Types of coins in the five dynasties and ten countries' currencies

Bao Tong was one of the most successful coins in the monetary history of China in the Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on later generations. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, people's trust and love for it did not decrease, and it remained an important means to stabilize the market. Although the five dynasties governments did not cast Kaiyuan money, they could not change the position of Kaiyuan money in the market by casting coins separately. Just like waves, they appeared in waves and were eliminated in waves. The first currency minted in the Five Dynasties was "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" minted in Kaiping period of Hou Liang (AD 907-9 10), with a diameter of 3.5 cm. This is Qian Wen's official script, with scrawled handwriting and blunt strokes. Kay is a different bare-backed pen. Casting and copper are not good, especially Qian Wen's calligraphy, which is almost unwritten. After Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, the ministers of the former dynasties were replaced as new owners, and many of them held important positions. Most of them were born in Hakka, and anyone's handwriting is 1000 times better than Qian Wen's. In any case, people of this level will not be allowed to write about Qian Wen. It is likely that their great-grandfather Zhu Wen wants to write this Qian Wen, but he is not sure. This Kaiyuan Bao Tong is a rare product, with little casting and few handed down from generation to generation. In the later Tang Dynasty, Li called for the restoration of the orthodoxy of the Tang Dynasty. After Liang was destroyed, he minted a new currency, still using the name of Kaiyuan Bao Tong, and suffered many changes in the middle. There are fewer and fewer lucky money, and there is nothing left. Later, during the Tang and Zhuang Dynasties, there was less military, more commerce and less money in the market, so the "Tiancheng Yuanbao" was cast for circulation during the Tiancheng period (926-929 AD). The money is 2.4 cm in diameter, written in Qian Wen official script and read in a rotating way. Calligraphy is vigorous and dignified, broad and powerful, and more sophisticated. But this money is privately invested by the people. There is also the "Qingtai Yuanbao", which was cast by the last emperor Li Congke during the Qingtai period (934-935 AD). Qian Jing, 3.4 cm, is a Qian Wen official script, fluent and plain in calligraphy. After more than ten years of changes in the late Tang Dynasty, it seems that money should not be cast. Therefore, some scholars now believe that this money was copied in the Northern Song Dynasty, not cast in the late Tang Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Thailand. Only "Tianfu Yuanbao" was cast in the late Jin Dynasty. In the History of Tianfu Three Years (AD 939), people all over the world were told to make their own castings, and the text said "Tianfu Yuanbao". The Tianfu ingots we saw today have different layouts and different weights. Some are 2.5-2. 1 cm in diameter, while others are below 2. 1 cm in diameter. They are official scripts of Qian Wen, and their calligraphy is unpretentious. Big money should be official and acceptable to casting workers. The small one may be self-cast by the people, with poor copper quality and rough writing. Because the copper price was high at that time, casting money was unprofitable, and copper was not easy to obtain, people often destroyed ancient money and cast it in bronze. Where can they cast more copper coins? Therefore, Tianfu money is quite scarce and rare. At that time, all the vassal regions were independent, ignoring the central authorities, and only on holidays did they pay tribute to the emperor to show that the relationship between the monarch and the minister was not broken. In the summer of the second year of Tianfu, Xuanwu Army made Yang Guangyuan help the country with money. There is a kind of "gold ingot for helping the country" passed down from generation to generation, with a diameter of 2.3 cm. The seal script "Xuandu" is plain in calligraphy and ordinary in casting method, which may be cast by Yang. The later Han dynasty only passed down for two generations. In the past four years, there were only "Hanyuan Bao Tong" money with a diameter of 2.2 cm and Qian Wen official script, and the calligraphy was like Kaiyuan money. Only one kind of Zhu Yuanzhang and Bao Tong was published in the last week, which was produced by Zhou Shizong. Calligraphy, bronze ware and exquisite casting are the money that ruined the Buddha's casting. Economically, the focus of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was not the five northern countries, but the ten southern countries. The areas ruled by the ten countries are rich in people and things, and the production of coins is better than that of the five northern countries. Among the ten countries, wuyue, Jingnan, Beihan and other countries did not cast money. In the first year of Yongping (A.D. 9 1 1), the "Yongping ingot" was cast in Qianshu, with a diameter of 2.4 cm. The monetary system is similar to that of Kaiyuan Bao Tong in the Tang Dynasty. Foundry is quite good, but it is extremely rare. In addition, there is "Yongping Bao Tong", which is different from Yongping Yuanbao in production and