Can you read?
Dear, literacy really doesn't mean reading! !
Reading, or learning, should be a conscious process of self-training, the purpose of which is to improve oneself in a specific direction by using appropriate learning materials on the basis of one's original knowledge reserve. Please read this sentence carefully again, because it involves four important concepts in our article, namely, the combination of
learning purpose (short-term)
knowledge reserve
learning materials
learning goal (long-term)
determines what kind of learning method we should adopt.
in this article, I will introduce you to six reading skills, which correspond to six common goals and six learning stages in postgraduate study.
It should be noted that such reading skills are more suitable for humanities, including journalism and communication of Slippery Brother's major, as well as politics that all postgraduate students have to take.
For the postgraduate entrance examination, the learning goal is constant, that is, the postgraduate entrance examination is successful. In order to save space, we will not press the table here.
The formulation and completion of short-term learning goals will run through the whole process of our postgraduate entrance examination. We will break down the goals into 7 days, 3 days or even 1 hour, and concentrate on solving a problem in each time period to avoid the embarrassment of "staying in the study room", so that we can advance towards the goals step by step.
please remember that besides "memorizing this paragraph", we can actually have many different learning goals? Knowing what to do is often more important than how to do it.
knowledge reserve determines the possibility of setting learning goals and achieving them.
There are two kinds of learning materials: core books and marginal materials. The former refers to our designated reference books, and the latter refers to all other materials that are helpful to the postgraduate entrance examination, such as papers.
Six forced reading postures
① Browsing method
Suggestions
Browsing method can help students across majors understand a subject quickly. When you first come into contact with the postgraduate review, you can quickly find the learning status by browsing and speed reading. Moreover, even in the late stage of postgraduate entrance examination, mastering speed reading skills can still help you speed up the reading process of materials, find materials that need intensive reading, and prepare for further study.
reading method
the core of speed reading method is fast! Your short-term goal is to skim through the whole book as quickly as possible. As for "what to understand, what to read and what not to remember", there is no need to worry. If you write down everything after reading the book, you should check to see if you have hypermnesia or other problems.
Reading speed is equal to the product of the following coefficients
Reading at a glance
Information search speed
Reading back rate
▲ Reading at a glance refers to the amount of information that we can handle in an instant (.18-.27 seconds for scientific research) (generally 5-8 words in Chinese, and some children's shoes are slow to read because they are used to reading word by word. ）；
▲ The speed of information search is not only related to reading skills, but also related to the typesetting of reading materials. This is a disease, and it must be cured! The finger reading method introduced to you in is currently recognized as the most practical method to improve the speed of information search.
In addition, what we often say is that the learning state is not good, and the fundamental reason lies in this link-when people are tired, the speed of information collection will slow down unconsciously, but the slow speed of information collection will bring about a decrease in the amount of information input per unit time, which in turn will cause the feelings of "boredom" and "burnout" in our brains, thus forming a vicious circle.
▲ The reading rate can be divided into unconscious reading and conscious reading. Conscious back reading can improve our understanding of articles, but foreign studies show that 7% of back reading without special training belongs to unconscious back reading, which can only slow down our reading speed.
The Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that because of the particularity of Chinese language, it is hard to avoid wasting more time in unconscious reading.
Tell the truth
1
In the browsing stage, please abandon the reading habit of reading silently word by word, which will make your reading take three times longer than the average person, and it is easy to get caught up in text details, which will affect your understanding of chapters and book structures;
2
Learn to use "finger reading" to reduce the time spent looking for information.
During the postgraduate entrance examination, we need to face a lot of unfamiliar materials. Some schools have more than 2 designated reference books, and many students who are late in preparation will repeatedly take the postgraduate entrance examination in Weibo in November. "What should I do if I haven't read a word of two books? Can I just read my notes?"
