1. How long is the history of Jinci Temple? 2. The history of Jinci Temple in Shanxi. 3. The origin of Jinci Temple in Shanxi. How long is the history of Jinci Temple?
Shanxi Province is located 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. At the foot of Xuanweng Mountain of Jinci Temple and at the source of Jinshui River, there is an ancient garden named "Jinci Temple". Here, surrounded by mountains and rivers, with towering ancient trees, amidst the picturesque scenery, working people of all ages have built nearly a hundred palaces, halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, platforms, bridges and pavilions. Under the shade of lush trees, crystal clear spring water meanders through the temples and temples. The collection of historical relics and natural scenery makes tourists dizzy and forget to leave. As one of the national key cultural relics protection units and a famous tourist attraction, Jinci receives thousands of tourists from home and abroad all year round.
The story of the Jin Temple is a long one. According to the records of "Historical Records: Jin Family", the son of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty, Cheng Wang Ji, conferred the title of Uncle Yu, his brother from the same mother, in the Tang Dynasty, and was called Tang Shu Yu. Shuyu's son Xie changed the name of the country to Jin because of the Jinshui River in the territory. In order to worship Shuyu, later generations built a temple at the source of Jinshui River, which was called Tang Shuyu Temple, also called Jin Temple. The founding year of Jinci is still difficult to determine. The earliest record can be found in the "Shui Jing Zhu" written by Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty (466 or 472 AD Shanxi Jinci? - 527 AD). The book writes about Shanxi Jinci: "Behind the water on the Jishan Mountain, there is the Tang Shu Yu Temple, and there is a pavilion on the side of the water. "The scenery and cultural relics when sitting are already impressive, with temples, halls and flying beams all in place." It can be seen that the history of Jinci, even starting from the Northern Wei Dynasty, is thousands or hundreds of years old.
In the long years, Jinci Temple has been built and expanded many times, and its appearance has been constantly changing. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wenxuan Gao Yang overthrew the Eastern Wei Dynasty, established the Northern Qi Dynasty, and designated Jinyang as the capital. During the Tianbao period (550-559 AD), the Jin Temple was expanded, with "large towers and a pond built through it." During the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty (581-600 AD), a relic tower was built in the southwest of the ancestral hall. In the 20th year of Tang Ganguan's reign (AD 646), Taizong Li Shimin went to Jinci and wrote the inscription "Inscription and Preface to Jinci", and expanded it again. During the Taiping and Xingguo years (AD 976-983), Emperor Taizong Zhao Guangyi of the Song Dynasty carried out extensive construction work on the Jin Temple. When the renovation was completed, he even carved a stele to record events. During the Tiansheng period (AD 1023-1032), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty Zhao Zhen posthumously granted Tang Shuyu the title of King of Fendong, and built a large-scale Notre Dame Hall in Yijiang, the mother of Tang Shuyu.
Since the construction of the Notre Dame Hall and the Fish Marsh Fei Liang during the Tiansheng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the architectural layout of the temple area has been greatly improved. After that, iron men were cast, and the dedication hall, bell tower, drum tower, water mirror platform, etc. were built. In this way, the central axis buildings with the Notre Dame Hall as the main body were completed one after another. The Tang Shu Yu Temple, which originally occupied the main position, is located next to it and takes a secondary position.
The buildings on the central axis of the ancestral area, from east to west, are: Shuijing Terrace, Huixian Bridge, Jinren Terrace, Duiyue Square, the second floor of bells and drums, Xian Hall, Yunumaifei Lianghe Temple. This group of buildings forms a comprehensive building complex with the Tang Shu Yu Temple, Haotian Temple and Wenchang Palace to the north, as well as the Jellyfish Tower, Nanlao Spring Pavilion and Relic Shengsheng Tower to the south. The buildings on the main line of east and west, together with the two groups of buildings in the south and north, were originally built in different periods and were gathered together, but they all seemed to obey an exquisite overall design and were not haphazardly put together. The compact layout resembles both a temple courtyard and a royal palace, reflecting the ingenuity of the Shanxi Jinci people in ancient my country.
The front end of the central axis is the Water Mirror Terrace, which was built in the Ming Dynasty and was a stage for performances at that time. The front part is a single-eaves rolling shed roof, and the rear part is a double-eaves resting roof. Except for the relatively spacious stage in the front, there are clear corridors on the other three sides, with an auspicious and unique architectural style. Empress Dowager Cixi once built one in the Summer Palace as it was.
