1. Emotional accumulation material
"Nothing new in the sun", so is writing. It seems that thanks to the writer's accumulation, high-rise buildings have sprung up and written a long paragraph of text. Accumulation is the accumulation of materials. Written materials can be divided into two categories. One kind is called direct materials, including materials obtained through personal feelings such as ears, nose, mouth and eyes, interview materials and daily notes. The other category is called indirect materials, including materials obtained by reading notes and materials obtained by quickly searching for information.
Among all the materials, the one that is most easily accumulated and neglected by everyone is the material obtained by personal experience.
eye
It is often said that if someone's words have a sense of picture, the picture will appear in front of him. This surreal feeling benefits from the careful observation of the author's eyes. There is photographic memory abroad, that is to say, the eyes should be like a camera, taking pictures of the scene at that time and printing it in the mind. Don't just remember one element, but photograph all the details. Because only you can completely restore the picture, others can have a sense of the picture and feel the author's mood at that time.
How to collect materials with eyes in life? First, look at the subject matter, such as writing a character, and remember his appearance, dress and state at that time, so as to describe it truthfully; The second is to look at the environment, the time and place of the incident, the people around, the surrounding environment and so on. The third is to look at the body language of the characters. Many times, subtle body language can often convey more information. For example, we can convey a lot of information by saying that we dare not look directly into each other's eyes and our eyes are erratic. Are we not confident or have ghosts in our hearts? Are you shy or avoiding something?
The reason is simple, but we still need to practice more, find more nuances and write more details.
ear
Hearing is a feeling that we often ignore. Of the five senses, only the ear has been receiving information from the outside world. Because of this, people turn a deaf ear to some voices.
Through hearing, we mainly collect information from two aspects: one is the sound of the surrounding environment, and we can realize more detailed observation by sensing some information; Second, because a certain sound produces a certain feeling, it feels like.
In daily life, we often only pay attention to the dialogue part of the characters related to ourselves. Because other sounds are mixed together, it is difficult to be noticed and distinguished.
In order to accumulate writing materials, we can exercise our ears and make them more sensitive to sound. The most commonly used method here is to deliberately distinguish sounds with your ears. The specific method is: choose a scene in life, which can be a noisy street or a room at night. Put down all the work at hand, close your eyes and listen to the voices around you. Every time you catch one, record the content of the sound with the sound, then ignore the original sound and continue to listen to the recording next time. Go back and forth and record all the sounds in this environment.
Many people like listening to music, and music will produce some associations or feelings when it acts on their hearts, but in general, people rarely record this feeling. So, practice your perception of listening to music and try to record what you hear and feel.
After listening to the concert, I will add a few new songs to the song list from time to time, but there are always some songs that have been kept for weeks, months or even years and I am reluctant to delete them. In fact, have you ever found that behind the melody you are reluctant to give up, there are mostly different stories and tastes, accompanied by memories cherished in your heart. ...
Nose and tongue
The nose is the organ of smell, the tongue is the organ of taste, the nose is used to smell, and the tongue is used to taste. Nose and tongue can help us find more writing materials, because smell and taste often go straight to our inner feelings.
I have seen China on the Tip of the Tongue, an influential food documentary. Although it also started with food, it was written from food to people, from people to hometown and hometown. From hometown to feelings, the ultimate goal is the relationship between people and food, and the relationship between people.
Returning to the topic of writing, collecting writing materials with nose and tongue seems to be perception and taste, but this process not only mobilizes the nose and tongue, but also the whole body's feelings and even the specific emotions driven by diet.
These three parts can be summarized as facts, feelings and actions. According to Ye Shengtao's theory in Wen Xin, these three parts can also be called knowledge, emotion and meaning, and knowing is knowing, which explains what one thing is and what it has to do with other things. "Emotion" is an emotion, indicating the joys and sorrows of a thing, and "intention" is an intention, indicating how to deal with it.
In writing, acquiring "knowledge" through the nose and tongue and expressing "emotion" and "meaning" through the heart are also common methods of material accumulation.
Body and mind
Body and mind emphasize the thinking process from perception to thinking. Relying on physical perception and spiritual care to produce some materials that can be used for writing is an advanced form of accumulating materials, because perception and thinking are closer to the final form of the article.
