Sound-Notating Alphabet
the first set of legal Chinese phonetic alphabet in China. In 1913, the "Pronunciation Unification Conference" agreed, and in 1918, it was announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government. From 1918 to 1958, it was implemented for 4 years before the scheme of Chinese Pinyin was published, and it is still used in Taiwan Province Province. Also known as "Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet". In 193, the Kuomintang government changed its name to "phonetic notation".
the emergence of phonetic alphabet is related to the phonetic alphabet movement in the late Qing dynasty. In the twenty years of the late Qing Dynasty, there were 27 kinds of pinyin schemes for the purpose of "consistency of words and writing" and "universal education" (later, unified national language), which were called "Qieyinzi". Among them, Wang Zhao and Lao Naixuan's "Simplified Chinese Characters in Mandarin" is the most widely implemented and has the greatest influence. In the winter of 191, in order to prepare for the constitution, the Qing government set up a parliamentary institution, the "Senior Advisory Council", and various localities put forward "talking posts" (proposals), demanding the promulgation and popularization of Wang Zhao and Lao Naixuan's "Simplified Characters of Mandarin" and the implementation of national language education. At the meeting, a "special shareholders' meeting" was established, with Yan Fu as the chairman to review the proposal. As a result of the review, four suggestions are put forward: ① "If we want to teach Chinese, we have to add phonetic symbols". (2) "Renaming' simplified characters' as' phonetic symbols' will be revised by the Ministry of Education, and it will be played and promulgated by the imperial court". There are two ways to use phonetic symbols: first, to assemble Mandarin. In order to open up the people's wisdom of the 39 million illiterate people below the middle stream, and to combine the feelings of the 2, Wan Li foreign language peoples; Second, Fan Zheng's pronunciation of Chinese characters. New words in each lesson of school textbooks must also be accompanied by phonetic symbols. " (4) "Please ask the Speaker to perform in conjunction with the Ministry, and please make prompt preparations for implementation". The department pushed these opinions to the "Central Education Conference" held in the summer of the following year (1911). Zhang Jian, Speaker of the Central Education Conference, and Zhang Yuanji and Fu Zengxiang, Vice Speakers. After discussion, the meeting decided on a "Method of Unifying Mandarin" and put forward five methods: ① Setting up a "General Survey of Mandarin". Investigate the "words, grammar and phonology" of Mandarin. ② Select "elegant and regular words, grammar and phonology" as the standard, and compile "Mandarin textbooks and dictionaries, dialect comparison tables, etc.". (3) Examination and approval of "standards of sound, sound and speech". The pronunciation is "mainly Beijing pronunciation", the sound is "mainly non-abandoned entering tone" and the speech is "mainly Mandarin". ④ Selected phonetic symbols. Phonetic symbols must be accurate and prepared, spelling must conform to common rules, calligraphy and painting must be simple, form must be beautiful, and writing must be convenient, and "both types of lines and letters must be used". ⑤ "First, the department will set up a training center, and then the provincial capitals will set it up, which is like a prefecture or county with a sub-government office", "Those who can't speak Mandarin in all schools should take turns to study in the institute" and "all subjects in schools should gradually switch to teaching Mandarin". The Revolution of 1911 occurred in October, and the Qing government was overthrown. This matter was left to the Republic of China.
in the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Cai Yuanpei was appointed as the chief of education. On July 1th, the Ministry of Education held a "temporary education conference" in Beijing, and passed the case of adopting phonetic alphabet. It was decided to start with unifying the pronunciation of Chinese characters, and implement mandarin education, and change the phonetic symbol proposed by the Senior Advisory Council in the late Qing Dynasty into phonetic alphabet. Used to annotate Chinese characters. The content of the resolution is *** 7 points: ① "Education should be universal, and the written language should be suitable for the general people, not for a few talented people". ② "National pronunciation should be unified". (3) "The pronunciation is uniform, so it is advisable to set the pronunciation standard first". (4) "Phonetic standards should be convened by people who are well-known in phonology (both Chinese and Western) and people who are familiar with Owen, and they should make the same resolution, and convene local phonetic representatives in provincial capitals for consultation". ⑤ "Given the pronunciation of words, it is advisable to include all the rhymes in a few vowels (such as 36 vowels and 12 rhymes in the dictionary, the consonant of the mother and the tonic of the rhyme), and all the vowels and rhymes are expressed by one rhyme, which is called letters (with the same function as Japanese pseudonyms)". ⑥ "Letter forms, if the strokes are simple and easy to write, the Ministry of Education will collect all kinds of letter forms and choose one". ⑦ "Compile into a syncopation dictionary and distribute it for national application".