From Shuijingtai to the west, there is a main canal of Jinshui River - "Zhibo Canal", also known as Haiqingbei River. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Shiqing of the Jin Dynasty, Zhibo, dug this canal in order to capture the mining land of Zhao Xiangzi and divert water from Fen and Jin to Jinyang. Later generations built dredging on the basis of the old canal and turned it into a canal for irrigating fields.
Passing through the Hexian Bridge on the Zhibo Canal is the Jinren Terrace. The golden mannequin is square in shape, with an iron man standing at each corner, each more than two meters high. Among them, the one in the southwest corner was cast in the fourth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1097). It has experienced more than 800 years of rain, snow, wind and frost, and is still bright and stainless. It vividly reflects the high level of smelting and casting achieved by the working people of our country in the Northern Song Dynasty. level.
Passing through Duiyue Square and the Bell Tower and Drum Tower, you will arrive at the Xian Hall. This hall was originally a place for displaying sacrifices. It was built in the eighth year of Dading in the Jin Dynasty (1168). It is three rooms wide and two rooms deep. The beam frame is very distinctive. Only one layer of flat beams is placed on the four rafters. Simple and material-saving, yet lightweight and sturdy. Except for the front and rear doors in the middle, thick sill walls are built around the hall, and straight fences are installed on them, making the entire hall look like a pavilion, making it look particularly clean and spacious. The Xian Hall was renovated in 1955 using raw materials according to the original style, maintaining the architectural characteristics of the Jin Dynasty and making it a treasure among ancient buildings.
To the west of the Xian Hall is the fish pond flying beam connecting the Notre Dame Hall. The whole marsh is a square pool, which is the second source of Jinshui. There are thirty-four small octagonal stone pillars in the middle of the pool, with brackets and beams on the top of the pillars supporting the cross-shaped bridge deck, which are flying beams. The east-west bridge deck is 19.6 meters long, 5 meters wide, and 1.3 meters above the ground. The west end is connected to the Xian Hall and the Notre Dame Hall respectively; the north and south bridge decks are 19.5 meters long, 3.3 meters wide, and two The end slopes down to be level with the ground. The whole shape is like a big bird spreading its wings, so it is called Feiliang. The year when Feiliang was first built and its old location are unknown. According to records in "Shui Jing Zhu", Feiliang was already there during the Northern Wei Dynasty. The existing bridge was probably built during the Northern Song Dynasty at the same time as the Notre Dame. It was renovated as it was in 1955. The architectural structure has the characteristics of the Song Dynasty. The small octagonal stone pillars and the compound lotus petals still have the style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. This unique and graceful cross-shaped bridge has been recorded in ancient books and occasionally seen in ancient paintings, but there is only one existing example. It is very valuable for studying ancient bridge architecture in my country.
To the east of the north and south bridge decks of Feiliang, a stone lion carved from the Song Dynasty lies on each end, with vivid shapes. There is a pair of iron lions on the east platform of the bridge, with brave expressions. They were cast in the eighth year of Zhenghe (1118) in the Northern Song Dynasty. They are the earliest iron lions in my country.
At the end of the central axis is the magnificent Notre Dame Temple. The Notre Dame Hall is backed by Xuanweng Mountain and faces fish marshes in front. The other two springs of Jinshui - "Nanlao" and "Shanli" are on the left and right. This hall was built in the Tiansheng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1023-1032 AD) and rebuilt in the first year of Chongning (1102 AD). It is now the oldest building in Jinci Temple. The hall is about 19 meters high, with double eaves on the top of the mountain. It is seven rooms wide and six rooms deep. The layout is almost square. The hall is surrounded by corridors. The front corridor is two rooms deep and the corridor is spacious. In ancient Chinese architecture, this is the earliest existing example of the corridor around the temple. The pillars around the palace are slightly tilted inward, and the four corner pillars are significantly raised, making the front eaves of the palace very curved. The downward curved corners of the palace and the folded wings of the flying beams complement each other, falling and relaxing together, which further demonstrates the ingenuity of the flying beams and the openness of the main hall. The hall, bridge, spring pavilion and fish pond all accompany the village and form an integrated whole. The Notre Dame Hall was built using the "column reduction method". A total of sixteen columns were reduced inside and outside the hall, and the corridor columns and eaves columns were used to support the roof trusses of the hall. Therefore, the front corridor and the hall were very spacious. Proficient use of "column reduction method". It shows that the Song Dynasty has further mastered the mechanical principles in architecture; the proportions of brackets and column heights are appropriate, which avoids the waste of materials used in Sui and Tang architecture, and the architectural style is also more artistic. my country's wooden structures have experienced a development process from the majestic and solid in the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the gorgeous and light in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the