There are more than 50 permanent subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Strategist, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects are not taken seriously. Scholar and other subjects are not often held, and the scholar subject was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, and then it was gradually cancelled. Therefore, the Ming Classics and Scholars became the main subjects of the formal subjects in the Tang Dynasty (scholars tested current affairs strategies and poems, and Ming Classics tested current affairs strategies and righteousness; The former is difficult, the latter is easy.
After Tang Gaozong, Jinshi is particularly important. Many prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty were mostly literati. There are two sources of candidates for regular courses, one is students and the other is rural tribute. Subjects who were born in the capital and state and county academies and sent to Shangshu Province are called students; Not by the school hall, but by the state and county examination first, and then sent to Shangshu Province, the candidates are called "xianggong". Candidates who pay tribute to Beijing from rural areas are collectively referred to as juren. The state and county exams are called solution exams, and the provincial exams of Shangshu are generally called provincial exams, or they are not tested. Ritual exams are held in spring, so they are also called Chunwei, which means examination room.
At first, Ming Jing and Jinshi were just trying strategies, and the content of the exam was Jing Yi or current affairs. Later, although the examination subjects of the two subjects changed, the basic spirit was that scholars paid more attention to poetry and fu, and Ming Classics paid more attention to classics and ink meaning. The so-called paste is to open a page of scripture at will, cover the left and right sides, only open a line in the middle, and then cover the three words with paper paste for participants to fill in. Mo Yi is a simple written test of biblical words. As long as you are familiar with classics and annotations, you can try, while poetry and prose need to be literary. It is very difficult to be the first in the middle school, so there was a saying at that time that "30-year-old students learn classics and 50-year-old students learn less".
The final exam was originally presided over by the official minister and foreign minister, and later presided over by the assistant minister of does, known as "Quan Zhi Gong Ju". Jinshi is also called "climbing the dragon gate", and the first name is the champion or champion. People in the same list should chip in to hold a celebration party, and let the two teenagers in the same list go to the famous garden to explore famous flowers, called flower-exploring messengers. We should collectively go to the apricot garden to attend a banquet, which is called a flower-exploring banquet. After the banquet, they all went to Ji 'en Temple to write an inscription for the Big Wild Goose Pagoda to show their glory, so they also called Zhongjingshi "the inscription for the Big Wild Goose Pagoda". Jiao wrote in "After Graduation": "The spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see all the Chang 'an flowers in one day." Therefore, the spring breeze has become synonymous with Jinshi and it. Deng Ke is often the first, and it is also tested by the official department, which is called the selection examination. Only qualified people can be awarded official positions. Liu Zongyuan, a great scholar in the Tang Dynasty, was awarded "Jixiantang Orthography" because of his erudition. If the official department fails in the exam, you can only go to our department as an assistant and get a formal office. After Han Yu's Jinshi exam, he failed three times, so he had to be the adjutant of our times before he entered the officialdom.
The draft in the Tang Dynasty depends not only on the test results, but also on the recommendation of celebrities. As a result, candidates rushed to the doors of officials and dedicated their masterpieces to them, calling them papers. What is thrown to does is called official paper, and what is thrown to dignitaries is called writing paper. Throwing papers really makes talented people show their talents. For example, Bai Juyi's poem "Give Grass to the Original" to Gu Kuang was highly praised by the old poet. However, there are also many people who practise fraud and deceive the world. Emperor Taizong attached importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. After he acceded to the throne, he greatly expanded the scale of the academy, expanded the learning museum and increased the number of students.