In December of the same year, according to this resolution, the Ministry of Education prepared to hold a "pronunciation unification meeting", with Wu Jingheng as the director. The Preparatory Office formulates and publishes Article 8 of the Articles of Association of the Meeting, and Wu Jingheng drafts a copy of the Procedure for Meeting, which will be printed and sent to the employed members.
On February 15th, 1913, the "Pronunciation Unification Association" held a meeting in Beijing, and elected Wu Jingheng as the speaker and Wang Zhao as the deputy speaker. There are 8 members, in addition to the representatives selected by the provinces, there are more than 3 specially invited representatives and more than 1 representatives from the Ministry, and there are actually 44 people. The session lasted for three months (later extended by one week). The first step of the conference is to examine and approve more than 6,5 words of "national sounds", and the second step is to examine and approve phonemes and adopt letters. Many alphabet schemes were put forward at the meeting, some of which used Chinese radical strokes, some made their own symbols, some used Roman alphabet and its variants, and they were debated endlessly. Finally, they accepted the suggestions of Zhejiang members Ma Yuzao, Zhu Xizu, Xu Shoushang, Qian Daosun and Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun), etc., and adopted the "phonetic alphabet" used for the conference. This set of 38 letters * * * are ancient Chinese characters with few strokes, and 15 of them were collected from "New Verse and Rhyme" formulated by Zhang Binglin in 198. Thus, this pinyin scheme in the form of Chinese characters came into being. Because the spelling is "Guoyin", it is also called "Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet". After the letter was passed, it was decided that Article 7 of the Method of Promoting the National Voice stipulated that the subject of "Chinese" in primary schools should be changed to "Mandarin", or another subject of "Mandarin" should be added. All primary school textbooks should be marked with "National Voice" beside the words, and primary and secondary school teachers must teach in "National Voice". Due to political changes and opposition from conservative forces, this set of letters was officially announced by the Ministry of Education on November 25th, 1918, five years later.
scheme of phonetic alphabet The scheme of phonetic alphabet was originally 38 letters, but when it was published, an "er" was added to make it 39.
the initial consonant 24
ө (see 1) is the same as Yue, and it is urgent to pronounce it if it is abnormal today.
ㄎ (Xi Yi) is bitter and eager, and it is also difficult to release the qi. Read Ruoke.
π (doubt) is five-pronged, upright and flat, and it is awkward to read.
ㄐ (see 2) Ju Youche, Yan Manye, and Du Ruoji.
ㄑㄑ (Xier) This ancient book is hard to cut, but today it is hard to cut, and the ancient words are deceiving.
Guangdong (Niang) fish is thrifty, because the cliff is also a house, and if you are tired of reading.
ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ ㄉ12
ӦӦ1254
ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ ㄋ12
ㄅ (help) cloth cuts, meaning is the same as package, and reading is thin.
タ (🕢) If you hit it, you will read it.
ㄇ (Ming) Modiche, Fu Ye, read like ink.
ㄈ (apply) the government's good cutting, receiving the object, reading Ruofu.
1, (micro) things are the same as 1, things.
ㄗ (refined) words are knotted and cut, and ancient words are read as information.
ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ ㄘ 125
ム (mind) is in harmony with posture, ancient private words, and private reading.
ㄓ (photo) is true and cut, that is, the word, read it.
cut the ugly, take small steps, and read foolishly.