Many children's shoes with slow reading mistakenly think that learning is learning if they understand everything at once. Yes, if you are studying high school textbooks, you are right. It is really no problem for you to learn this kind of thing with knowledge points as the core and almost no logical connection between chapters. However, when you lack knowledge of a subject or a book, the reading speed will be directly proportional to the reading effect-within a reasonable range, the faster you read the first time, the more things you will absorb from reading, because fast reading can help you quickly integrate into the "logic and artistic conception" of the book.
It is especially important to note that when you have a certain professional foundation, or when you are reading marginal materials later, browsing is not only related to speed. Only by mastering a series of methods such as finding the central sentence of a paragraph and finding out the key points quickly can you get more gains in reading.
② Question reading method
Suggestions for use
It is suitable for cross-major students in the second round of specialized course study, new communication students in the first round of specialized course study and the penultimate round of review. Suitable for reading textbooks, but also very suitable for reading politics-the biggest advantage is that it is fast and not sleepy, dear.
reading method
as the name implies, the questioning reading method requires everyone to have questions in mind before reading the materials formally, and the purpose of reading is to find the answers to the questions.
The advantage of this method is to help everyone to improve their information grasping ability when reading materials, and to grasp the big and put the small, so as to blend in with the artistic conception set by the author.
The only shortcoming that can't be regarded as a shortcoming is that it requires readers to have a certain understanding of the knowledge reserve of this subject and related disciplines. The key to using this reading method is to ask yourself what questions-when you know where the problems are, the problems are often never far away.
so, what's the problem?
questions are usually at the end of the chapter, and there are about 1 questions at the end of the chapter of the textbook, and these questions are basically the core of the whole chapter. It is enough to read with these 1 questions when using the questioning reading method for the first time.
The words irrelevant to these issues in the book can be read quickly by browsing, but the paragraphs about these issues should be read carefully. If you have any further thoughts or questions about this question, you may wish to record them in the book, and you can take notes by crossing lines to find the answer to the question.
After reading each chapter, review and rethink these questions and the answers you found. After completing this process, you will miss something because you only pay attention to a few problems, but the "conscious neglect" of details just gives you a better grasp of the core of chapters and disciplines.
In the penultimate round of review, you can also use the questioning reading method-at this time, it is time for you to ask your own questions about the subject and your own school.
Before reading a chapter, list 2 or more questions, and then answer them through the reading process-this process is brain-burning, but the learning effect is just the product of learning time and brain-burning degree. In the later period of limited time, actively improving the brain-burning degree can make you more efficient ~
Then, why is it suitable for reading politics?
After all, in our political class, there are a lot of teachers who arrange a lot of objective questions for us in great detail. If you combine the question reading method at this time, the effect is excellent. The specific operation steps are as follows:
1
Open a political objective question bank, open the multiple-choice questions section, and go to the book to find out the answers to all the multiple-choice questions. It is suggested that the goal is to solve 3 multiple-choice questions every 2 minutes, and you can rest for 5 minutes or do other things after finishing;
2
On the third day after reviewing a chapter, test yourself with a topic from another teacher, write down the questions you need to guess and the mistakes you made, and also go to the book to find out the answers and mark them;
3
Remember to review the wrong questions frequently;
4
The same process is repeated with multiple-choice questions.
PS: This learning method comes from Singapore scholar Jack Lin's research on traffic regulations (that is, the first subject we often talk about when taking a driver's license test). The learning material is an excerpt from the traffic regulations test, about 8, words, which is equivalent to one-eighth of the political review content of the postgraduate entrance examination.
The following is the experimental process and results-
① The subjects are students from two classes in a public high school in Singapore, with an average age of 17 years, all of whom have no driving experience, with slightly more males than females (47 males and 42 females);
② distributing reading materials, requiring everyone to browse quickly within 6 minutes, and claiming that the reading speed will have an impact on the final reward;
③ Let the audience find a total of 25 answers to various multiple-choice questions according to the materials. This process takes 214 minutes per person, and the correct rate is 92%;
④ After three days, the wording of the question bank was fine-tuned and the subjects were asked to answer. The correct rate was 81%, and the average examination time was 74 minutes.
