Xin Qiji was born in the enemy-occupied area. When Xin Qiji was born, his hometown, Licheng, Shandong Province, had fallen. Why did Xin Qiji strive for loyalty? Because he grew up in a loyal and hardworking family, his grandfather Xin Qiji often took a group of children to visit when he was young, pointing out mountains and rivers and cultivating their national and ethnic thoughts. So Xin Qiji's honest nature accompanied his life growth. Therefore, Jia Xuan's ci reflects the common aspiration of a generation in the Southern Song Dynasty to love the motherland.
He wrote more than 600 lyrics in his life, which widely reflected his times from different angles. Of course, there are also some works that describe personal narrow interests in life. The content of Jiaxuan's ci can be roughly divided into four categories, namely patriotic ci, rural ci, leisure ci and love ci.
Among the four categories, patriotic words account for a large proportion, while love words account for the least. Patriotic ci and local ci are two important achievements in Jia Xuan's ci. Therefore, we will describe these two achievements of Xin Ci separately in the future.
Since the peak of the bold and patriotic words of Xin Ci appeared, with the need of reflecting the crisis of the times, under the influence of Xin Ci, a large number of outstanding works of bold and patriotic words have emerged, which has achieved the same status as graceful words in the history of ci development. From the late Southern Song Dynasty to the national subjugation, many poets' sad and cynical works inherited the patriotic tradition and bold style of Xin Ci. Therefore, from the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present age, many poets have inherited the tradition of bold and unconstrained ci, leaving a long-term influence in the ci world.
Li Qingzhao (1084 ~ about 1 155)
China was a poet in the Song Dynasty. Self-styled Yi 'an lay man. A native of Zhangqiu, Jinan (now Shandong). His father Li was a famous scholar in Qilu area at that time. Mother Wang knows books and writes well. Zhao Mingcheng, son of official assistant minister Tingzhi Zhao, is a textual research scholar. Li Qingzhao lived comfortably in her early years and was proficient in writing and music. After their marriage, he and Zhao Mingcheng devoted themselves to the collation of epigraphy of calligraphy and painting, and compiled The Book of the Stone. In his early years, he lived comfortably, and once cooperated with Ming City to collect and sort out calligraphy and painting stones. After the fall of the Central Plains, she went south with her husband and lived a wandering and miserable life. Ming Cheng died of illness and was in a lonely situation. Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Yi 'an Ci Collection have been lost. Today, there are only four copies of Shuyu Ci, 1 book. There are Li Qingzhao's collating, People's Literature Publishing House, Huang Youli Qingzhao's collected works, and Qilu Bookstore Edition.
Fan Zhongyan (989 ~ 1052) was a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Xi Suzhou Wuxian (now Jiangsu) people. Young orphan, because his mother remarried Zhu, the magistrate of Lushan County, changed his surname to Zhu. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), he was a scholar with a compound surname. In order to supervise the salt storage in Xixi Town, Taizhou, people were asked to build a seawall, which was hundreds of miles long and was later called "Gongfan Dike". In the sixth year of Tiansheng (1028), he wrote about the gains and losses of the imperial court and the sufferings of the people. As the Prime Minister Wang Zeng knew, Yan Shu recommended him as a captain of the Secret Pavilion. Zhao Zhen, Song Renzong, personally responsible, was called by Chen Zhou to protest against you. In view of the drought in Jianghuai and JD.COM, he sent envoys to appease the southeast, opened warehouses for disaster relief, and sent tea and salt money to Dingkou, Jiangdong. In order to persuade Renzong to abolish the Queen, he learned about Zhou Mu (now Jiande East, Zhejiang Province) and Suzhou. In the second year of You Jing (1035), he was in charge of Kaifengfu, and public opinion believed that "the imperial court had no worries, and the capital had no worries." In north Korea, it is said that we should attach importance to the use of talents, and we should not delegate the power of employing people to officials, thinking that we must have talents; I also think that Luoyang is in danger and should gradually enrich its reserves. Because of opposing the ultra vires of Prime Minister Lv Yijian, he became famous in Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi), Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). After the Xixia War in the Song Dynasty, he served as the commander-in-chief of Shaanxi Province. He once divided Yanzhou soldiers into six roads, each with 3,000 men, and trained in different divisions, so they were outnumbered. Ning's The Art of War is based on this. Xixia people said that he "had tens of thousands of armour soldiers in his belly". In Shaanxi for several years, Qingjian and Dashuncheng were built, and gourds and waists were built. Since the opening of the port, the Qiang people have tens of thousands of workers, which is the basis for consolidating border defense. In the third year of Li Qing's reign (1043), he was called as a Tang dynasty envoy and changed to participate in politics. It is suggested to reform the bureaucracy, eliminate redundant staff, select and appoint talents, and discuss reducing corvee, planting agriculture and mulberry, and cultivating military equipment. Most of these suggestions were adopted by Song Renzong and implemented one after another. History is called Qingli New Deal. However, because the New Deal harmed the interests of bureaucrats and nobles, it was strongly opposed and wrongly labeled as "nepotism". Five years later, he stopped participating in politics and learned about Zhai (now Binxian County, Shaanxi Province), Deng (now Dengxian County, Henan Province) and Hangzhou. In the fourth year of Emperor Yangdi (1052), he died.
