The heritage of Chinese traditional art is extremely rich and brilliant.
painting, calligraphy, music, dance, opera, gardens, architecture, sculpture, arts and crafts, traditional food, etc. all have accumulated for thousands of years, all have great creations, and all reveal the profound cultural heritage of an ancient civilization of 5, years. This is the precious wealth of the Chinese nation and all mankind. China traditional art, with its rich local flavor, honest artistic connotation and vivid historical traces, has been more and more loved and appreciated by people all over the world and has become a cultural "feast" for human beings. The history of China's painting can be traced back to the painted pottery patterns and rock paintings in the Neolithic Age in primitive society. Although the original painting skills are naive, they have mastered the initial ability to create < P > shapes, and can also pay attention to the main features of animals, plants and other dynamic and static forms to express the beliefs and wishes of ancestors and beautify their lives.
Pre-Qin paintings have been recorded in some ancient books, such as historical figures in palaces, halls and temples in the Zhou Dynasty, lacquerware in the Warring States period, bronze decorations, silk paintings unearthed in Chu State, etc., which have reached a high level.
Qin and Han dynasties were a big centralized country established in China's early history, with a vast territory and strong national power. The Silk Road communicated with Chinese and foreign art exchanges, and painting art developed and prospered unprecedentedly. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the wind of thick burial prevailed, and its tomb murals, portrait bricks, portrait stones and silk paintings with funerals vividly shaped realistic, historical and mythical figures, which were dynamic and plot-oriented, and made great achievements in reflecting real life. His painting style is often bold and bold, and his brushwork is flowing, which is rough and bold, fine and magnificent, rich in content and colorful in form.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and people's livelihood was miserable. However, painting still made great progress, and suffering provided the soil for Buddhism to spread, and Buddhist art rose with great enthusiasm. For example, Kizil Grottoes in Xinjiang, Maijishan Grottoes in Gansu and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang have preserved a large number of murals of this period, and their artistic attainments are extremely high. Due to the upper class's love and participation in painting, besides artisans, a number of well-known upper class painters, such as Gu Kaizhi, have emerged. Metaphysics was popular in this period, literati advocated elegance and freedom, works such as painting history and painting theory began to appear, and landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting began to sprout. Painting in this period paid attention to the depiction of mental state and the expression of temperament, and painting with literature as the theme became increasingly popular.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the country was unified, the society was relatively stable, the economy was relatively prosperous, and foreign exchanges were active, which injected new opportunities into the art of painting. In terms of figure painting, although the western painting style was still popular in Buddhist murals, Wu Daozi, Zhou Fang and others' works with distinctive Central Plains painting style occupied an absolute advantage, and their national styles became increasingly mature. The landscape paintings and flower-and-bird paintings of Zhan Ziqian, Li Sixun, Wang Wei and Zhang Jian were neat and rich.
In China, the authenticity of painting reached its peak in the Song Dynasty in the 12th century, especially Guo Xi's "The Picture of Early Spring" was the peak of realism, and then it began to express subjective interest. Since Wang Wei was praised as having pictures in poems and poems in paintings, the long tradition of literati painting has continued to this day. And since the Northern Song Dynasty, China's paintings have gradually < P > tended to pay attention to the formalism of pen and ink interest. For example, Wen Zhiming's paintings are not intended to depict landscapes, but to pile up various brushstrokes through landscapes. By the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty in the 15th century, painters had begun to express themselves without paying attention to the description of the objective world. Instead, Badashanren, Yangzhou Baguai, Ren Bonian and Wu Changshuo all had strong self-styles, and no longer cared about reproducing the authenticity of nature. Modern painters, such as Qi Baishi and Zhang Daqian, show everyone's demeanor. Their paintings are not necessarily true, but no one can imitate the essence of their paintings!
After the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, China's painting art was further mature and complete, and there was a heyday. The imperial court set up a painting academy, expanded its organization, recruited talents, and conferred titles on them. Palace painting was very popular, and scholars also regarded painting as an elegant thing and put forward distinct aesthetic standards. Therefore, painters came forth in large numbers, and their masterpieces were colorful, and a unique system was formed in theory and creation, with its content, form and creation. With the development of painting in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati painting has achieved outstanding development. On the theme, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting occupy an absolute position. Literati painting emphasizes the expression of subjective emotions, "not seeking resemblance" and "not seeking the world", does not pander to the aesthetic requirements of the public, shows elegance by painting, shows leisure and interest, advocates "learning from nature" and "the source of law and mind", emphasizes the unity of personality and painting, and pays attention to the organic integration of pen and ink interest with poetry, books and seals, forming a unique painting style and emerging many outstanding painters.
