The composition of Chen Huan's aides is complex, the old and the new are mixed, and the progressive forces and backward forces coexist and are heterogeneous; Chen Huan's assistants have a strong regional and professional color. It embodies the characteristics of urbanization and human appointment. The heterogeneity of the staff team leads to internal division, internal friction and instability in Chen Huan, which can not form a strong combat effectiveness; Strong regional and industrial colors, and the urbanism of employing talents instead of all corners of the country and meritocracy led to the hatred of those who lost power in Sichuan, which made Chen Huan's power base in Sichuan very unstable and eventually had to retreat from Sichuan.
[Keywords:] Chen Huan; Staff; trait
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the question of aides and staff has always been a typical and special political phenomenon in China, especially when the world was in chaos and warlords were separated. In modern China after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, there appeared warlords or military and political groups, as well as aides and aides groups. At present, the focus of academic attention is the four major aides and aides groups in modern times? Staff of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai, as well as staff of other famous figures, such as Liu Jianqiang's Zeng Guofan shogunate, Liang Qin's Zeng Guofan shogunate, Zhu Andong's Zeng Guofan shogunate research, and Ouyang Yuefeng's talent pool? Li Hongzhang's shogunate, Niu Qiushi's Li Hongzhang's shogunate, Li's Zhang Zhidong's shogunate, Zhang's Yuan Shikai's shogunate, and Yan Unity's On the Characteristics of Feng Yuxiang's Staff. These writings provide a clear reference for the study of Chen Huan shogunate, and also become the starting point and foundation of this paper. This paper discusses the two characteristics and influence of Chen Huan's aides group during his administration in Sichuan, aiming at promoting the study of Chen Huan and modern aides group. It is worth pointing out that Chen Huan (19 15) was appointed as the military and political head of Sichuan by Yuan Shikai on February 20th, 2005, and began to form his own staff team? There are five major offices in the meeting place: Staff Office, Military Affairs Office, Secretariat, Quartermaster Office and Adjutant Office, with as many as 50 staff members with names. After he was driven out of Sichuan by various political forces in July 19 16, his staff of nearly 100 people collapsed. This paper selects 19 15. 1965438+In July 2006, the characteristics and influence of Chen Huan's workforce were studied.
First of all, the composition of Chen Huan's aides is complex, the old and the new are mixed, and the progressive forces and the backward forces coexist and are heterogeneous.
From the perspective of occupation and background, Chen Huan's aides include people who have graduated from various new schools, even those who have returned from studying abroad, and some who have achieved certain results in the imperial examinations. The graduates of each new school are: Zhang Liancai (1880? 1966), the word Fuqing, a native of Zibo, Shandong Province, studied at Beiyang armament school (1903? 1905), the First Artillery Division of Beiyang Baoding Army University (1906? 1908)。 Hu egong (1884? 195 1), the word Xinsan, from Jiangling, Hubei Province, studied in Haoxue Preparatory Middle School (1906? 1908), Beijing Jianghan school (Lv Jing middle school) (1908? 1909), Forestry Department of Baoding Higher Agriculture and Forestry School (1909? 19 1 1)。 Deng (1888? 1979), a native of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, studied at Kunming Normal University (1905? 1906), Guizhou army ordnance school (1906? 1909), Hubei army middle school (1909? 19 1 1)。 Self-seeking in the current season (1887? 1944), a native of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, studied in Nantong Middle School (1902? 1903), Jiangnan Jiangbei School (1903? 1906)。 Li (1882? 1968), Chen Biao, born in Zhengding, Hebei Province, studied in Beiyang Baoding armament school (1903? 1905), the first phase of Beiyang Baoding Army University (1906? 1908)。 Leibiao (1873? ? ), the word Shi Ruo, a native of Shaoyang, Hunan, studied in Hubei Military Equipment School (1903? 1905。 8)。 Liu Yufen (1880? 1943), a native of Qingyuan, Hebei Province, studied in Zhili Army Primary School and the Infantry Department of Baoding Army Crash School. Hole (188 1? 195 1), a native of Hefei, Anhui province, graduated from Wu Jiangtang, an army in the late Qing Dynasty. Others, such as Wang Pengnian, Zhang Qingyun, Liu Yanjie and Zhao Xiling, all received new school education. Returned students are: Liu Yiqing (? One? )。 Zixing Village, a native of Wuchang, Hubei Province, graduated from the Fourth Infantry Division of the Japanese Army NCO School (1906. 7? 1908。 5)。 Xiong Xiangsheng (1880? 1942), Ji 'an, Xiaogan, Hubei, graduated from the Fourth Artillery Corps of the Japanese Army NCO School (1906. 7? 1908。 5)。 Wang Bingkun (1876? 1926), a native of Feidong, Anhui Province, studied in Japan for five years (1904? 1909)。 Liu Huchen graduated from the Sixth Infantry Division of the Japanese Army NCO School (1906? 1908)。 People who have achieved certain results in the imperial examination are: Luo (1865? 1926), Zi Gongfu, a native of Sichuan Zizhong, 1893, 1895, the first scholar, was a teacher in Chen Huan? He was the first tune of Chen Huan's alma mater, Shi Jing University. During his stay in Sichuan, he was also a behind-the-scenes senior political adviser to Chen Huan, who visited Japan for two years (1906? 1908)。 He Jishou, a native of Daoxian County, Hunan Province, was a juren in the late Qing Dynasty. Born in a scholarly family, his great-grandfather He was a flower explorer, his grandfather He was a scholar (1836), an editor of Hanlin, a painter and scholar, and his uncles He Shaoye, He Shaoqi and He Shaojing were all seal engravers of calligraphy and painting. Deng Wenxuan, the father-in-law of Lantianwei, is a famous calligrapher in Hebei, especially good at Zhong Dingwen. Lou Qiangan is a calligrapher in Zhuji, Zhejiang. Xiu Cheng Hao (1875? 1953), whose name is Han Qing, was born in Yuanling, Hunan Province, and 1902 was a juren. He used to be the magistrate in Yishan County, Guangxi, the magistrate in fuchuan county, the tongzhi in Yangjiang Hall, Guangdong Province, and the deputy secretary-general in Yunnan. Zhang Zhijiang (1882? 1966。 5) Zi Zijiang, a native of Yanshan County, Hebei Province, 1899 was admitted as a scholar.
