As early as the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing court ordered that all the eight banners were able-bodied men and there was insufficient grain, grass and cloth, and they must never stop exporting. In other words, they are exempted from all other obligations except military service. In the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing court also formulated the Eight Banners Relief Regulations, which gave preferential treatment to the Banners in all aspects. In the decades after the Qing army entered the customs, the land within 500 miles of Gyeonggi was competed according to the customs clearance mode, and then distributed orally to the officers and men of the Eight Banners, the so-called flag land.
According to the regulations, each flag is divided into 30 mu, but it is not allowed to buy or sell food, so as to stay as a soldier and become a farmer; However, the Eight Banners in Beijing are mainly stationed in the inner city. They are not good at farming, and in fact they can't take care of both soldiers and farmers. Therefore, most of these flag lands are managed by Tu assistants and paid by local Han people.
The limited tax revenue was not enough to support the family members of the flag bearer, and the Qing court later established a soldier's salary system. It stipulates that every adult man who chooses armor will be given a certain amount of salary and rice by the court every month, and at the same time, he will be given food rations to support his family. People over the age of seven are ready to eat, and half of them are under the age of six, so that the officers and men of the Eight Banners can receive the prescribed salary on time.
Lang Shining's Record of Li Hongshao depicts Li Hong and his entourage riding a fine horse and slowly returning to the camp around Panshan Mountain.
According to the Eight Banners system, salaries are paid on a monthly basis and once every quarter in Mi Lu. The regulations are as follows: Dutong's monthly salary is 180 Liang, 90 stone per year; Monthly salary of participants 130 beam, 65 stone per year; Assistant two silver per month 105, Mi Lu 52 stone 5 buckets per year; The military academy pays 80 taels of silver every month and 40 taels of Mi Lu every year; Xiaoqi pro-army avant-garde nursing military academy 60 taels of silver per month, Mi Lu 30 taels per year; Infantry and guards in the pro-barracks receive 4 A Liang a month and 4 stones and 8 barrels a year in Mi Lu; The monthly salary of vest is 3 Liang, and the annual salary is 4 stone and 8 dou. Jabu's monthly salary is 2 Liang, and Mi Lu's annual salary is 4 stone and 8 dou.
In addition, the officers and men of the Eight Banners also enjoy other economic benefits, such as receiving certain allowances at weddings and funerals; If injured or retired due to illness, the remaining students can receive a monthly pension of 1 2, and after my death, her widow can still receive half of the pension, and orphans can also receive certain subsidies.
In the last decade of the Qing Dynasty, scholars summed up four major differences between Manchu and Han in their social positions in the article How to Determine the Land of Ping Man and Han: First, the official positions are divided into Manchu, and Manchu can fill vacancies, while Han people can't fill vacancies (such as commander in chief, etc.). In the same position, Manchu is more powerful than Han people, and high-level positions are also more than Han people; Second, Manchu and Han are not married; Third, Manchu can only be a professional soldier, not allowed to engage in other production, and their life depends entirely on the financial supply of the Qing court; Fourth, the applicable laws are different, and the judicial organs are also separate for Manchu crimes.
Riding car
In order to expand the ways of being an official, the general standard-bearer has other opportunities to be an official besides passing the scientific examination. For example, in the tenth year of Kangxi, it was stipulated that the Eight Banners were full of Qing Dynasty and imperial academy was full of words. If you only know the whole word and write well in the exam, you will be awarded the positive eight products, supplemented by the pen paste style of the Ministry; In the first year of Yongzheng, in view of the fact that Hanlin, who was born in Manchu, had no road to promotion, he made a promotion order; In the second year of Qianlong, Manchu Jinshi chose the magistrate of a county according to the first-class ranking, and so on.
