write books, so he was called the emperor in history, or the emperor." Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu also said: "The history of the Yellow Emperor has seen the traces of birds and beasts, and it is different to know their differences. At the beginning, he booked a book publishing contract and everything was done. " It is recorded in Chunqiu Yuanming Bao that Cang Xie is "handsome and luxurious, with bright eyes, really virtuous, and naturally writes. Therefore, the change of the poor world, looking up at the round song of Kuixing, overlooking the mountains and rivers of turtles, birds and feathers, making words with the palm of your hand, the sky is rain millet, ghosts cry at night, Long Yin. "
Who invented Chinese?
It used to be Oracle Bone Inscriptions, carved on tortoise shells or animal bones. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed into big seal script, which laid the foundation of square characters. Later, Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, simplified Da Zhuan and changed it to Xiao Zhuan. By the Han Dynasty, the official script had developed to a mature stage, and the readability and writing speed of Chinese characters had been greatly improved. After Li Shu, it evolved into Cao Zhang, and now it is grass. In the Tang dynasty, there was Weeds, which expressed the writer's thoughts and feelings with a pen. Subsequently, regular script (also known as original script), a combination of official script and cursive script, became popular in the Tang Dynasty. The print we use today evolved from regular script. Between regular script and cursive script is a running script, which is fluent in writing and flexible in using a pen. It is said that it was invented by Liu Desheng in Han Dynasty, and it is still the font used in our daily writing today. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of printing, block printing was widely used, and Chinese characters were further improved and developed, resulting in a new type of calligraphy-Songti printing font. After the invention of printing, the carving knife used for lettering had a far-reaching influence on the glyph of Chinese characters, resulting in a kind of printing font with fine horizontal and thick vertical, which was eye-catching and easy to read, and was later called Song Style. In the Ming Dynasty, between Qin Long and Wanli, it changed from Song style to Ming style, with fine strokes and square fonts. Since16th century, it has become a very popular main printing font, and it is still called Song Style, also called Lead Style.
Who invented Oracle Bone Inscriptions? Big seal script, small seal script, official script, regular script. Who invented ancient Chinese, middle Chinese, modern Chinese and Putonghua? Please.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions first appeared in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty in China (about 16 BC ~ 10 BC), and there was no specific inventor.
Dazhuan is a widely used font in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is said that it was created by Boyi in the Xia Dynasty.
According to legend, Li Si in Qin Dynasty simplified the seal script on the basis of it, and some scholars say that Qin Shihuang processed and popularized the seal script that had been formed during the Warring States Period.
In the process of "writing in the same language", Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to create Xiao Zhuan, and later adopted the official script compiled by Cheng Miao. Afterwards, Lishu was carried forward in the Han Dynasty.
Regular script first appeared in Wei dynasty, the specific inventor did not know, but regular script in Tang dynasty was the peak.