ㄕ (trial) cut, read the corpse. ӫ (Xiao Yi) Shout and cut, the mountain side can live, and if you read it, it will be dark.
ㄒ (Xiao Er) Hu Yaqie, the ancient word, reads Ruoxi.
Ө (coming) to cut the forest directly, that is, to force the word, read ruole.
ㄖ (Japanese) hostages are eager to read.
the introduction of the mother
the first step is to learn and cut, and the beginning of the number is also like reading clothes.
ㄨ doubt ancient cut, ancient five characters, read ruowu.
if you cut the fish in the mound, you can also eat the rice.
the vowel 12
ㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚ1257
ㄛ ㄛ ㄛ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ ㄝ 125
if you cut the surplus, it will flow, but if you read it, it will be dangerous.
ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ ㄞ 125
ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ ㄠ 125
save the cut, and read it if you want.
I feel anxious, but I feel safe reading.
ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ ㄤ
ㄣ ancient hidden characters, read ruohen.
ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ ㄥ 125
if you are next to each other, you will learn from others.
voiced symbol
is marked as ['] in the upper right corner of the letter.
Four-tone method
Points are made at the four corners of letters, as shown in the figure:
After the scheme was published, the following amendments were made in the fourteen years from 1919 to 1932.
① arrange the alphabetical order. On April 6, 1919, the Ministry of Education published the Phonetic Order of Phonetic Alphabet, which arranged 39 letters in the following order according to their pronunciation positions: ㄅタㄇㄈ (lip sound), ㄉㄊㄌ (tip sound) and ㄍ.
② add the vowel ㄜ. On May 22nd, 192, the Audition Committee of the Preparatory Meeting for the Unification of Chinese Language of the Ministry of Education considered it inconvenient to mark ㄛ with ο and η, and decided to mark ㄜ, ㄜ, ㄜ, ㄜ, ㄜ, ㄜ and ㄜ with a dot above the letters. However, in 1922, the Ministry of Education published the Calligraphy Style of Phonetic Alphabet, which connected the dots above ㄜ with letters to form another letter, increasing the number of Phonetic Alphabet from 39 to 4.
③ The vowel ㄦ doubles as the initial. In 192, the interim meeting of the preparatory meeting for the unification of the national language of the Ministry of Education decided that the vowel "ㄦ" can also be used as the initial consonant, corresponding to the western word "R" and Japanese word "ラ", and both of them can be transliterated as "ㄦ".
④ change the calibration method. In 1922, the Ministry of Education published "Calligraphy Style of Phonetic Alphabet", which changed the original standard method of adding dots at the four corners of phonetic alphabet to add-(marked with horizontal tone, but not needed), fork (marked with horizontal tone), ˇ (marked with sound), å (marked with falling tone, but not needed later) to the upper end of vowels.
⑤ change the pinyin standard. In 1923, the Fifth General Assembly of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Chinese Language of the Ministry of Education decided to set up a committee to revise the National Phonetic Dictionary, and changed the phonetic standard of phonetic alphabet to the ordinary pronunciation of Beijing dialect, instead of spelling the "National Phonetic" agreed by the National Phonetic Unification Conference. There are six differences between the new pinyin standard (later called "New Guoyin" or "Jingyin") and "Guoyin" (later called "Old Guoyin"): A, Wan, Wu and Guang are not used. B. cancel the sharp sound. ㄗ, ㄘ, ㄙ are no longer spelled with ㄧ, ㄩ, and all the words spelled with ㄧ, ㄩ are spelled with ㄐ, ㄑ and ㄒ according to Beijing pronunciation. C ㄛ is divided into ㄜ and ㄨㄛ except for exclamations, but when spelled with ㄅ, ㄮ, ㄇ and ㄈ, ㄨ can be omitted and used as ㄅ. D.ㄧㄛ is spelled ㄩㄛ. ㄧㄛ is only used as an exclamation. E. Only "ㄧㄝ" and "ㄩㄝ" are used in pinyin. F. The tone is not used, and the original tone words are divided into flat tones. Since 1923, the phonetic alphabet has been spelled according to Beijing pronunciation.