From a political point of view, Chen Huan's aides are divided into two distinct factions:? Imperialism? (Old school, northern school) What else? Anti-imperialist? (New faction, South faction), the two factions waged a fierce struggle around the political position of supporting Yuan Shikai or protecting the national army. ? Imperialism? (Old School, Northern School) headed by Zhang Liancai, including Feng Zhongshu, Li, Xiong Xiangsheng, Liu Huchen, Zhang Qingyun, etc., most of whom are Beiyang School in the north. ? Anti-imperialist? (New School, South School) as the head, including Hu Egong, Deng, Lei Biao, Wang Pengnian, Feng Yuxiang and others, most of whom have a history of anti-Qing revolution. Zhang Zhijiang, a former staff member of the Military Affairs Department of General Chengwu's office in Chen Huan, recalled. Chen Zuoyou is divided into old and new schools. Headed by Zhang Liancai, the chief of staff, the old headquarters tends to support Yuan Shikai. This new department, led by State Councilor Liu Yiqing, sympathizes with the National Army. ? Wang Pengnian, former chief of staff of the Military Supplies Department of General Chengwu's office in Chen Huan, recalled in July 1960:? Prepare for the meeting? I am not allowed to take part in any puppet occasion of organizing the Security Council. We are actively planning how to oppose Yuan. At that time, imperialists and anti-imperialists formed two major barriers, and the infighting was quite dramatic. ? 1965438+On the evening of April 20th, 2006, anti-imperialists? * * * At Deng's home, is the discussion over? . ? Anti-imperialist? Take various measures to promote Yuan's declaration of Sichuan independence, such as repeatedly analyzing the current situation and remonstrating with the pros and cons, which eventually led to the decision to declare Sichuan independence and sever relations with Yuan Shikai; Unite all forces that can be United to form an independent anti-Yuan United front in Sichuan; As an anti-Yuan liaison officer, he secretly joined forces with other anti-Yuan political forces in the east and south, creating good external conditions for Sichuan's independence. Headed by Zhang Liancai? Imperialism? Besides lobbying Chen Huan to support Yuan Shikai, he also fought fiercely with the National Defence Forces in Luzhou and Qijiang. For example, Xiong Xiangsheng and Li fought fiercely with Cai E in Luzhou, which led to the recovery of Luzhou by the National Defence Forces and heavy losses. Liu Huchen and Dai Kan fought fiercely in Qijiang, and Cao Kun said that he? Lead the whole regiment to Hechuan and Dianjiang to prevent and suppress bandits. They have been industrious and outstanding since the turn of the month? . Xiong Xiangsheng also called Yuan Shikai on March 27th, 2006 1965438+ to oppose Yuan Shikai's resignation as emperor. Suddenly, all the officers and men were deeply resentful of the power to abolish the imperial system? At the beginning, I annihilated the giant Han, and Yang Wei was pregnant. After a few days' rest, our army regained its spirit and suddenly heard that the imperial system had been revoked. The officers and men are helpless and quite suspicious. Beg the public to incite, don't listen to people's words easily and suddenly change your plan. What is the most important thing in the world? Xiong Xiangsheng, the deputy commander, knocked at the door. ? Li Yu 19 16 On May 3, after receiving a telegram calling Beijing to persuade Yuan Shikai to abdicate, he immediately published "Support the Central Committee and Never Listen to Drums" to show his loyalty to Yuan Shikai. Jun Jian, the general of the Ministry of War and chief of staff, borrowed the secret of the second minister of the Tang Dynasty. I was shocked to read that General Chen electrified and asked the main seat (that is, Yuan Shikai) to abdicate. We always take supporting the central authorities as our heart and never listen to rumors. At present, one regiment of the brigade is stationed in Chongqing, and two battalions of the second regiment are stationed in Chengdu. Please don't worry. But after that, all the actions of this brigade? Or sincere guideline information. Don't knock and pray. Li knocked at the door. ? Or,? Imperialism? Still did not stop the pace of Sichuan independence against Yuan.