The eyes, ears and tongue in front are more sensory parts. Seeing a strange world, hearing new things and details that others have not noticed, smelling a specific smell and tasting a touching taste are all left in a specific feeling. Body and mind go further, talking about people's perception and emotions.
How to collect materials with body and mind in writing? One of the easiest ways is to talk. Record the mood and emotional state through timely and quick conversation. Since you are talking, you don't have to stick to the form. You can think of writing a little bit, so that you can gradually piece together a complete content by accumulating countless fragments, and these fragments are the first-hand materials for writing.
Because perception may be fleeting, when collecting these perceptual fragments, you can record them directly in words, or you can take out your mobile phone records and sort them out afterwards.
2. Interview methods to accumulate materials
Writing materials don't come to the author for no reason, and most of them need daily accumulation and excavation. Daily accumulation means taking notes, reading notes and other ways to record small details; Thematic mining is an interview and investigation aimed at someone and something, and collects materials by understanding the details and digging the truth.
The most familiar and common interview is news interview. A press conference will select an interviewee on a certain issue, then set questions, and get first-hand information about an event by communicating with the interviewee, visiting the environment where the news happened, asking relevant parties, and actually investigating, so as to write a story or make comments.
News interview is widely used in many fields. In other forms, all interviews can be divided into three parts, namely: preparation module, interview module and sorting module.
Preparation module
For the interviewer, it is necessary to fully understand the interviewee and interview topic before the interview, so as to be prepared. It is easier to get all the necessary information. In order to prepare for the interview, you can use the interview list method to check one by one.
I. List of materials
Recording pens, notebooks, pens, mobile phones (for contact), cameras (for taking pictures), interview outlines, magazine reports, leaflets of interviewees and related press releases.
Second, the information preparation list
1, personal data of respondents
2. Media interview materials of the interviewee.
3. Online introductions, press releases and comments about the interviewees.
4. The websites of the interviewed institutions, official accounts of WeChat and Weibo.
5. Understand the interview questions
6. Understand the difference between the interviewed organization and other organizations.
7. Recent major events and activities of the interviewed institutions.
8. Collect what the interviewee said and related remarks in media reports.
9. Relevant personnel's evaluation and feedback on the interviewee's organization.
Three. Interview outline and interview plan
1. According to the above information, list the interview questions.
2. Mark the matters needing attention in the interview.
3. Emergency plan in the interview
Fourth, the reservation preparation list
1. Appointment time (start time, interview duration)
2. Make an appointment for the meeting place and confirm the place (traffic route, whether a pass is needed, etc.). ).
3, confirm the accompanying or present personnel
4. Is it necessary to send the interview outline to the interviewer in advance?
5. Confirm whether the interviewee has other requirements.
By making the above list, you can be fully prepared before the interview.
Interview module
In addition to finding the answers to questions, the interview also needs to observe the details and interview mining, observe the body language and emotions of the interviewee during the interview, and compare these responses with the answers provided by the interviewee to get more information. Interview mining means that in the interview process, it is necessary to add additional requirements such as asking questions and seeking explanations in combination with the on-site situation, so as to guide the interviewee to provide complete information along some narrative logic. These two tasks are sometimes even more important than finding the answer to the question.
In addition, there are three kinds of materials after information collection, that is, the interview points correspond to the statements of the parties, the non-verbal information corresponds to the actual scenes, and the specially marked items correspond to the relevant materials related to the interviewee and the interviewer's content. The combination of these three types of content makes such an article interesting and complete.
Finishing module
The things interviewed need to be removed from the false and retained from the true, and the rough and refined can be used for writing. Because it is in the form of dialogue, the content of the interview is scattered, so it is necessary to sort out the order and internal logic of the materials, so that the interview materials obtained can help writing.
The arrangement can be started from two aspects: first, the arrangement of interview recording needs to be restored to the text intact, and the accuracy of the text should be guaranteed and the contextual relationship should be maintained during the arrangement; The second is to take notes, which requires checking records and supplementing knowledge and materials during the interview. At that time, it was only the enrichment and perfection of the record summary.
In addition to restoration, verification is also needed in finishing. Including the accuracy verification of content, before and after verification and verification of related information.
