Mao Kun (August 31, 1512 - December 22, 1601), courtesy name Shunfu, nicknamed Lumen, was a native of Gui'an, Huzhou Prefecture (now Wuxing, Zhejiang), an essayist and bibliophile in the Ming Dynasty . The grandfather of Mao Yuanyi, a Confucian general in the late Ming Dynasty.
He was a Jinshi in the seventeenth year of Jiajing (1538). When he was an official in Guangxi, he led troops to suppress the uprising of Yao peasants in Guangxi.
Mao Kun was good at both literature and martial arts, and was good at calligraphy. He advocated the study of ancient Chinese prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and opposed the view that "literary literature must be from the Qin and Han Dynasties". As for the content of his works, he advocated that the purpose of the "Six Classics" must be elucidated. Compiled and selected "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasty", especially Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. Mao Kun, Wang Shenzhong, Tang Shunzhi, Gui Youguang, etc. are collectively known as the "Tang and Song School". There is a "Manuscript collected by Baihualou", which is a rare printed version. A well-known scholar is "Mao Lumen Collection". Basic introduction: Real name: Mao Kun Font name: Zi Shunfu Main works on December 22, 1601: "Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" and "Preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Qingxia" Main achievements: Member of the "Tang and Song School", opposed to "literature must be Qin and Han", advocated Tang and Song ancient prose Profession: essayist, The bibliophile's life, literary achievements, anecdotes, historical records, representative poems, life of the person Mao Kun was born on July 21, the seventh year of Zhengde, Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty (August 31, 1512), in Gui'an, Huzhou Prefecture (today's Huzhou, Zhejiang) ), he won the top three Jinshi in the seventeenth year of Jiajing (1538). He successively served as magistrate of Qingyang and Dantu counties. Due to his outstanding political achievements, in the winter of December of the 24th year of Jiajing (1545), he was promoted to director of the etiquette department of the Ministry of Etiquette. Soon after, he was moved to the Department of Encouragement of the Ministry of Personnel. He was implicated in the 25th year of Jiajing (1546) and was relegated to Guangping Tongpan. Later, he moved to Guangxi several times to serve as a military officer and deputy envoy to Henan. Statue of Mao Kun At that time, several groups of Yao boys in Guangxi took advantage of the mountainous terrain and spread across six to seven hundred miles to rob and kill officials and people. The governor's office tried to invite the three provinces to suppress them, but to no avail. The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Ying Yao heard about Mao Kun's talents and specially called for Kun to go to Guangxi to organize a large-scale expedition to handle all military matters. Mao Kun went against the usual tactics of the great expedition and used the method of "eagle suppression" (that is, "swift in and out quickly, like an eagle fighting against a rabbit"). He won a great victory and was praised as a "wonder" by the governor. Because of his meritorious service in the "carving and suppression" campaign, he was promoted to the second level of his official rank. At that time, Mao Kun was young and vigorous, arrogant and arrogant, and was eventually shunned by those who despised him. In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), he was dismissed and returned to his hometown, where he began a rural career that lasted forty to fifty years. At the end of the Jiajing period, Japanese pirates repeatedly invaded Zhejiang and Zhejiang. Mao Kun was invited by Hu Zongxian to serve as an aide and mobilize merchants and soldiers. Later, Hu Zongxian's experience of trapping and killing the bandit leader Xu Hai was compiled into the volume "The Complete Story of Xu Hai". Later, due to his family's rampage in the countryside, he was impeached by the governor Pang Shangpeng, so he reduced his status and returned home to devote himself to writing. He died on November 28, the 29th year of Wanli (December 22, 1601) at the age of ninety. Buried in Jilong Mountain, Wukang (now Wukang Town, Deqing County). "Hu Lu" records that Mao Kun's book collection was dominant at that time. The library was named "Baihua Tower" and "Yuzhi Shanfang", and it collected many engravings of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The family compiled "Bihualou Bibliography". There are dozens of libraries, but they are still too full to accommodate them. Later, his grandson Mao Yuanyi (son of Mao Kun's second son Mao Guojin) compiled the "Nine Studies and Ten Parts". It is divided into nine studies and ten parts. The nine studies are: First Classics, Second History, Three Literature, Four Theory, Five Elementary Schools, Six Military Studies, Seven Categories, Eight Mathematics, and Nine Foreign Studies. In addition to the nine studies, Shixue was added, which was called the Ten Divisions. Its collection of books is printed with "Mao Kun", "Tongyuan", "Moxiang Pavilion" and so on. Literary Achievements Mao Kun opposed the idea of ??the seven scholars before and after him that "literary literature must be from the Qin and Han Dynasties" and advocated the study of ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The "Eight Masters of Texts of the Tang and Song Dynasties" selected by him had a great influence at that time and in later generations. This book is a collection of 164 volumes of articles written by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Zeng Gong and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty. Each family leads it. The general preface says: "Those who care about the world often say that articles are superior to the times, but after the Tang Dynasty, it is not enough. Alas! I don't know that the rise and fall of literary specialties depends on Taoism, and the times are not what they say." Therefore, Mao Kun selected articles. The purpose is to publicize the essence of the "Six Classics" in the articles of the eight people, and Han Yu is particularly respected. The artistic form of his commentaries does not fall outside the scope of eight-legged writing.
