Small knowledge of urban greening
Do you know what urban greening is? What are the tips for urban greening? Let's see:
Planting trees, grass and flowers in the city, covering or decorating a certain ground (space), this is urban greening.
Urban greening is an activity of planting plants to improve the urban environment. As a reducing organization in urban ecosystem, urban greening has the ability to recover from external interference and destruction, which is the so-called reducing function of urban ecosystem. The restoration function of urban ecosystem is mainly due to the function of greening urban ecological environment. The study of urban greening ecological environment is to make full use of urban greening ecological environment, make urban ecosystem have restoration function and improve the living environment quality of urban residents.
The main purpose of urban greening is to maintain ecological balance, improve the environment, beautify the city and provide places for people to rest and visit.
L the goal of urban greening planning in China is
By the end of this century, all the places that can be afforested in the city should be afforested, so that "the loess is not open in the air"; * * * The per capita green area reaches 7- 1 1 square meter. The green space in the newly-built area shall not be less than 30% of the total land area; The green land area in the old city reconstruction area should be no less than 25% of the total land area.
L what is the urban green coverage rate?
The percentage of the total area of urban garden green space to the total area of urban land. Known as urban greening coverage rate, it is the main index to measure the greening level of a city.
The three provincial capitals with high green coverage rate in China are Nanjing, Jiangsu Province (38%), Zhengzhou, Henan Province (35.25%) and Changchun, Jilin Province (32%).
L urban garden green space is divided into the following five categories
(1) Public green space refers to all kinds of parks, zoos, botanical gardens, cemeteries, small gardens and street squares for people to enjoy.
(2) Special green space (also called attached green space): refers to the green space in factories, institutions, schools, hospitals, military units and residential areas.
(3) Production green space: refers to nurseries, flower beds and grass beds that provide seedlings, flowers and seeds for urban garden green space.
(4) Protective green space: refers to the green space with isolated, sanitary and safe protective forest belts in the city. (5) Attractions in urban suburbs.
2. What are the greening tips?
What are the tips for greening?
L urban garden green space is divided into the following five categories
(1) Public green space refers to all kinds of parks, zoos, botanical gardens, cemeteries, small gardens and street squares for people to enjoy.
(2) Special green space (also called attached green space): refers to the green space in factories, institutions, schools, hospitals, military units and residential areas.
(3) Production green space: refers to nurseries, flower beds and grass beds that provide seedlings, flowers and seeds for urban garden green space.
(4) Protective green space: refers to the green space with isolated, sanitary and safe protective forest belts in the city. (5) Attractions in urban suburbs.
3. Garden city content
"Garden City" was put forward in the special environment of China, which is closely related to the traditional private gardens in China. Its predecessor is the "landscape city" proposed by Mr. Qian Xuesen, and some of them are similar to the "garden city" proposed by European countries. They all emphasize the shaping of urban landscape, just like painting, using artificial aesthetic taste to build a brick, tile, grass and tree of the city. "Garden City" embodies the traditional aesthetic taste of China, while "Garden City" bears the amorous feelings of European countries.
Every city has its own history, culture and customs. Garden city is created to show the inherent characteristics and personality of the city. The four garden cities in China are Nanjing, Changchun, Hangzhou and Kunming.
4. Green tips
Some scholars abroad have calculated the ecological value of trees: the cumulative value of a 50-year-old tree is about196,000 USD. Whether this calculation is accurate or not is obvious from the practical value of trees.
A tree can produce 200 kilograms of pulp. If these pulps are to produce toilet paper, there must be at least 750 rolls100g of toilet paper.
In the city, a tree can store the pollutants emitted by a car driving for one year 16 km. Many trees can absorb harmful gases, such as 1 hectare Cryptomeria fortunei forest, and can absorb 60 kilograms of sulfur dioxide every day. Others, such as Ailanthus altissima, oleander, Ginkgo biloba, Sycamore, etc., all have the function of absorbing sulfur dioxide. When the urban green area reaches more than 50%, the pollutants in the atmosphere can be effectively controlled.