⑤ After seven days, the subjects were asked to review the wrong questions once, with an average time of 113 minutes;
⑥ after ten days, randomly select 1 questions from the question bank to test the subjects;
⑦ experimental results: 89 subjects (17 years old, half male and half female) who participated in the experiment spent an average of 6.4 hours (yes, including review). Based on the calculation of 1 point for each question in the final test, 37 people scored above 95 and 77 people scored above 9. All subjects scored above 8 points, which was significantly higher than the general score in the traffic test.
Children's shoes, even in the political review of the postgraduate entrance examination, it takes them twice as long, that is, 12 hours to achieve their review effect (86% people are objective 45+ when converted into postgraduate entrance examination politics), which is enough to scare the baby to death.
However, of course, because the questions they assess are all single-choice, and the wording is only slightly fine-tuned, unlike our political teachers who like to play word games, the main difficulty of multiple-choice questions is whether the political effect of postgraduate entrance examination can be so good. Of course, I haven't seen the follow-up experiment (which Singaporean scholar will study the politics of postgraduate entrance examination in China).
③ Notes-flow reading method
Suggestions
It is suitable for the second and third rounds of review of specialized courses. Note flow has a high threshold for knowledge mastery and learning methods. Personally, the effect is not as good as other reading methods, but note flow and browsing are the most commonly used reading methods when I read important papers.
reading method
The note flow comes from the learning practice of Scott Young, a famous American scholar. This guy's most formidable record is that he finished 33 courses of computer science in four years at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in one year, and his final test scores were all A or A+. Do you feel that your knees are aching?
please remember that the notes in the note stream are not the notes that we have traditionally understood to recite. The core of note flow is to summarize the main points of each paragraph in one sentence when reading, and even replace the complete sentence with keywords.
A successful note flow can help you master most details of a book and a paper, and deepen your understanding of the structure of the article.
note flow can be combined with "comment flow", that is, on the basis of your note flow, try to make comments on each keyword you wrote down by using memories and data search, and learn new knowledge through review.
④ Systematic reading method
Suggestions for use
It is suitable for sorting out special topics and learning several key concepts in a subject, and needs to be based on a good knowledge base.
The advantages of the systematic reading method and the required goal are "learning once", and each round of systematic reading method takes about 3 hours. The learning goal is to let yourself learn a specific concept to the extent that you can go directly to the examination room.
reading method
the key usage of systematic reading method is horizontal contrast.
for a specific concept, it is not enough to interpret it from one angle and one book-it must be the cross reading of two classic textbooks and more than three papers, which is the minimum configuration for understanding a concept by systematic reading. We should pay attention to the same and different interpretations of the same concept in several books, and focus on the causes of different interpretations.
there are six core elements in academic research. Namely "under what circumstances", "by whom", "by what means", "to whom", "what impact" and "how to change the results by changing the environment". In the systematic reading method, it is the "minimum requirement" to understand these six questions.
the question of "who" and "to whom", or the question of subject and object, determines the applicability of the theory. If you don't understand these two questions, you may cite the wrong theory in the exam.
"What way to borrow" is the core of your answer in the examination room, so you must pay attention to it.
"under what circumstances" is a common problem, and how to deal with this problem is impossible to appear in the textbook. After all, the "situation" in each stage is different.
Of course, you can make up your brain on the premise that you have a deep grasp of the theory, but why not read more papers and look at the brain holes of people whose theoretical attainments are much deeper than ours?
If nothing else, put any theory from the Internet and any subject into the search box on HowNet, and you will always find three and five papers that can be directly used as the answers to your real questions. Postgraduate slippers brother WeChat WeChat official account Postgraduate slippers brother ID: xztuoxiege