Although there are many omissions and errors in his comments and annotations, this anthology is moderately complex and simple, and can be used as a starting point for beginners, so it has remained popular for hundreds of years. The name "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" also became popular. Mao Kun's prose deliberately imitates Sima Qian and Ouyang Xiu. The writing is full of ups and downs. However, due to the tendency to imitate the text, there are not many excellent works. There are currently 11 volumes of "Baihualou Collection Manuscript", 15 volumes of "Continuation Manuscript", 8 volumes of "Yin Manuscript", 22 volumes of "Yuzhishanfang Manuscript", 7 volumes of "Old Year Records", and "The Complete and Final Chronicles of Zhejiang Branch" , "Historical Records Notes", "Record and Suppression of Xu Hai", etc. A well-known scholar is "Mao Lumen Collection". Qian Qianyi expressed his admiration for Mao Kun in Mao Kun's "Xingcao Luyou Poems Volume": "(Mao Kun) was so eloquent in his articles that he called them elegant. More than a thousand years after Sima Zizhang, he acquired Ouyang Zi and gave him another five hundred He got Mao Zi in 2001. He was regarded as a pseudo-Qin and Han Dynasty, and he criticized the works of the eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties to correct them." You Gong narrative Zhiming. For everyone in the Ming Dynasty. I like to write poems in the evening. Claims to be practicing halfway. The words are many and easy to speak. The second son Guo Jin ascended the throne. He was overjoyed and said, "A reward of a thousand gold coins is being asked for in front of the hall. A five-foot-long flag is hung high outside the door." Everyone who heard this laughed. (From "Jianhu Collection") Historical records: Mao Kun, courtesy name Shunfu, was born in Gui'an. Jinshi in the 17th year of Jiajing. He has known Qingyang and Dantu counties. Worried about his mother, he served as a minister, moved to the head of the Ministry of Rites, and moved to the Department of Jixun of the Ministry of Personnel. After sitting tired, he was relegated to Guangping Tongfan. He moved to Guangxi many times to prepare for military affairs and took charge of Jiangdao. Kunya is very talkative. The Yao thieves occupied all the Japanese villages and killed the Yangshuo order. When the imperial court discussed the great expedition, the governor-general responded to ask questions about Kun. Kun said: "A major expedition requires a hundred thousand soldiers, so we call them soldiers. Now we can't gather them suddenly, and the thieves have taken advantage of the danger to be prepared. The best plan is to destroy the leader. If the leader is defeated, other troops will attack and plan for self-defense. This is It's a plan. "Zhao Shanzhi knew that he was responsible for military matters. After defeating seventeen villages in a row, he was promoted to the second level. The people built a temple to worship it. He was appointed as the deputy envoy of the famous army and military preparation, and the governor Yang Botan was a genius and was specially recommended to the court. If someone is caught by a taboo person, it will be traced to his predecessor's corruption record and he will be dismissed from his post. At that time, the Japanese affairs were urgent, and Hu Zongxianyan was preparing for military affairs and asked him to be the deputy envoy to Fujian. It's enough for the officials to keep it. The family members were standing there, and they were impeached by Pang Shangpeng, the patrol commander, so they took off their hats and belts. Now that Kun is dead, he manages his life with his own plans, and his family grows. He was ninety years old and died in the twenty-ninth year of Wanli. Kun was good at ancient prose, and Tang Shunzhi was most impressed. Shun Zhi liked the works of the great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and wrote and edited them. People of the Tang and Song Dynasties had nothing to read except Han, Liu, Ou, Sansu, Zeng, and Wang, so Kun selected "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties." . His books are popular all over the country, and everyone in the countryside knows about Mao Lumen. Lumen, also known as Kun. The youngest son, Wei, whose courtesy name was Xiaoruo, was good at poetry. He was called the fourth son along with Zang Maoxun, Wu Jiayao and Wu Mengyang from the same county. Changyique wrote a letter, hoping to be summoned to tell him about the great events of the world, but he would not report them. Representative poem "Mooring in Qiantang at Night" The sun is already twilight on the river, where can I find a boat? There is a solitary lamp and rain in the tree, and there is an autumn wild goose before the wind. The leaves burst from the centrifugal force, and the hometown dream enters the cold current. Where can I ask about the wine market? I sing a little to express my sorrow. Brief analysis: "It's already dusk while traveling on the river." When boating on the river, the sun sets in the west and it's already evening. In the evening, it is the time when the family is enjoying themselves happily. When the wanderers far away in the world see the sunset, they feel particularly homesick. "Where can I hold a boat?" I want to stop and rest, but "where can I hold a boat?" Isn't there a place to tie a boat in the huge Qiantang River? This sentence expresses the desolate mood of the homeless wanderer. "In the trees, there are lonely lights and rain, and there are wild geese in front of the wind." "In the trees" and "in front of the wind" bear the life of eating wind and drinking dew, which makes the poet miss his hometown even more. This is the time when "Lonely Deng" can't sleep and sees "Wild Geese" thinking about returning home. "The leaves fall from the heart, and the dream of homesickness enters the cold current." In the author's eyes, the leaves also fall because they cannot bear the feeling of parting, and even the "cold current" cannot carry the dream of homesickness. "Where can I ask about the wine market? I sing a little to express my shortcomings." Looking for the "wine market" is to "use wine to relieve my sorrow", but "the wine enters the sad heart and turns into tears of lovesickness" and "using wine to relieve my sorrow makes me even more sorrowful". How can a glass of wine resolve the deep homesickness? Sing a homesick song softly to express your homesickness.