Urban forests can increase air humidity, and an adult tree can evaporate 400 kilograms of water a day, so the air humidity in forests is obviously increased. According to calculation, the local summer temperature can be reduced by 0. 1% for every increase in urban green area.
Urban forest belts and hedges can reduce noise. A 30-meter-wide forest belt can reduce noise by 6-8 decibels.
There are 3.5 bacteria per cubic meter of air in forest areas, while there are 34,000 densely populated cities lacking greening. Urban streets with trees contain about 80% less bacteria than urban streets without trees.
Urban shelterbelt can slow down the wind speed, and its effective range is less than 40 times of the tree height, and the best effect is in the range of 10~20 times, which can reduce the wind speed by 50%.
In farmland forest network, wind speed usually slows down by 30%~40%, relative humidity increases by 5%~ 15%, and soil water content increases by 10%~20%. According to the measurement, the canopy can intercept about 20% precipitation, which greatly weakens the influence of raindrops. As long as there is litter with a thickness of 1 cm on the surface, the surface runoff can be reduced to less than 1/4 of the bare land, and the sediment can be reduced to less than 7% of the bare land.
Compared with bare land, a hectare of woodland can store at least 3000 cubic meters more water. The storage capacity of 1 10,000 mu of forest is equivalent to a reservoir with storage capacity of 1 10,000 cubic meters, and the construction of such a reservoir requires an investment of more than10,000 million yuan.
Some experts predict that if forests are lost on the earth, about 4.5 million biological species will cease to exist, 90% of fresh water on land will flow into the sea in vain, and human beings will face serious water shortage. The loss of forests has increased the wind speed in many areas by 60%~80%, and hundreds of millions of people will be killed by this wind disaster. ...
5. Some common sense of landscape architecture specialty
The general construction steps of on-site molding are: 1, building skeleton structure.
Skeleton structure includes brick structure, steel frame structure and their mixed structure. Brick structure is simple and economical, and steel frame cantilever should be used in the parts with large mountain shape change.
The skeleton structure of waterfalls, active springs and reserved green holes in the mountains should be waterproof. 2. Mud bottom molding.
Plasticity mortar made of cement, yellow mud and river sand is molded on the completed skeleton and processed repeatedly, so that the shape, texture, plastic body and surface description are basically close to the model. 3. Plastic surface.
The texture, color, texture and surface features of stone are carefully carved on the surface of plastic body. According to the design requirements, stone powder and colored powder are mixed with white cement or ordinary gouache in a proper proportion to make mortar, which is treated by rough, smooth, napping and other plastic surface processes.
Texture modeling, generally speaking, rocks with straight lines as the main part and horizontal lines as the auxiliary part can show a steep posture; Rocks with horizontal stripes as the main and vertical stripes as the auxiliary can show a more natural and unrestrained image; Rocks with rich patterns can show profound and magnificent features. In order to enhance the natural realism of the rock scene, in addition to the description of the texture, the natural characteristics of the rock, such as cracks, holes, holes, rot, cracks, faults and displacements, should be dealt with in detail.
Generally speaking, texture description should be summarized and concise by means of "meaning pen"; Natural features should be handled with care. 4. color.
When the water on the plastic surface is not completely dry, mix the basic color with pigment powder and cement, add water, and spray dye layer by layer. Sprinkle a little darker color on the slit hole or the internal corner. When the plastic surface is 90% dry, sprinkle a little green, black or white spots with different sizes and densities on the depression to enhance the three-dimensional sense and natural feeling.
5. The method of embedding stones with stones or imitation stones to form a natural exposed rock landscape. The placement of stones can also be combined with their practical functions, such as soil conservation, slope protection and being used as planting beds or devices to decorate landscape garden space.
Stone inlay can embody a deeper artistic conception in a simple form, and achieve the artistic effect of "inch stone gives birth to love". Gong Yu records that there are "strange stones" in the tribute payable in Taishan Valley.
"Southern History" contains: "Irrigation is near Huaishui. There is a strange stone in the mountain pond before lent, which is ten feet and six feet long. "
This is the beginning of putting stones in history books. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty contains: "Letian won the first stone in Tianzhu when it stopped the secretariat in Hangzhou" and "Five stones in Taihu Lake when it stopped the secretariat in Suzhou".