In February of the first year of Wu Zetian, the queen personally "asked to pay tribute to Luocheng Hall", which was the beginning of the imperial examination, but it did not form a permanent system in the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, martial arts also appeared. Wushu began in 702 AD when Wu Zetian was in Chang 'an for two years. Ying Wuju candidates are "xianggong", Ministry of War examination. The examination subjects include horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting, carbine, weight wrestling and so on. "The person who ranks highest is awarded an official position and then promoted to the next level." In the Tang Dynasty, the most famous martial arts champion was Guo Ziyi.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and prose fu became the main examination content of Jinshi. During his reign, he personally interviewed candidates for imperial examinations in Chang 'an and Luoyang Palace for eight times and admitted many talents. During the Kaiyuan period, senior officials were appointed to preside over the examination, which improved the status of the imperial examination and later became customized.
Imperial examination strategy
The palace examination part of the imperial examination system is a scholar-taking system, presided over by the emperor himself, and talents are recruited in the form of subject examinations. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, officials have been selected from the children of senior officials in various places. Children of powerful people, regardless of merits and demerits, can be officials. Many people come from humble origins, but
A bulletin board announcing the names of successful candidates in the imperial examination
People with real talent and learning can't go to Beijing and other places to be senior officials. In order to change this malpractice, Emperor Wendi of Sui began to select officials by means of subject examination. He asked each state to have three people in Gong Shi every year, and then set up different subjects to select talents. During the reign of Yang Di, Jinshi was formally established to evaluate candidates' views on current affairs, and to select talents according to examinations, that is, to select scholars according to policies. Selecting scholars by subjects is the predecessor of the imperial examination. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a complete system: the bachelor's examination (that is, the juvenile examination), the township examination, the general examination and the palace examination. The content of the examination is basically based on "Four Books and Five Classics", with the title of "Four Books and Five Classics", and the article format is specified as eight-part essay, and the explanation must refer to Zhu's "Four Books Notes". [7]
Reform period
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were basically the same as those in the Tang Dynasty, including general subjects, compulsory subjects and martial arts subjects. Song Dynasty attached great importance to the imperial examination, because it valued literature over martial arts, but in the later period, it led to excessive selection of officials. In contrast, the number of regular subjects in the Song Dynasty was greatly reduced compared with that in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi was still the most important, and most of the first-class Jinshi could be prime ministers, so the Song people took Jinshi as prime ministers. Lu Song Zuqian said: "The subjects of Jinshi are often the same and extremely obvious." At that time, there was the language of burning incense and Jinshi. Except for Jinshi, other subjects are collectively referred to as subjects. Great changes have taken place in the form and content of imperial examinations in Song Dynasty.
First of all, the imperial examination in Song Dynasty broadened the scope and function of admission. Jinshi in Song Dynasty was divided into three classes: the first class was called Jinshi and Jinshi; Second-class said that Jinshi was born; A third-class scholar. Due to the expansion of the admission scope, the number of places has also doubled. In the Tang Dynasty, there were no more than 20 or 30 scholars, ranging from a few to more than a dozen.
Imperial examination in song dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, the three-level exam was established once every three years. In the early Song Dynasty, there were only two levels of imperial examinations. The first level is the solution exam held by each state, and the first level is the provincial exam held by the Ministry of Rites. In order to select truly talented people for official positions, Song Taizu implemented the imperial examination system in Kaibao for six years. Since then, the court examination has become the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system, and the national examination, provincial examination and three-level imperial examination in the court examination have been formally established. After the court examination, you don't need to pass the official examination, and you can directly award the official. Song Taizu also ordered that after the examination, he should not call the examiner his teacher or his student. In this way, all the people became students of the son of heaven. The court exam ranked in the top three. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the emperor announced the ranking of Jinshi in the imperial examination and hosted a banquet for Qiongyuan, so it was called Qionglin Banquet, which was followed and customized by later generations. The imperial examination in Song Dynasty was originally once a year, sometimes once or twice a year. It was not until three years later in Pingping, Song Yingzong that it was officially scheduled to be held once every three years. Every autumn, each state takes the exam once, and the next spring, the exam is conducted by the Ministry of Ritual. Palace examination and provincial examination were conducted in the same year.