architecture of the Song Dynasty was an important link in this process. The Notre Dame Hall is a representative work of Song Dynasty architecture and is valuable for studying the architecture of the Song Dynasty and the development history of my country's architecture. There are no pillars in the temple, which not only increases the majesty of the Virgin Mary in the tall shrine, but also provides good conditions for setting up the statue. There are a total of forty-three clay sculptures and painted figures in the hall. Except for the two small figures in the niches, which are later additions, the rest are mostly original sculptures from the Northern Song Dynasty. The main statue is the Virgin Mary, Yijiang, the mother of Tang Shuyu and King Zhou Cheng, the wife of King Zhou Wu, and the daughter of Jiang Ziya. Its statue is located in the shrine in the middle of the main hall. The remaining forty-two attendant statues are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the niche. Among them, there are five statues of eunuchs, four statues of female officials in male uniforms, and thirty-three statues of maids. Our Lady of Yijiang, sitting cross-legged on a wooden armchair decorated with a phoenix head, wearing a phoenix crown and python robe, Xia Pei and pearls, and a dignified face, showing the nobility and luxury of the ruler. There are forty-two attendant statues, each with something in their hands, performing various labors for the emperor and empress, such as serving with printing and calligraphy, sweeping and dressing, serving food and drinks, attending to daily life, playing music, singing and dancing, etc. These statues are vivid in shape and natural in posture, especially the maid statues are exquisite. The artists of the Song Dynasty, full of sympathy, created a group of women who were imprisoned in the palace for life, lost their freedom, and buried their youth. The limbs and figures of these maid statues are relatively well-shaped, their clothes are beautiful and elegant, and their clothing patterns are bright and smooth.
They may be of any age or young, plump or slender in stature, round or delicate in face, resentful or innocent in expression, each with a distinct personality and natural expression, and their height is similar to that of a real person, making them even more lifelike. This group of statues breaks through the old stereotype of mainly depicting gods and Buddhas in temple architecture, and truly expresses the life and spiritual outlook of the servants who were imprisoned in the palace and subjected to exhaustive servitude, thus reflecting an aspect of feudal society. In terms of technique, it is obvious that he has quite accurately grasped the proportions and anatomical relationships of the human body, his techniques are skillful, and he has a high degree of artistic expression. They are treasures in ancient Chinese sculpture art and occupy an important position in the history of art. When people talk about Jinci Temple, they always talk about these wonderful Song sculptures.
To the south of the Notre Dame Hall, there is a Nanlaoquan Pavilion with an octagonal spire built by Tianbao of the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-559 AD). Nanlao Spring, the main source of Jinshui River, rolls out from the cave under the pavilion. It does not stop all year round, day and night. Therefore, in the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was named after the golden line "It is difficult to grow old in Yongxi" in "The Book of Songs·Lu Song". Laoquan. The spring is crystal clear, the thick emerald green duckweed in the water and the colorful pebbles at the bottom are dazzling under the sunlight, making it a spectacle. Li Bai, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, praised it endlessly and wrote such fine lines as "The flowing water of Jinci is like jasper" and "Microwave dragon scales and sedge are green". The Nanlao Spring comes from the fault rock, and the water temperature remains at 17"C all year round, irrigating tens of thousands of acres of nearby rice fields. Fan Zhongyan, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, once said: "Thousands of families are irrigating rice, and the rivers and fields are full of fields. "It's like under the Jin Temple, there are no drought years for the people." "It chants the spring water of Jinci Temple.
The Jellyfish Tower is located to the west of the Nanlao Spring Pavilion, also known as the Crystal Palace. It was built in the 42nd year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1563). The whole building is divided into upper and lower floors. There are three caves in the cave downstairs. There is a bronze jellyfish statue in the middle one, sitting on an urn-shaped seat. There is a shrine to worship the jellyfish upstairs from the west. There are eight maid statues on both sides of the shrine, with beautiful figures and beautiful clothes. With elegant patterns and unique shapes, it is also a rare art piece.
The famous Tang stele in Jinci Temple stands in the "Zhenguan Baohan" pavilion. The inscription on this stele is written by Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 20). 646), it is called "Inscriptions on the Jin Temple" and has a total of 1,203 words. It aims to promote the cultural governance of the Tang Dynasty by praising the politics of Zong Zhou and the policies of Tang Shu Yu's founding of the country. For the purpose of martial arts and consolidating his political power. Li Shimin was very fond of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy. He also had high attainments in the art of calligraphy. The knife technique fully demonstrates the charm of the original calligraphy. The "Tang Stele" is the earliest existing running script stele in my country and is of great value for the study of the art of calligraphy in my country.