Stone fetishism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River were also inlaid with stones.
There are sixty-five stone statues of Xuanhe in the Stone Story of Suyuan compiled and painted by Lin in Ming Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, stones were placed more widely in gardens, and there was a saying that "there is no garden without stones".
The existing famous stones in the south of the Yangtze River include Ruiyunfeng in Suzhou Weaving Institute (now Suzhou No.10 Middle School) in Qing Dynasty, Yundingfeng in Liuyuan, Yulinglong in Shanghai Yuyuan Garden and rugged Yunfeng in Hangzhou Garden. The oldest stone is the "Song Ting" stone bed in Huishan, Wuxi, which is engraved with the word "Song Ting" by Li, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. There are many kinds of stone inlays in gardens: 1, special inlays.
Jiangnan, also known as narcissism, is also known as "Mo Lifeng", which is made of huge stones with peculiar shapes, special textures and colors. It is often used as a barrier to the garden entrance and as a contrast point for landscapes, leaky windows or basements.
This kind of stone can also be placed in the gallery, under the pavilion and by the water as the landscape center of local space. Such as the "Green Show" in the Summer Palace in Beijing, stalactites, coral stones and wood fossils in the imperial garden of the Forbidden City.
Special settings can also be small and large, not all of which are full peaks. 2, opposite.
The two rocks are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the building to contrast the environment and enrich the scenery. Such as Fangshan stone in Beijing Keyuan.
3. Dispersion. Also known as scattered points, that is, the practice of "saving three and gathering five".
It is often used to decorate the inner courtyard or spread on the hillside as slope protection. Scattering can be divided into large scatters and small scatters according to different volumes. Fangshan stone is used as a large scattered point on the west side of the piedmont of Qionghua Island in Beihai, Beijing, which not only slows down the erosion of the ground, but also adds a strange rugged trend to the earth mountain.
Sporadic spots, such as the practice near the pavilion of "pine and cypress meet green" in Zhongshan Park in Beijing, appear to be deeply buried and shallow, intermittent, scattered and gathered, and the context is obscure. 4. Rock collection.
In order to increase the natural scenery of gardens, stones are often used as stone screens, stone fences, stone tables, stone benches, stone beds and so on. The stone benches in the "Yannanxun" pavilion on Qionghua Island in Beihai and the stone beds in nearby caves all add artistic charm to the garden scenery.
5. Rock terraces. Setting stone platforms, relatively lowering the groundwater level, arranging suitable viewing height and arranging garden space will make flowers, trees and rocks present poetic and picturesque pictures that complement each other.
Gardens often use rocks as flower stands and plant ornamental plants such as peony, peony, red maple, bamboo and southern Tianzhu. The layout of flower stands should be reasonable, properly absorb the method of "wide and easy to move, inaccurate density" in seal cutting, and adopt the layout methods of occupying edges, holding corners, giving way to the heart and staggering. So that it has the contrast changes of retraction, brightness, distance, fluctuation and so on.
For individual flower stands, there are twists and turns in the plane, big bends and small bends, and the curvature and spacing are all changing. If the dike with natural extension is adopted, the elevation requires height, level and real change.
There are high peak stones on the platform and low exposed rocks on the ground. This is how the peony terrace in the south of the "Hanbishan Room" in Suzhou Lingering Garden is arranged.
6. Combination of stone placement and landscape architecture. For example, holding and fixing the angle is to reduce the dull feeling of the corners and increase the natural and vivid atmosphere.
Put a stone in the outer corner, called holding the corner; Putting a stone in the inner corner is called inlaying. The steps at the entrance of a building are often made of natural rocks, which are called "flat waves" in Wenming Zhenheng's Chronicle of Long History. There are rocks on both sides, the main stone is called "squatting" and the guest stone is called "matching".
7. Plastic stone. In areas where stones are not produced, plastic stones made of mortar or reinforced concrete have been used in modern times.
This method can be freely modeled and is not limited by the shape of natural stone, but its storage life is short and its color quality is not as good as that of natural stone. 6. Water control originally refers to the waterscape treatment of traditional gardens in China, but now it generally refers to the waterscape treatment in various gardens.