Since the Song Dynasty, the imperial examinations began to paste names and copy them, and new methods were established to prevent favoritism. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the phenomenon of favoritism and malpractice has become more and more serious. In this regard, the rulers of the Song Dynasty took some measures, mainly pasting names and establishing manuscripts. Sticking the name means sealing the candidate's name and place of origin on the test paper, which is also called "seal" or "seal". In Song Taizong, according to Chen Jing's suggestion, the court examination was given a paste name system. Later, Song Renzong's provincial and state examinations implemented a paste name system. But after posting the name, you can also know calligraphy and painting. According to the suggestion of Li Yibin, a native of Yuanzhou, candidates' papers will be copied separately. When marking papers, examiners not only don't know the names of candidates, but also can't recognize their handwriting. This system has really played a great role in preventing examiners from favoritism. However, by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, this method had become a mere formality. The change of examination form in Song Dynasty not only did not get rid of the chronic disease of imperial examination, but made it more serious.
The contents of the imperial examinations in Song Dynasty also changed greatly. The imperial examination in Song Dynasty basically followed the Tang system, and scholars attached classics, ink and poetry to the imperial examination, which had great disadvantages. Scholars take phonology as their service, ignorant in ancient and modern times; Ming Jing only memorizes and recites widely, but its meaning is useless learning. After Wang Anshi took part in politics, he began to change the contents of the imperial examination, canceling poetry and fu, adding classics and ink, and paying attention to selecting scholars through righteousness, reason and strategy. The so-called Confucian classics, similar to theory, is a short essay, which is limited to using the sentences in Confucian classics as the topic and using the meaning in Confucian classics to play. Wang Anshi's reform of examination content lies in the application of Confucian classics. In the eighth year of Xining, Song Shenzong ordered the abolition of poetry and fu, the posting of scriptures, and the selection of scholars by ink, and awarded Wang Anshi's New Meanings of Three Classics and On Choosing Scholars. The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and The Book of Rites are called great classics, while The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are called concurrently classics, and they are designated as required books for scholars. It is stipulated that there are four examinations for Jinshi: one is the Great Classics, the other is the Two Classics, the third is the Theory, and the last is the Strategy. The palace exam is limited to 1000 words or more. Wang Anshi's political reform was opposed by Su Shi and others. Later, with the change of political struggle, the new meanings of the Three Classics were cancelled, and sometimes poetry and prose were tested, sometimes classics were tested, and sometimes both were changed.
The scientific examination in Song Dynasty is divided into three levels: solution examination (state examination), provincial examination (organized by the Ministry of Rites) and palace examination. The solution exam is conducted by all localities, and those who pass the exam can go to Beijing to take the provincial exam. The provincial examination was held in the hospital in Hiran for three days. In order to prevent cheating, the examiner is appointed temporarily and served by many people. After the examiner is appointed, he should go to Hiram's Hospital immediately and not communicate with the outside world. This is called locking the hospital. Candidates should be seated accordingly after arriving at the Hiram's Hospital, and are not allowed to leave the venue like examiners. The test paper should be pasted and transcribed and corrected by many people. The entrance examination was held in the palace, presided over by the emperor himself, and made a name for himself. Since the Song Dynasty, all scholars who entered palace examination were given official positions, and they did not need to be selected by the official department.
In 320 years of Song Dynasty, there were 1 18 courses. Take more than twenty thousand Jinshi.
Luo Zhong innovation
1238,4030 people signed up for the Reform Movement of 1898. Later, it was closed for some reason, and it was not reopened until the second year of Ren Zongyan (13 15).
The imperial examinations in the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the Song Dynasty, with the theme of "Jing" and "Jing". Imperial examinations are divided into local provincial examinations, general examinations in the capital and court examinations. In the Yuan Dynasty, only one subject was tested in the imperial examination, but it was divided into about two lists. On the right list are Mongolian and Semu exams; There are only two exams in the township entrance examination, and the requirements are relatively simple. The left list was taken by Han people and southerners, and there were three provincial exams, which were relatively strict. The list of candidates who have obtained the rural examination and the general examination is distributed by race.