China's painting is an important part of China culture, rooted in the soil of national culture. It is not only confined to appearance, but also emphasizes spirit likeness. It uses brush, ink and rice paper as special materials, constructs a unique perspective theory, boldly and freely breaks the time and space restrictions, and has a high degree of generalization and imagination. This excellent skill and means not only makes China traditional painting unique in artistic courage, but also is increasingly absorbed by modern art in the world. National music, new music, China music and China traditional music have different connotations and extensions.
China traditional music can be divided into five categories
Brief introduction of China traditional music: We can see the word "national music" in many folk music CDs. This "national music" refers to the music that has been handed down from ancient times and developed in modern times, so it can be seen that the creation time of "national music" refers to ancient times;
"new music" refers to the music written by those who have studied western music, such as school songs. It can be seen that the creation time of new music was after the Opium War in 184.
"China music" refers not only to the music passed down from ancient times, but also to the music created and adapted by China people according to western theories.
"China traditional music" refers to the music created by the people of China with their own inherent methods and forms, which includes not only ancient works produced in history but also contemporary works. It can be seen that traditional music includes "national music" but not "new music", but they are all "China music".
Traditional music is an extremely important part of Chinese national music. The difference between traditional music and new music lies not in the order of musical composition, but in its expression form and style characteristics. For example, Erhu solo "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon" and "Fishing Boat Singing Night" are modern music works, but their performance forms are inherent in the Chinese nation, so they are also traditional music. On the contrary, school songs and piano solo "The Shepherd Boy Piccolo" are not traditional music because of their musical morphological characteristics borrowed from western music.
The division of traditional music was first seen in the Introduction to National Music compiled by China Conservatory of Music, which is divided into five categories: songs, singing and dancing music, rap music, opera and instrumental music. However, most colleges and universities incorporate singing and dancing music into folk songs in their teaching, so it becomes four categories: folk songs, national instrumental music, folk art (that is, "rap") music and opera music.
Actually, "national music", "traditional music" and "folk music" are three different concepts: "national music" includes traditional music and new music; And "folk music" is just a category of traditional music. And our national music is very rich, in addition to folk music, including court music, religious music and literati music.
Mr. Du Yaxiong classifies China traditional music as follows: folk music, literati music, religious music and court music; Among them, folk music includes folk songs, folk instrumental music, folk songs and dances, opera music and rap music; Literati music includes guqin music, poetry chanting, and literati self-tune; Religious music includes Buddhist music, Taoist music, Christian music, Iranian music, Shamanism and other religious music; Palace music includes sacrificial music, court music, welcoming music, touring music and feasting music. Traditional Chinese opera is a traditional form of drama in China. It is a combination of literature, music, dance, art, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Its
origin has a long history. As early as the primitive society, song and dance sprouted. In the long development process, after more than 8 years of continuous enrichment, innovation and development, it gradually formed a relatively complete traditional Chinese opera art system. Although its origin comes from three different art forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque, the biggest feature that distinguishes a drama is that it comes from different vocal systems. These musical vocals are based on the language, folk songs and folk music in the region where they are produced, and are produced by taking in music from other regions. Most of the characters in various dramas are filled by roles with different faces, such as life, Dan, Jing and Ugliness. The performance focuses on the use of routine movements refined based on life and virtual space processing. Paying attention to the art of singing, reading, doing and playing, performing transportation and rich dance, with high technology, constitutes a complete opera art system that is different from other dramas.
According to incomplete statistics, there are about 36 kinds of traditional operas in various ethnic areas in China, with tens of thousands of traditional plays. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many traditional repertoires have been adapted, and new historical plays and modern plays that express the theme of modern life have been warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous operas are: Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, xiang opera Opera, Cantonese Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Sichuan Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Fujian Opera, Qi Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, Anqing Huangmei Opera, Hunan Huagu Opera, etc. There are more than 5 operas, especially Beijing Opera, which is the most popular and spreads all over the country.
China's ancient dramas are called "traditional operas" because they are mainly composed of "drama" and "qu". China's operas mainly include southern operas in Song and Yuan Dynasties, zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends and legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as the traditional repertoires of modern Peking Opera and other local operas. It is the general name of China's national drama culture.