In the traditional natural landscape gardens in China, water and mountains are equally important. Combining different types of water with rocks, flowers and trees and garden buildings is a traditional gardening method in China and an important part of garden engineering. Water is flowing and amorphous, which is in sharp contrast with the steadiness and fixity of mountains.
The sky and clouds in the water and the reflection of the surrounding scenery, the blue waves swimming in the water, lotus water lilies and so on. Make the landscape vivid, so.
6. Some common sense of landscape architecture specialty
The general construction steps of on-site molding are: 1, building skeleton structure.
Skeleton structure includes brick structure, steel frame structure and their mixed structure. Brick structure is simple and economical, and steel frame cantilever should be used in the parts with large mountain shape change.
The skeleton structure of waterfalls, active springs and reserved green holes in the mountains should be waterproof. 2. Mud bottom molding.
Plasticity mortar made of cement, yellow mud and river sand is molded on the completed skeleton and processed repeatedly, so that the shape, texture, plastic body and surface description are basically close to the model. 3. Plastic surface.
The texture, color, texture and surface features of stone are carefully carved on the surface of plastic body. According to the design requirements, stone powder and colored powder are mixed with white cement or ordinary gouache in a proper proportion to make mortar, which is treated by rough, smooth, napping and other plastic surface processes.
Texture modeling, generally speaking, rocks with straight lines as the main part and horizontal lines as the auxiliary part can show a steep posture; Rocks with horizontal stripes as the main and vertical stripes as the auxiliary can show a more natural and unrestrained image; Rocks with rich patterns can show profound and magnificent features. In order to enhance the natural realism of the rock scene, in addition to the description of the texture, the natural characteristics of the rock, such as cracks, holes, holes, rot, cracks, faults and displacements, should be dealt with in detail.
Generally speaking, texture description should be summarized and concise by means of "meaning pen"; Natural features should be handled with care. 4. color.
When the water on the plastic surface is not completely dry, mix the basic color with pigment powder and cement, add water, and spray dye layer by layer. Sprinkle a little darker color on the slit hole or the internal corner. When the plastic surface is 90% dry, sprinkle a little green, black or white spots with different sizes and densities on the depression to enhance the three-dimensional sense and natural feeling.
5. The method of embedding stones with stones or imitation stones to form a natural exposed rock landscape. The placement of stones can also be combined with their practical functions, such as soil conservation, slope protection and being used as planting beds or devices to decorate landscape garden space.
Stone inlay can embody a deeper artistic conception in a simple form, and achieve the artistic effect of "inch stone gives birth to love". Gong Yu records that there are "strange stones" in the tribute payable in Taishan Valley.
"Southern History" contains: "Irrigation is near Huaishui. There is a strange stone in the mountain pond before lent, which is ten feet and six feet long. "
This is the beginning of putting stones in history books. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty contains: "Letian won the first stone in Tianzhu when it stopped the secretariat in Hangzhou" and "Five stones in Taihu Lake when it stopped the secretariat in Suzhou".
Stone fetishism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River were also inlaid with stones.
There are sixty-five stone statues of Xuanhe in the Stone Story of Suyuan compiled and painted by Lin in Ming Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, stones were placed more widely in gardens, and there was a saying that "there is no garden without stones".
The existing famous stones in the south of the Yangtze River include Ruiyunfeng in Suzhou Weaving Institute (now Suzhou No.10 Middle School) in Qing Dynasty, Yundingfeng in Liuyuan, Yulinglong in Shanghai Yuyuan Garden and rugged Yunfeng in Hangzhou Garden. The oldest stone is the "Song Ting" stone bed in Huishan, Wuxi, which is engraved with the word "Song Ting" by Li, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. There are many kinds of stone inlays in gardens: 1, special inlays.
Jiangnan, also known as narcissism, is also known as "Mo Lifeng", which is made of huge stones with peculiar shapes, special textures and colors. It is often used as a barrier to the garden entrance and as a contrast point for landscapes, leaky windows or basements.