calligraphy, but some scholars think it is forged. During the Zheng Tong period (AD 9 16), "Zheng Tong Yuanbao" was cast with many layouts. Although the calligraphers in Qian Wen are not as rich as Yongping, they are more numerous. After the former Shu changed its name to, the next year changed its name to Tianhan, casting "Tianhan Yuanbao". The system of money is the same as before. The calligraphers in Qian Wen are all better, but the number is very small. During Guangxu period, the title of Shu State was restored and "Guangtian Yuanbao" was cast. Qian Wen's "light" is a running script, and the rest are official scripts. Calligraphy is very good. After Wang Jian's death, his son Wang Yan succeeded to the throne, which was called the "Empress" in history. In the first year of Gande (AD 9 19), "Gande Yuanbao" was cast. The money system is the same as before, and there are two kinds: bare back, no text and back moon. In the first year of Xiankang, the "Xiankang Yuanbao" was cast, with a moon on the back. The above two kinds of money are relatively large, and the foundry workers are also quite skilled. But not long after, the Tang Dynasty attacked, Wang Yan came out and the country was broken. King Fujian's regime still uses the name of the Tang Dynasty to show its loyalty, casting Kaiyuan money, the layout is similar to that of Huichang Kaiyuan money, and the word "min" is engraved on the back of the money, which was once mistaken for Huichang Kaiyuan. In addition, there are lead coins with the same layout as copper coins, which are divided into three types: no characters on the back, Fujian on the back, Fu on the back and Yin San on the back. Later, Bao Tong of Kaiyuan was cast into ten coins, with a diameter of 3.8 cm. The characters were large and scrawled, with strokes preserved and no drawings. There are stars, moon and Fujian characters on the back. There are also iron coins and lead coins, and the layout is the same as that of copper coins, which are rare in the world. Later, during the Yonglong period, a large iron coin named "Yonglong Bao Tong" was cast, with a diameter of four centimeters. They are read in sequence, and their handwriting is poor. There are few characters of Min or Xingyue on the back, and they are bare-backed. Wang, the younger brother of Wang, once proclaimed himself emperor, changed his virtue in another day, and cast "Tiande" big iron money, taking one as a hundred; It is also made of copper coins, which are smaller than iron coins and are "treasures of heaven's virtue". They read smoothly and the books are published neatly. They recite the word "Yin" and have two bodies.

When Ma Yin left Hunan, Zhu Wen, the back beam, made Ma Yin a general, and later the King of Chu, cast the "Ce Tian". In addition, dry-sealed spring treasure copper, iron coins and dry-yuan heavy treasure copper coins were cast. Ma Yin listened to historians who said that lead and iron were produced in Hunan and gaoyu's advice. He casts lead and iron coins, and ten products are used as copper coins. If there is no explanation in the history books, it may be because there are many articles written by Chu and Yong Tang, such as "Dry Spring Treasure" and "Dry Yuanbao". Ce Tian means to advise the emperor, and there is a famous saying that "Ce Tian leads the magic, and the phoenix flies to sweep Yecheng". Ce Tian Mansion is the residence of General Ce Tian. Office. There are three famous natural policy generals in history: Li Shimin, Ma Su and Song Zhenzong's brother Wang Chuyuanzuo, while only Li Shimin and Ma Su have opened government and administrative offices. Li Shimin took the lead in the First World War in the Sui Dynasty and made outstanding contributions. Tang Gaozu felt that it was inappropriate to reward him with anything, so he specially established the title of General Ce Tian and Ce Tian Palace. After Li Shimin was blocked, he set up a literary museum in the palace, which attracted eight celebrities, including Du Ruhui, Fang et al. 18, who later became his important officials. After Emperor Wendi proclaimed himself emperor, in order to use Chu to contain the State of Wu, which owned the land of Jianghuai at that time, he gave the title of General Ma Yin as an example, and allowed him to open the government and set the right position, which laid the foundation for Ma Yin's great cause of reunifying Chu. The treasure notes of Ce Tian House are well-known treasures in the coin industry and have always been the dream of collectors. There is a poem describing how much people paid attention to this money in the past: "Seek for easy time, sincere and easy, and enjoy a meal when people like it." If you have a treasure to talk about Ce Tian's house, you will not be poor in ancient wild people. "It is said that Dai's father in the Qing Dynasty was blessed with a day's illness and was overjoyed. He even ate an extra bowl of rice while playing with money." The annals of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period states: "In the first year when Wang Gan was nationalized, Chu Wumu sent money from heaven, which was called' the treasure of natural policy'. "The History of the New Five Dynasties" contains: "Yin invited Liang, and according to the story of Taizong, allowed him to open the government and cast the beginning." Therefore, this money is well-made. Fu Bao, Ce Tian is as big as ten, with