There is the Tang Shu Yu Temple on the north side of the ancestral area. According to Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu": "On the west side of the marsh, there is the Tang Shu Yu Temple on the pillow of the mountain. "The inscription on the Jin Temple built during the Taiping and Xing Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty describes it as "facing the Qumarsh in front" and "supporting Wei Peak in the back". The location of the old temple does not seem to be in the same place as now. The existing building is divided into front and rear courtyards, which are quite spacious. The front courtyard is surrounded by There are three auxiliary halls in the corridor and the east and west of the backyard. To the north is the Tang Shuyu Hall. The hall is five rooms wide and four rooms deep. There is a statue of Tang Shuyu in the middle shrine. On both sides of the shrine are twelve statues, mostly of women. The height is close to that of a real person. She is still holding different instruments such as flute, pipa, sanxian, and cymbals. It seems to be a relatively complete orchestra. The statues are from the Ming Dynasty and are rare materials for studying the development of instrumental music and the history of music in my country.
The Relic Shengsheng Pagoda is located in Nanrui, the ancestral area. It was built in the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty and rebuilt in the Song Dynasty. It was rebuilt in the 16th year of Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1751). The tower is 38 meters high, with seven rooms and eight corners, and glazed tiles. From the top, the towering ancient pagoda reflects the blue sky and white clouds, which is very spectacular.
The towering ancient trees of Jinci are also impressive, the famous ones are Zhou Bai and Sui Huai. It is said that Zhou Bai was planted in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is located on the left side of the Notre Dame Hall. The tree body tilts to the south at an angle of about 40 degrees with the ground, and its branches and leaves cover the temple. Ouyang Xiu, a writer in the Song Dynasty, praised: "The earth's spiritual vegetation is moistened. ", the lush ancient cypresses contain green smoke". People praised its antiquity more than 900 years ago. Today it is still vigorous and tall. Together with the ever-flowing Wei Lao spring water and the exquisite Song Dynasty sculpture maid statue, it is known as the "Three Jin Temples". "Absolute". In the Guandi Temple of the Sui Dynasty, the old branches are crisscrossed and the roots are intertwined. These ancient trees are very old and are still full of vitality and provide thick shade. The lush green ancient trees and the three springs of Jinshui cooperate to make the main hall and pavilions shaded. Among the thick shade, sparse shadows, still water and rapids, the scenery is extremely beautiful.
The history of Jinci Temple in Shanxi
The origin of Jinci Temple?
Li Bai, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once praised: "The flowing water of Jinci Temple is like jasper, and the microwave dragon scale sedge is green.
"
Jinci Temple is located 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province At the foothills of Xuanweng Mountain and the source of Jinshui River, it is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with towering ancient trees. It is famous for its long history and rich cultural heritage. It is a collection of ancient sacrificial buildings, gardens, sculptures, inscriptions, and ancient tree names. Wood is a precious historical and cultural heritage.
It is the first batch of national key protected cultural relics and the first batch of national AAAA-level tourist attractions.
Jin Temple, originally named Tang Shuyu Temple, was built to commemorate Tang Shuyu, the founding prince of the Jin Kingdom.
Shu Yu worked hard to manage the country, utilized the Jin River, built farmland water conservancy, and vigorously developed agriculture, so that the people of the Tang Dynasty lived and worked in peace and contentment, and lived a prosperous life. This resulted in good weather, peace and prosperity for the next 800 years, and a prosperous scene.
After Shu Yu's death, in order to commemorate him, later generations chose this beautiful place surrounded by mountains and rivers to build an ancestral hall to honor him in his fiefdom, named "Tang Shu Yu Ancestral Hall".
After Shu Yu’s son Xiefu succeeded to the throne, he changed the name of the country from "Tang" to "Jin" because of the Jin water flowing in the territory. This is also the origin of Shanxi's abbreviation of "Jin", and the ancestral hall also It was renamed "Jinwang Temple", or "Jin Temple" for short.
As early as 1,500 years ago, Jinci Temple was of considerable scale.
Since its establishment, Jinci Temple has been repaired and expanded many times, and its appearance has been continuously changed, forming today's large-scale ancient building complex integrating Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
The temple is dotted with ancient buildings from the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. There are more than 100 halls, halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, platforms, bridges, pavilions and other types of buildings, which have been praised by well-known domestic experts. Scholars call it a museum of ancient Chinese architectural art.
Among them, the Notre Dame Hall, a representative work of my country's Song Dynasty architecture, the ingenious and unique cross-shaped ancient bridge Yuzuma Feibei, and the Jin Dynasty architectural dedication hall, which is as stable as a hall and as clever as a pavilion, have been appraised by the Ministry of Culture It is one of the three national treasure buildings.