During the Yuan Dynasty, from Injong to the demise of Shun Di, the imperial examinations were closed twice and held for sixteen times, with 284 people in imperial academy 1 and 139, and 284 in imperial academy, with a total of 1 423. However, the talents selected by the imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty usually did not get enough attention and had little influence.
prime
Jinshi volume in the imperial examination system
After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The Ming Dynasty attached great importance to imperial examinations, and the examination methods were more rigorous than those of previous dynasties. Before the Ming dynasty, the academy was only one of the ways to train talents for the imperial examination. In the Ming dynasty, entering the academy became the only way for the imperial examination. People who entered imperial academy to study in the Ming Dynasty were generally called Guo Jianzi. There are generally four kinds of supervisors: those who send students to prison for study, those who send children to prison, those who send ordinary people to prison, and those who donate money to prison. Guo-zi-jian diploma can be an official directly. Especially in the early Ming Dynasty, many officials in Beijing and local areas were Guo Jianzi. After the Ming Dynasty became a ancestor, Guo Jianzi had fewer and fewer opportunities to be an official directly, but he could directly take the provincial examination and pass the imperial examination to become an official.
In addition to the students in Guo Jian, there are also those who take the imperial examinations in the provincial examinations. Only when you enter the academy and become a student can you go to prison or become a student in the imperial examination. Guanzhou County School in Ming Dynasty is called County School or Confucianism. Those who pass the examinations at all levels in this province and enter government, state and county schools are generally called students and scholars. The entrance examination for obtaining students' qualifications is called children's examination, also known as test or test. Delivery test includes three stages: county test, government test and hospital test. The college examination is presided over by the provincial academic affairs office, also known as the prefect college, so it is called the college examination. Those who pass the college entrance examination are called students, and then they are divided into official, state and county schools to study. Students are divided into three grades: students, students, and students. The food provided by the government is called foodie, or foodie for short. Those who increase beyond the quota are called co-opted students, and the branch is called proliferation; In addition to the growth of students, the number of places will be increased, which is attached to the end of students and is called an attached student, and the branch is called an attached student. Getting a bachelor's degree is the starting point of fame. On the one hand, students from schools in various prefectures, prefectures and counties were selected as palace students, and they could go directly to imperial academy to become children. On the one hand, provincial academic promotion officers hold two-level examinations, namely, annual examination and science examination, which are divided into six grades according to the results. Ranked first and second in scientific research, those who are eligible to take the provincial examination are called imperial examination students. Therefore, admission is the first level of the imperial examination ladder.
The imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three levels: after having obtained a local examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. The rural examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili provinces and ministries. The location is in the south, where the Beijing government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are stationed. It is held once every three years, at every child's noon and every year. It is also called Wei Xiang. The examination place is called Gong Yuan. The examination period is in August of autumn, so it is also called Autumn Wei. Candidates and invigilators in this province can take the exam. There are two examiners, four co-examiners, one transfer, and several other officials who preside over the provincial examination. The exam was divided into three sessions, which were held on August 9th,12nd and15th respectively. Jurors in rural areas are commonly known as Lian Xiao, and their first name is Xie Yuan. Tang Yin won the first place after having obtained the provincial examination, so he was called Tang Jieyuan. After passing the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B section. When the list was released, it coincided with the fragrance of osmanthus, so it was also called Guibang. After the announcement, the governor presided over a banquet. During the dinner, Luming Literature was sung and Kuixing Dance was performed.
The examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Ministry of Rites. That was in the second year of the provincial examination, which was held during the years of Chou, Chen, Wei and Xu. The national juren will take the exam in Beijing, and the exam time is in February of spring, so it is called the end of spring. There are also three exams, held on February 9th,12nd and15th. Because the final exam is a higher-level exam, the number of examiners is twice that of the provincial exam. Officials such as examiners, examiners and transfer officials are all senior officials. The examiner is called the chairman, also known as the seat owner or seat teacher. Gong, commonly known as Gong Chu, is called Mingjing, and his first name is Huiyuan.