Fan Zhongyan is also a writer. His famous sentence: "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" is widely read and passed down from generation to generation by Fan Wenzheng Gong Ji.
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose word is Taibai, is the most outstanding poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and also a great romantic poet in the history of China literature after Qu Yuan, and is known as the "Poet Fairy". He had a rough experience and complicated thoughts. He is not only a brilliant poet, but also a ranger, assassin, hermit, Taoist and counselor. Confucianism, Taoism and Rangers are all reflected in him. "Retire after success" is the dominant thought that dominated his life.
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. Grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. In his youth, he traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong, met Li Bai twice and forged a profound friendship.
In the fifth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (746), Du Fu came to Chang 'an. The following year, he took the imperial examination of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the obstruction of treacherous court official Li, none of the candidates were admitted. Since then, there is no way to make progress and live in poverty. It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) that he got the position of "from Wei Ling to Fu" and was responsible for guarding the arsenal. In the same year, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Du Fu was visiting relatives in Fengxian County (now Pucheng, Shaanxi Province). In the second year, he settled in Qiang village of Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and defected to Su Zong, who ascended the throne in Lingwu (now Gansu Province). On the way, he was captured by the rebels and taken to occupied Chang 'an, during which he witnessed the killing and looting atrocities of the rebels and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (757) that he ventured to Fengxiang (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was awarded the post of left. Soon after, he was demoted to join the army as secretary of Huazhou for helping to look after the house. Since then, he was very disappointed with the real politics, gave up his official position, moved his family to the west, and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, named Du Fu Cottage. Later, he was recommended by Yanwu as a clerk and Yuanwailang in the collating department. After Yanwu's death, he left Chengdu and his family lived in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Sichuan). Two years later, from Kuizhou to Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong (770), the poet died in a boat on the Xiangjiang River.
His poems are famous for their richness and variety in art, sometimes bold and unrestrained, sometimes gloomy and sad, or colorful or plain. He is good at metrical poetry and the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His poems are harmonious in rhythm, concise in wording and sentences, and "obsessed with human kindness, words are not surprisingly endless", which is a true portrayal of his rigorous creative attitude. In the history of China literature, he is known as a "poet saint". More than 400 of his/kloc-0 poems have been handed down to this day. This is Du Shaoling.
Nalan Xingde (1655- 1685): Formerly known as Chengde, Rong Ruo, a native of Lengjiashan, Zhenghuang Banner, Manchuria, was a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty.
Nalan Xingde is the eldest son of Pearl, a college student in Wuyingdian. Young, smart, all-round in civil and military affairs. In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he was twenty-two years old, ranked seventh in palace examination, and was given a Jinshi background. Give a third-class bodyguard, and then follow, the military attache is the doctrine.
He married Lu, the daughter of Lu Xingzu, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, gave gifts to Shu people, and later married a wife. After three years of marriage, his wife died. He married an official and gave a gift to Shu people. His concubine Yanshi, who was later a talented woman in the south of the Yangtze River, wrote "Choose Dreams". Nalan Xingde died at the age of 3/kloc-0 and was buried in Zaoshitun, west of Beijing. There are three sons and four daughters.
Most of Nalan Xingde's friends in his life are Han literati in cloth, such as Zhu Yizun, Gu Zhenguan, Jiang, Yan and so on. His residence in Lushuige was often an elegant gathering place for him and his friends, which virtually netted a group of Han intellectuals for the Qing government in the prosperous period of Kangxi.
Although Nalan Xingde's life is short, his works are quite abundant: 20 volumes of Tong Ji (including Fu 1 volume, 4 volumes of Poems, 3 volumes of Preface, 2 volumes of Wen, and 4 volumes of Miscellaneous Knowledge of Lushui Pavilion) and Brief; Set "Yi Ji Yan" 80 volumes, "Chen Liji" 38 volumes; Edited and selected books such as Early Collection of Modern Style Words, Notes of Famous Jueju Poems, Selected Works of All Tang Poems, etc. And these are mostly done after his pommel horse retinue, and the brushwork is amazing.