On the central axis of Jinci Temple, there are four majestic iron-cast warrior statues from the Song Dynasty. Although they have experienced nine hundred years of rain, snow, wind and frost, they are still as majestic as mountains and towers, and their majesty has not diminished.
Facing it in the distance are the colorful clay sculptures of the Song Dynasty in the Notre Dame Hall, especially the 33 statues of maids in different postures and lifelike.
What we see here is not the cold faces and dull expressions in previous sculptures, but a society of people with thoughts and feelings.
Their every smile, every move and gesture can bring you endless reverie - when we are among these colorful sculptures, we seem to be able to hear their crisp laughter and whispers. , sighing secretly! In 1954, Mr. Liu Kaiqu, a master of Chinese sculpture art, saw this group of sculptures and couldn't help but sigh: "This is a human society, an unforgettable, lyrical, and beautiful realm.
" It is even more surprising. What is amazing is that the masculinity of the iron warrior statues of the Song Dynasty is in sharp contrast with the feminine beauty of the Song Dynasty plastic maids.
This is no accidental coincidence. The philosophical dialectics and aesthetic balance are so skillfully used and expressed so vividly in the hands of these unknown ancient sculptors. It is amazing. ? The origin of Shanxi Jin Temple
The Jin Temple was founded in the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC). It was built to commemorate the founding princes of the Jin Kingdom Tang Shuyu (later posthumously named King of Jin) and his mother Queen Yi Jiang. It is an ancient Chinese temple. Intensive carrier of architectural art.
Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" of the Northern Wei Dynasty records that Jin Temple has a considerable scale. Later, through the Northern Qi, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and the Republic of China, after more than 2000 years of planning, construction, repair and expansion, it has reached its current scale. Among them, it was most prosperous from the 7th century to the 12th century and is a model of ancient gardens and sculpture art in China's Tang and Song Dynasties.
There are extant inscriptions from the Tang Dynasty and more than 100 ancient buildings from different periods of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In particular, the main building, the Notre Dame Hall, is known as the only typical Northern Song Dynasty building in the history of ancient Chinese architecture. Representative architectural examples of the period.
The group of Song sculptures preserved in the Notre Dame Hall broke through the religious statues before the Song Dynasty and became a portrayal of real people in society at that time, creating a precedent for realistic works of sculpture art. It is not only the only one in the history of Chinese sculpture Statues reflecting court figures are also rare masterpieces in the history of Chinese sculpture.
The Jinci Temple was founded a long time ago and is located in an advantageous geographical location. It reflects ancient Chinese politics, economy, architecture, and gardens from different aspects with a large number of ancient buildings, sculptures, inscriptions, murals, and ancient and famous trees. , sculpture, religion, culture and many other fields.
The history, art, science and appreciation value of Jinci make it the longest and most representative example of the combination of ancient ancestral temples and garden art. It is also the longest and most representative example of ancient Chinese culture and human beings. A precious heritage in the treasure house of architectural art.
Extended information
Jinci is the earliest existing classical ancestral garden complex in China. There are 98 buildings, 110 statues, 300 inscriptions and 37 foundry works of art that are more than 300 years old. Zun is a model of perfect combination of solemnity, elegance and beauty, ancestral temple sacrificial architecture and natural landscape.
The earliest extant main building of Jinci Temple, the Notre Dame Hall, was built in the ninth year of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (984). The hall is surrounded by corridors, which are the earliest examples of existing ancient buildings in China and a representative work of Chinese Song Dynasty architecture. It is of great significance to the study of the architecture and architectural development history of the Song Dynasty in China; the fish marsh flying beams of the Song Dynasty architecture are unique in shape and are the only existing ancient wooden cross-shaped bridge buildings in China. They also have high scientific and artistic significance in the history of ancient bridge architecture in the world. , research value;
The Jin Dynasty architectural dedication hall has a stable structure and light beams. It is both a main hall and a pavilion. Notre Dame Hall, Uonuma Feiliang, and Xian Hall were identified as national treasures by the Ministry of Culture.
The 43 colorful clay sculptures of the Song Dynasty in the Notre Dame Hall are realistic works that reflect the court figures of the Song Dynasty in China. The statue is realistic, expressive, delicate and elegant, and is a treasure in the treasure house of Chinese sculpture art. Among the existing steles of the Jin Temple, the "Inscription and Preface to the Jin Temple" written by Emperor Taizong Li Shimin himself and the "Huayan Sutra Stone Carvings" personally written by Wu Zetian are the most precious.
Baidu Encyclopedia--Jinci (ancient building complex in Shanxi)