The palace exam was held in the same year after the exam, and the time was originally the first day of March. Ming Xianzong Chenghua eight years, until March 15th. The candidate is Gong. The palace test did not fail, but was rescheduled by the emperor. The court exam, presided over by the emperor himself, only tests current affairs. After the palace exam, I will read the papers the next day and release the results the next day. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively, for Jinshi and top scholar Ding, runner-up and flower exploration runner-up, collectively known as Sandingjia. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. Second, the first of the top three is called biography. A, B and A are collectively referred to as Jinshi. Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as the Golden List, and the sergeant base is called the champion.
After having obtained the provincial examination, the first place was Xie Yuan, and the first place was Hui Yuan. Together with the number one scholar in the palace examination, it is called the three principles. Three yuan in a row is a much-told story in the imperial examination field. Only Huang Guan in Hongwu period and Shang Lu in orthodox period participated in the tripartite confrontation in Ming Dynasty.
After the court examination, the champion awarded imperial academy the editor-in-chief, the second prize and the flower detective editor-in-chief. The rest of the Jinshi passed the exam, known as Jishi Shu of the Imperial Academy. Three years later, those who pass the examination are awarded the positions of editor, reviewer and so on, and the rest are assigned to the ministries as directors, or the magistrate of a county gives priority to employment, which is called scattered libraries. People born in Jishi Shu are promoted very quickly. After Yingzong, the imperial court formed a situation that Jinshi or Hanlin did not enter the cabinet.
Eight-part essay in the first session of the rural examination and unified examination in Ming Dynasty. Whether you can be admitted depends mainly on the quality of the eight-part essay. Therefore, the average reader often spends his whole life on eight-part essay. Eight-part essay takes the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics as the topic, and can only explain the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, that is, the so-called generation of sages. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhi Yi, Zhi Yi, Shi Wen, Barbie and Si. Eight-part essay is an article composed of eight pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Use the first sentence to solve the problem, two sentences to bear the problem, and then explain the reason, that is, the origin. The main part of the eight-part essay consists of four parts: initial sharing, middle sharing, post-sharing and binding sharing, each of which has two paragraphs. At the end of the article, a big knot is used, which is called a big knot. Eight-part essay evolved from Confucian classics in Song Dynasty (mainly from Zhu Zhu's notes).
Be destroyed
19 After the 1980s, with the spread of western learning and the development of Westernization Movement, the imperial examination system changed. 1888, the Qing government allowed students to take mathematics degrees, and included natural science in the examination content for the first time. 1898 added a special topic on economics and recommended talents who keep pace with the times. At the same time, under the suggestion of Kang Youwei and others, we should abandon stereotyped writing and try our best to make strategic proposals based on current events, and it is strictly forbidden to judge the merits of the Model Law. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cixi ordered all the exams to remain unchanged. [8]
190 1 After the implementation of the "New Deal" by the Qing court in September, officials from all over the country invited them to review the imperial examination reform and restore the economic specialty. 1June, 904, the Qing court promulgated "Playing School Rules". At this time, the imperial examination has been changed to eight-part essay, but it has not been abolished. Because the imperial examination is the seat of Li Lu, people are eager for it, and it is difficult to develop new schools. Therefore, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong, who were authorized by the Qing court, combined educating people and selecting talents with schools. At this point, China's imperial examination system, which lasted for more than 1300 years, was finally abolished, and the imperial examination was completely separated from school education.
1September 2, 905, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong called for the suspension of the imperial examination in order to promote learning and apply it. Since 1906, the Qing court issued an imperial edict to stop all township examinations, and provincial examinations also stopped. The ministers of the Ministry of Housing quickly distributed all kinds of textbooks and instructed the governors to raise funds, and the prefectures and counties quickly set up Mongolian primary schools in the township.