The main achievement of Nalan Xingde lies in Ci. There are 349 existing words, which are published as "drinking water collection in the side hat", later called Nalan words. The style is fresh and beautiful, sad and stubborn, and there is a legacy of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Wang Guowei commented: "Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there was only one person."
Du Mu:
Du Mu (803-852) was born in Tang Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi). Tang Dezong Zhenyuan was born in a bureaucratic family with a strong cultural tradition in nineteen years. His distant ancestor Du Yu was a famous politician and scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. Great-grandfather Du hoped to be a great frontier fighter when he was in Xuanzong, and he loved literature. Grandfather Du You, a famous politician and historian in the middle Tang Dynasty, served as the prime minister of Dezong, Shunzong and Xianzong successively. He studied hard all his life, made the past serve the present, and wrote 200 volumes of General Code. Father Du died and went to Yuan Wailang as a driver. Du Mu is very proud of his family background. He said, "The old man opened Zhumen, which is in the center of Chang 'an. There was nothing, thousands of books was full. There are 200 pieces in one episode, Wang ("Poems for My Little Nephew and Aunt in Winter").
Du Mu's childhood was rich and happy. Du You's Fan Chuan Villa is located in the south of Chang 'an, with the beauty of Lin Ting, quiet flowers and trees, and Du Mei often plays in the garden. After my father and his father died, the family became increasingly poor, "eating wild Artemisia Pogostemon, cold without night candles." In the second year of Mu Zong Changqing (822), when Du Mu was 20 years old, he had already learned a lot of classics and history, especially the knowledge of chaos control and military affairs. At the age of 23, I wrote Epang Palace Fu. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (828), he was buried at the age of 26. In the same year, he was admitted to the founder of Xiande. Cao and Zuo Wuweibing, principals of Ting Primary School, joined the army. In winter, he went to Jiangxi to observe the curtain of special envoy Shen Chuanshi, and then went to Yun Xuan as his staff to observe the special envoy. In the seventh year of Daiwa (833), in Huainan, Niu Sengru was promoted, transferred to a secretary, and lived in Yangzhou for a big banquet. In the ninth year of Daiwa, in order to supervise the empire, East Capital was set up separately. Two years later, he entered Xuanhui for observation, and Cui Dan was appointed as the judge of Yingyong. Xuanguanzuo fills the vacancy, the history museum is repaired, and the food department is better than Yuanwailang. In 842, Wuzong Huichang became the secretariat of Huangzhou. Later, he served as the secretariat of Chizhou and Zhou Mu. Can promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, and care for the people. In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (848), he won the right to kill Bai and became the foreign minister of Sixun and History Museum. Four years, for Huzhou secretariat. The following year, he was called to Beijing to be a doctor and an official. In the third year, I moved to Zhongshu Sheren. He died in Chang 'an at the age of fifty. Author of Fan Chuan's collected works.
Du Musheng lived in an era when the Tang Dynasty seemed to want to revive, but it was hopeless. Faced with domestic troubles and foreign invasion, he is worried and eager to save the world and people. He said in "drinking alone in the county": "Is it for my concubine? I didn't hide it in the mountains. All my life, I am willing to mend clothes. Xiange teaches Zhao Yan, and Lan Zhi bathes in Hehuang. When the suffocation is swept away, it is fierce. " If you are born and sleep, you will live longer, and farmers and businessmen will be rich. "He advocated pacifying the buffer region and recovering the frontier. His spirit of "Kansai cheap man, swearing for a piece of meat" is very similar to Yue Fei's later "Man Jiang Hong". He praised Tan Zhong in Jiang Yan Lu because he could persuade the towns in Hebei not to rebel against the imperial court. In order to realize these ambitions, he advocated that reading should pay attention to "controlling the rise and fall of chaos and giving soldiers;" "The danger of terrain is easy to be near and far, and the ancients gained and lost a lot" (Li Zhongcheng's Book). He stressed that knowing the soldiers or not is related to the rise and fall of a country: "the main soldiers, sages who can learn more, set up their country;" If you are strong enough to stab those ignorant people, you will ruin your country. Then, those who think they are the best soldiers in the country should not be allowed to do anything unless they are virtuous and noble. If you are defeated, you are really humiliated by a famous doctor, and your letter is also true (Note to Sun Zi Xu). To this end, he wrote the original Sixteen Guards, Words of Crime, Debate, On Prevention and Notes for Grandson. Because of his lack of talent, his wishes can't be realized, so he is often free in life. All these have influenced his creation.