Of course, in order to win over the Han people, the standard-bearer did not choose the top scholar in the imperial examination (he also carefully ranked second, exploring flowers). In the last Qing Dynasty, the only exception was Chongqi, who was born in Zhenglan Banner, Mongolia during Tongzhi period. He was the champion in the exam. Although there are some restrictions, flag bearers can take the translation exam and choose guards. In addition, his population base is small and his official career is much broader than that of Han people.
According to statistics, in 268 of the Qing Dynasty, the proportion of Manchu-Han governors was 57%, and that of Han nationality was 43%. Governor 48%, South Korea 52%; 28% of the envoys are full, and 72% are from China; Magistrate 2 1%, South Korea 79%; There are fewer Manchu people in Zhifu County, accounting for only 6% of the six central departments. The Qing court implemented the system of Manchu-Han Shangshu, that is, every Ministry had a Manchu Shangshu, and so did assistant ministers. Therefore, the higher the level, the higher the proportion of banners, and the middle and lower officials, especially grassroots officials, are mainly Han Chinese. This situation didn't change until after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising, when the governor of Manchu fell to 35%, the governor fell to 22%, but the central ministries fell to 22%.
Gan Long dabbles in maps.
While giving preferential treatment, the Qing court also imposed many restrictions on the Eight Banners. For example, the flag bearer is not allowed to engage in commerce and agriculture, not allowed to engage in any other occupation except being a soldier (even if it is idle), and not allowed to leave the garrison at will (no right to migrate). In order to maintain the fighting capacity of the Eight Banners and prevent the Banners from being sinicized, the Qing court formulated a series of divide-and-conquer measures, such as different penalties for the Banners and those who did not pay property or marry the Banners.
Under its rigid system, Banners have insurmountable boundaries with ordinary Han people in terms of household registration, address, land and commercial litigation. However, within the flag, Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han army can marry and hand over their property to each other without discrimination. In a sense, the Qing court used the Eight Banners system to build a hardcore support force, and the Eight Banners Group, as a compound nation, is essentially centered on Manchu but includes the interests of Han, Mongolian, Korean and Xibe nationalities.
There is not only a difference in rights between the flag and the people, but also a practical obstacle, that is, among the so-called Manchu flag bearers, except for a few who went out to be officials, the vast majority of ordinary flag bearers were closed in military camps in the city. According to the regulations of the Qing dynasty, the officers and men of the Eight Banners stationed in major cities were stationed in the cities and were not allowed to live with the locals.
Emperor Qianlong died in Xiong Tu.
Generally speaking, the whole city can be divided into two types. One is to set aside a piece in the original city for the officers and men of the Eight Banners to live in, such as Xi 'an, Nanjing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Hangzhou. After the area is demarcated, all the original Han residents will move out and build a new wall to separate Manchu and Han. The other is to choose an open space outside the original old city to build another new city, such as Yinchuan in Suiyuan, Qingzhou, so that the flag soldiers and the local people will not interfere with each other
In ancient China, there were different types of military service, such as recruiting soldiers. Generally speaking, the nomadic people in the north are mostly minority soldiers, such as the Khitan Jurchen Mongols and Manchu. In the Ming Dynasty, the military system was first established, that is, the military household system, and then changed to the recruitment system. After the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners was actually a racial military system. Green camp started with the conscription system, but after being stationed in one place for a long time, it evolved into a certain degree of military system. Just like green camp, the Eight Banners is actually a disguised military system or hereditary military household. This kind of occupation with a fixed salary from the imperial court is generally monopolized by special people, and it is difficult for outsiders to get their hands on it.
Of course, the distinction between the flag and the people is not all bad. Wang Dong, a calligrapher who participated in the revolution with Sun Yat-sen, once said: In the past, the Eight Banners ad hoc system was different from the people, not for production, but for the Han nationality. Although it was a disease of the people, Ute spent hard-earned money on useless ears and never fought with the people for the benefit of the flag and the people. On the one hand, it is a military system, on the other hand, it is also to prevent people from competing for profits, so as not to repeat the mistake of seizing people under the military junta.