This kind of stone can also be placed in the gallery, under the pavilion and by the water as the landscape center of local space. Such as the "Green Show" in the Summer Palace in Beijing, stalactites, coral stones and wood fossils in the imperial garden of the Forbidden City.
Special settings can also be small and large, not all of which are full peaks. 2, opposite.
The two rocks are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the building to contrast the environment and enrich the scenery. Such as Fangshan stone in Beijing Keyuan.
3. Dispersion. Also known as scattered points, that is, the practice of "saving three and gathering five".
It is often used to decorate the inner courtyard or spread on the hillside as slope protection. Scattering can be divided into large scatters and small scatters according to different volumes. Fangshan stone is used as a large scattered point on the west side of the piedmont of Qionghua Island in Beihai, Beijing, which not only slows down the erosion of the ground, but also adds a strange rugged trend to the earth mountain.
Sporadic spots, such as the practice near the pavilion of "pine and cypress meet green" in Zhongshan Park in Beijing, appear to be deeply buried and shallow, intermittent, scattered and gathered, and the context is obscure. 4. Rock collection.
In order to increase the natural scenery of gardens, stones are often used as stone screens, stone fences, stone tables, stone benches, stone beds and so on. The stone benches in the "Yannanxun" pavilion on Qionghua Island in Beihai and the stone beds in nearby caves all add artistic charm to the garden scenery.
5. Rock terraces. Setting stone platforms, relatively lowering the groundwater level, arranging suitable viewing height and arranging garden space will make flowers, trees and rocks present poetic and picturesque pictures that complement each other.
Gardens often use rocks as flower stands and plant ornamental plants such as peony, peony, red maple, bamboo and southern Tianzhu. The layout of flower stands should be reasonable, properly absorb the method of "wide and easy to move, inaccurate density" in seal cutting, and adopt the layout methods of occupying edges, holding corners, giving way to the heart and staggering. So that it has the contrast changes of retraction, brightness, distance, fluctuation and so on.
For individual flower stands, there are twists and turns in the plane, big bends and small bends, and the curvature and spacing are all changing. If the dike with natural extension is adopted, the elevation requires height, level and real change.
There are high peak stones on the platform and low exposed rocks on the ground. This is how the peony terrace in the south of the "Hanbishan Room" in Suzhou Lingering Garden is arranged.
6. Combination of stone placement and landscape architecture. For example, holding and fixing the angle is to reduce the dull feeling of the corners and increase the natural and vivid atmosphere.
Put a stone in the outer corner, called holding the corner; Putting a stone in the inner corner is called inlaying. The steps at the entrance of a building are often made of natural rocks, which are called "flat waves" in Wenming Zhenheng's Chronicle of Long History. There are rocks on both sides, the main stone is called "squatting" and the guest stone is called "matching".
7. Plastic stone. In areas where stones are not produced, plastic stones made of mortar or reinforced concrete have been used in modern times.
This method can be freely modeled and is not limited by the shape of natural stone, but its storage life is short and its color quality is not as good as that of natural stone. 6. Water control originally refers to the waterscape treatment of traditional gardens in China, but now it generally refers to the waterscape treatment in various gardens.
In the traditional natural landscape gardens in China, water and mountains are equally important. Combining different types of water with rocks, flowers and trees and garden buildings is a traditional gardening method in China and an important part of garden engineering. Water is flowing and amorphous, which is in sharp contrast with the steadiness and fixity of mountains.
The sky and clouds in the water and the reflection of the surrounding scenery, the blue waves swimming in the water, lotus water lilies and so on. Make the landscape vivid, so.
7. Four Garden Cities in Garden City
Every city has its own history, culture and customs. Garden city is created to show the inherent characteristics and personality of the city. The four garden cities in China are Nanjing, Changchun, Hangzhou and Kunming. Kunming has a history of 1 240 years. Traditional culture and modern civilization complement each other, and the beauty of plateau scenery, ethnic customs and border scenery is unique. Many foreign tourists said with emotion: "Walking on the streets of Kunming and watching Kunming people stroll leisurely on the streets, you will know that this is a pleasant city." Kunming has reason to be a happier city; Kunming people have reason to be happier people.