Liu Yong (about 980~ 1053), formerly known as trilateral, was born in Chong 'an (now Chong 'an County, Fujian Province). In the first year of Jingyou in Renzong (1034), he was a scholar named Liu Tuntian. I tried many times in my early years, but my career was very unsatisfactory, my life was poor, and I was cynical about things. He lived in the city for a long time, frequented restaurants, and interacted with musicians and geisha, so he was familiar with the life of literati and geisha and the music method. He was the first writer devoted to the creation of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. Because of his living environment and other conditions, he became a representative poet of Wan Yue School who was good at describing cities.
Liu Yong made an important contribution and influence to the development of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. First of all, he produced a large number of long and slow words, which made the words transition from minor to major, thus providing corresponding expressions for words to accommodate more content. Secondly, he developed the expression of words, and was good at describing and using stick figures. The description of scenery was closely combined with lyricism, and the language was easy to understand and the melody was harmonious. Liu Yong's ci has an influence on Qin Guan and others, and also on the lyrics creation of later rap literature and opera writers. Liu Ci was the most popular in Song and Yuan Dynasties. According to legend, at that time, "there was a well to drink, and Liu Ci could be sung". A collection of words, a collection of actions.
Ceng Gong
( 10 19~ 1083)
Prose writer in northern song dynasty. One of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. The word is solid. Jianchangjun was from Nanfeng (now Jiangxi). Jiayou was a scholar for two years (1057). He has served as a collator, a talent-gathering proofreader, and a proofreader of records, and has been an official in Chinese books. Ceng Gong, who came from Ouyang Xiu School, fully accepted Ouyang Xiu's thought of writing ancient prose after Taoism, and paid more attention to Taoism than Ouyang Xiu. Therefore, Ceng Gong's prose is relatively unemotional and literary among the Eight Masters. But Zeng Wen is good at discussing. His political essays are simple in language, incisive in argument and tortuous in reasoning. For example, Book of Sheren by Shang Ouyang Xiu, Book of Bachelor by Shang Cai, Preface to Ang Lee's Second Life and Preface to Wang Pingfu's Collected Works were all compiled by Xu Wei, which is similar to Ouyang Xiuwen's. Narrative texts are often discussed, such as Crystal's Blood Donation and Mochi, which all talk about the past and the present in narrative. Ceng Gong can still write poems, and there are more than 400 existing poems, among which the seven-character poems are the most successful, but they are covered up by the literature and are not paid much attention to. Today, there are 50 volumes of Yuanfeng manuscripts and 4 series of movies.
Su Shi (1037-110/year) was born in Meishan, Sichuan. A famous writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Poetry is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Su Shi is famous for his talent and understanding of classics and history. In the second year of Song Jiayou (1057), he was a scholar. He used to be a minister of rites and a bachelor of Hanlin. He had a rough life and was exiled many times. When he was in Song Shenzong, he was highly valued. However, due to the struggle between the old and new parties, he was repeatedly relegated and became a local official in Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. He was also framed and imprisoned for writing a poem that slandered state affairs. After he was released from prison, he was banished to Huangzhou.
After several ups and downs, he was exiled to Huizhou and Qiongzhou and moved to Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province). Since then, he has lived a life of reading and painting. It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. In July, Yuan (1 10 1) died in Changzhou.
Su Shi is honest, broad-minded, brilliant, poetic and good at painting and calligraphy. He, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia".
When talking about the process of his calligraphy creation, he said: "The method of writing is not perfect, but I can't get it all." He added: "I can't make a book with my heart. I'm tired of asking for it." He focused on "meaning" and sent his feelings to the book with "faithful hand".
Su Shi's writing seems plain and simple, but it has a mighty air of Wang Yang sea. Like his profound knowledge, dragons are unpredictable. He is good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork is vigorous and natural, giving people the artistic beauty of "the breath of sea breeze" and "the shape of ancient stones"
Su Shi's calligraphy is highly respected by later generations. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "His calligraphy is very attractive ... until the wine is drunk, he forgets his work, and his words are extremely thin ... As for the round rhyme of the pen, relying on the wonderful world, loyalty and being good at books, it is advisable to push (Su) first." Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty praised him for "completely using the front, which is the Lanting of Pogong". Handed down from ancient times, there are Qianchibi Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poem Post, Dongting Spring Fu, Zhongshan Songlao Fu and so on.
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