thick skin, civilized characters, regular script and revolving reading. Previous people thought that this money was a commemorative coin cast by Ma Yin when he opened Ce Tian House. Existing scholars believe that Ce Tian Fu Bao copper coins have two functions: commemorative coins and hard currency. Hard currency is different from ordinary currency, but it is used as a means of payment under special circumstances, such as the domestic and foreign trade of Chu. The Chronicle of the Ten Kingdoms contains: "Ma Yin casts lead and iron coins, which are used in the city and copper coins outside the city." Inside and outside the city refers to domestic and overseas, and copper coins belong to Ce Tian. The word "special purpose" clearly shows the hard currency nature of money. Judging from the collection of copper coins handed down from the Ce Tian government, there are many traces of circulation and use. Because it specializes in overseas trade, money is available outside Hunan Province, but less here. According to "Spring Coin" magazine, in 1930s, someone in Hankou got Ce Tian Fu Bao in a copper shop at a price of two yuan, which was good in appearance. The man sold the money to a big collector, Robert Shao, asking for 30 yuan. Luo told the man that it was a huge treasure. Give him double the money. The man was overjoyed and told the truth about cheap money. Luo's moral integrity, not deceiving laymen, is a much-told story. A few decades ago, a Ce Tian Fu Bao with a dragon pattern on his back was found by a vendor selling glasses in Hangzhou, Jiangxi. Some people suspected that it was a fake, but later the seller got his wish and sold it at a high price. The money later belonged to the collector Zhang Shuxun. After liberation, Ce Tian Fu Bao was rarely found again. What was the purchasing power of Ce Tian and Fu Bao as hard currency at that time? Mr. Sun Zhonghui said: "If it is a universal currency, it may be regarded as 100 under the circumstance of inflation at that time." According to the Records of Currency in Past Dynasties, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, warlords were in melee and monetary policy was chaotic, so it was normal for Ce Tian and Fu Bao to use large copper coins as hard currency as hundreds of small copper coins.

Meng Zhixiang, son-in-law of Zoroastrianism in the later Tang Dynasty, led troops into Sichuan to levy Shu. However, he seized the opportunity to seize power, owned the land of Shu, rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and proclaimed himself the emperor, named Shu, and cast a line of "Great Shu Bao Tong". Coin is a kind of official script in Qian Wen with a diameter of 2.3 cm. It reads straight (straight) and its handwriting is poor, but it is rare and passed down from generation to generation. After his son succeeded to the throne, he changed to Yuan and cast the "Zheng Guang". The system is the same as before, but the calligraphy casting is better than the previous one, and the quantity is small and extremely rare. Later, he cast the "Zheng Guang Bao Tong" iron coin, the layout of which was the same as that of copper coins, and it was handed down from generation to generation. Liu Yin was our envoy in Guangzhou at the end of the Tang Dynasty and Zhu Wen's confidant. When Zhu Wen proclaimed himself emperor, Liu Yin was named King Peng, and he had the land of Guangdong and Guangxi. Liu Yin collected 200,000 Kaiyuan coins from his own territory and presented them to Zhu Wen. As a result, he was short of money. Instead, Kaiyuan Bao Tong copper coins and Xiaoping lead coins were cast for circulation, and the casting process was sloppy and rough. After Liu Yin's death, his son was renamed Yue Di, and the Yuan Dynasty was renamed Gan Heng, whose country name was Han, and the history was called Nan Han. It is rare to cast "Ganheng Tongbao" copper coins. Later, the "Ganheng Chongbao" copper coin was cast, and the figures and copper, like the previous products, also cast lead coins. Southern Tang Dynasty made the most money among the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. There is a "big treasure" handed down from ancient times, which was cast by Xu Zhimo before the founding of the People's Republic of China. There is also the "Bao Da" money, which was cast by Li Yuannian (934-957 AD). In the second year of ZTE, the "Yongtong Quanhuo" was cast as ten money; There are also three kinds of Xiaoping coins: Kaiyuan Bao Tong, Tang Guotong Bao and Datang Bao Tong, but their casting dates are not recorded in detail. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Rengong and his son Yan were not among the ten countries, but the times were quite the same. There are many kinds of copper coins and iron coins, such as Yong 'an 10, Yong 'an 100, Yong 'an 500, Yong 'an 1000, etc., as well as cloth, iron five baht and Shuntian gold ingot. Liu Shouguang's son cast "Yingtian Yuanbao", "Gansheng Yuanbao" and "Yingsheng Yuanbao" during the Tianyuan period. Yongan money is regular script, except for one thousand copper coins, the rest are all copper and iron. The pronunciation of "Yong 'an 1000" is first left and then right, then up and down, and the rest are read in order. "Yingtian Yuanbao" is 10,000 yuan, "Gansheng Yuanbao" is 100 yuan, and "Yingsheng Yuanbao" is 100 yuan, which is very rare and passed down from generation to generation.