3. Accumulate materials by taking notes
Reading is different from reading. Some people just browse and read. After reading a book, they only remember the story. The most typical is reading novels. Many people only remember the outline of the story. As for how the novel is arranged, what methods are used and what writing skills are used, they will not pay attention. And some people are thoughtful people, taking notes while reading. After reading a book, they will take thick notes. By taking notes, they turn other people's things into their own, and also record their comments, feelings and extended thoughts in their notes. Such reading is twice the result with half the effort.
How to take reading notes? This requires finding a suitable form of reading notes according to personal habits.
The so-called notes actually have two functions. The first is to record ideas and deepen the impression. The second is to record important contents for future reference. With these two functions as the core, we will come into contact with two kinds of notes, one is called daily notes, which record our daily life, state, thoughts and so on. One is called reading notes, recording the main points of books, reading experiences, extended thinking and so on. Both kinds of notes are suitable for writing.
First, daily notes are direct first-hand information.
Daily notes, and more importantly, grasping fleeting daily trivia. For example, an experience in life, a momentary feeling, a dramatic little conflict or a sudden idea. The forms of daily notes are also varied and flexible, which can be one sentence or a few sentences to simply record the key points of things.
How to take daily notes? The method is very simple, called "anytime, anywhere method". Take a small notebook with you. If you have an idea, write down the main points in your notebook quickly, go home at night, and restore the main points at that time as detailed as possible. Sticking to this method, over time, will form a huge library of writing materials.
Second, reading notes are indirect materials for writing.
If you look for daily notes from yourself, reading notes means looking outside, in books, in other people's hearts, and in the outside world for what you need. Generally speaking, there are three ways to make reading notes, namely, abstract method, feeling method and extension method.
1. abstract method
Method, as its name implies, is to extract good sentences, paragraphs, methods and charts from articles. This is the most common form of reading notes, also known as the "reading book" method. A thick book, according to the abstract method, can quickly extract the outline of a book by recording only the main points or titles. It's like grasping the most critical point in a fishing net, and lifting your eyes can quickly pull dry goods out of the book.
2. Feeling method
The simple method of reading notes by feeling method is called "three-column notes", which is to express each chapter in this form according to chapter content, chapter content, summary and sentiment. Chapter, of course, is the title of each chapter, and the content is the collection and summary of the text content expressed by each chapter; Abstract: it is to extract the main points according to the summarized content; Understanding is the presentation or generalization of highly generalized and divergent issues, and it is the understanding of substantive issues on the basis of content and abstraction.
3. Extension method
Only recording and feeling belong to the superficial understanding of books, and deeper learning should be extended. For example, after reading a book, write a book report, a book review, or even discuss a problem with the author.
Thirdly, the arrangement and application of notes.
To make good use of notes, we must first classify them. For example, this book is a reading note, and it is best to read all the contents. The other is class notes, which are all recorded in class. Classification can facilitate future search. This is the first point, and we should do a good job of overall classification.
Secondly, we should get into the habit of indexing or cataloging our notes. Taking notes is not like writing a paper. There may be no pre-planned structural framework before taking notes. When you first started writing reading notes, you didn't know what to read and record next. Only when you look back after reading it will you have a comprehensive understanding.
Regarding the management of notes, some people will use a method called "notes". What do you mean? Is to summarize all the notes regularly. For example, in the past year, you made 3 reading notes, 5 class notes and 3 daily notes. This 1 1 note records your learning and thinking process over the past year. Generally, a summary can be made at the end of the year: 1 1 What are the interrelated things in this note? What impressed you? Which one is worth reviewing again? In other words, if the notes of 1 1 are summed up into 1000 words, what is the inherent logic in this complicated content? What growth and overall improvement of your ability have these contents brought to you? These words always go further than the catalogue, because they not only list but also find the inherent logic and relevance of information obtained from different sources.
There are three main directions about the application of notes. The first is retrieval. Find what you need quickly through the marks in your notes. The second is the clue. Many books are worth reading again and again, and many problems are worth thinking about again and again. When reading a book again or thinking about a problem again, you can compare the contents of your previous reading notes and trigger "thinking on your shoulders". The third is the thinking tool. Reading and experience input, taking notes is output, and reviewing notes is rethinking the logical relationship between input and output. Through this constant input and output, external knowledge and information can truly become their own things. And this is also the biggest role of notes-truly internalizing external materials into materials that you can use.