⑥ Wan, Guang and Wu are leap letters. In 1928, the preparatory meeting for the unification of the national language of the Ministry of Education published a leaflet "Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet", and boxes were placed around the Chinese characters "Fu", "Ni" and "E" which marked the pronunciation of the three letters Wan, Guang and Wu, indicating that "Peiping has no equivalent characters to read". Reprinted in 193, it was marked with "Su" (Su sound) in brackets after the word, and an * sign was added to the upper right corner of the three letters, indicating "the letter that doesn't need pinyin for the national sound". Since then, these three letters have been used exclusively as leap letters. ⑦ Change the scheme name. On April 21st, 193, the eighty-eighth executive meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang in China decided to change the name of "phonetic alphabet" to "phonetic symbol", thinking that the function of this scheme is "only suitable for phonetic notation, not suitable for word-making, so it should be renamed as" phonetic symbol "with a real name".
⑧ increase the phonetic notation. In 193, after the name of phonetic alphabet was changed to phonetic symbol, the phonetic notation mode was changed from single phonetic notation to phonetic notation on the right side and phonetic notation on the left side when necessary (Article 19 of the Measures for Implementing Phonetic Symbols in Provinces, Cities and Counties formulated by the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang Government on July 23, 193), so as to facilitate people's literacy in dialect areas. Pet-name ruby "coin" mother. In January, 1932, the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang government decided to compile a special group meeting of "Common Glossary of Guoyin", and for the convenience of explanation, a "coin" letter was added as ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄗ and ㄗ.
the implementation of phonetic alphabet "phonetic alphabet" has been used as a tool to correct the pronunciation of Chinese characters, spread "national language", help literacy and replace Chinese characters for 4 years. As a tool for the pronunciation of Chinese characters, it is used to spell "national pronunciation" for Chinese characters, and it is first used in dictionaries. As a tool to spread "Mandarin", it is used to spell and learn "Mandarin", first used in primary school textbooks. As a tool to help literacy, it is to note it next to Chinese characters to help illiterate people read. Because the purpose is to know Chinese characters, not to learn Mandarin, so note both the national sound and the local sound. As a tool to replace Chinese characters, it is to learn phonetic alphabet first and then Chinese characters when people and children can't read. When you encounter words that you don't know or can't write, you can use phonetic letters instead. If you have too little literacy, you can also use all phonetic letters.
In the past 4 years, except for replacing Chinese characters, the implementation of these four aspects has made great achievements, especially in pronunciation and the implementation of Mandarin. Before the publication of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme", almost all dictionaries and dictionaries used phonetic alphabet for phonetic notation. The most successful implementation of Mandarin was in Taiwan Province Province after the retrocession. Up to now, Chinese textbooks and teaching materials in primary schools, middle schools and universities in Taiwan Province Province have been phonetic-annotated with it, and there are more than 1, kinds of children's books, as well as Mandarin Daily, the fourth largest newspaper in Taiwan Province Province today, which is printed in type with phonetic letters. It took only a little over ten years for Taiwan Province Province to popularize "Mandarin" through phonetic alphabet.
Bibliography
li jinxi: Outline of the History of Mandarin Movement, Commercial Press, Shanghai, 1934.
Luo Changpei: The Evolution of Mandarin Alphabet, Commercial Press, Shanghai, 1934 (reprinted by the Character Reform Press in 1959, renamed the Evolution of Pinyin Alphabet).
-----------. Also known as Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet. In 1913, the pronunciation unification meeting was formulated and announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government in 1918. In 1919, the "phonetic order of phonetic alphabet" was announced, and the alphabetical order was rearranged. There are 39 letters * * *. In 192, the Audition Committee added the letter "ㄜ" to 4 letters. Namely: ㄅӢㄇヨㄉㄊㄋㄌ, ㄍㄎㄏ, ㄐㄑㄒ, ㄓ. At first, the phonetic notation was based on the pronunciation set by the unified pronunciation club, so there were three letters: Wan, Wu and Guang. Later, based on the Beijing sound, Wan,