The composition of Chen Huan's staff is complex, mixed with the old and the new, and progress and backwardness coexist. The main reasons for the heterogeneity are as follows: first, the society in the early Republic of China was in a transitional society where the old and the new alternated, and the ideology of the whole society was still dominated by Confucianism, but there were western modernization factors at the political level and the object level. For example, the army began to use western and eastern disciplines and equipment. Secondly, this is related to Chen Huan's political stance and attitude. Experienced in officialdom, in order to reduce political risks, balance resources and advance and retreat, Yuan's support was specially arranged in the staff. Imperialism? Put sympathy on Cai E again? Anti-imperialist? . As I said, other callers, including many members of the Democratic Party, such as Xiu and Lei Biao, were all recommended by Cai E, and Chen contained two sets of techniques everywhere. Can we say that he has no bearing? Is it a coincidence? ? Thirdly, this is related to Chen Huan's experience, background, hobbies, interests and value orientation. Chen Huan received decades of Confucian classic education, and was admitted as a scholar, a student and a tribute. However, he studied in Hubei Armed Forces School, Shi Jing University and other new schools, and followed Xiliang to carry out the New Deal for eight years. 19 1 1 At the beginning of the year, I went to Germany to inspect the military. It can be seen that he himself is a mixed character of old and new.
Secondly, Chen Huan's aides have a strong regional and professional color, which reflects his localism and cronyism. The aides of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang have a strong color of consanguinity, geography and industry, and Chen Huan's aides also have a strong color of geography and industry.
Kinship is one of the oldest, most intimate and far-reaching interpersonal relationships in China patriarchal society. Politicians often bring blood loyalty and unity into the political field and give priority to those who are related to themselves. But the blood relationship is limited, and because of the close relationship between geography and blood? As Fei Xiaotong pointed out: in a stable society, geography is only the projection of blood relationship, and the two are inseparable. ? Born here, died here? , fixed the human and geographical factors. Life, which is blood, determines his land. ? Therefore, political elites will also consider geographical relations when selecting talents. People from the same province have closer geographical relations than people from other provinces. People who have lived in the same environment for a long time have similar languages, customs and habits, which makes them feel familiar and friendly. Their feelings are easy to communicate and they have a strong sense of local identity. Among the geographical relations in China, the concept of provincial boundaries is the strongest. Dai pointed out: a province is a province, and a province is a province. This provincial boundary exists in the hearts of the people and is an unbreakable monster. China people are more patriotic than patriotic? However, I know the depth of China people's provincial boundaries. Try to observe it from the perspective of political division. If a prominent official suddenly appears in a province, more than half of them are from the same province. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, Zeng Guofan was in power. Hunan people came to power, so there were 15 Hunan locals as governors at the same time, leaving one other staff member. It is also the case that Hunan people still think that beauty talks about conceit, and the phenomenon of provincial boundaries is also. Li's ruling center was in Hefei, while Anhui people climbed the dragon with horses and prospered again. In today's political arena, people in some provinces have the power to occupy a decisive position, people in some provinces have the spring edge of promotion, and some provinces are jealous without the power of other provinces. This is also a phenomenon of provincial boundaries. ?
Chen Huan's staff team also has this phenomenon of provincial boundaries, and there are many fellow villagers in his staff, such as Hu Egong, Xiong Xiangsheng, Wang Pengnian, Wang, Ma Yousheng, Xiu, Lei Biao, He Jichu, Wang Kuilou and others.
Chen Huan's assistants and assistants are also very professional. What goes around comes around? It is a broad relationship formed by teachers and students, superiors and subordinates, classmates, colleagues, sworn brothers and like-minded people in social activities. Although this relationship can be divided into blood relationship and alienation relationship, it can also be a very important relationship with harmonious feelings and similar interests, and can even be compared with blood relationship and geographical relationship? . Many people in the shogunate had business contacts with him: he was his old subordinate, his chief of staff when he was in charge of the 20th town of the new army, Li's chief of staff, his colleague, and the second chief of staff, and Liu Yiqing was the first chief of staff. Zhang Liansang, Li, Ji, Wu, Feng Yuxiang, Deng, Wang Pengnian and Kong are all his old subordinates. Duke Hu E was his colleague in the shogunate. He Jishou, Lou Qiangan and Deng Wenxuan are his poetry friends.
These two characteristics of Chen Huan's aides had a far-reaching impact on his political destiny: the heterogeneity of the aides led to internal division, internal friction and instability in Chen Huan, which could not form a strong fighting capacity. The strong regional and professional color reflects his localism and cronyism rather than all corners of the country and meritocracy, which leads to the deep resentment of those who lost power in Sichuan, thus making Chen Huan's power base in Sichuan very unstable and eventually having to leave Sichuan and fade out of politics.
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In a word, after Chen Huan entered Sichuan, his regionalism and cronyism were very strong. He once said: use one layer, no need to replace it separately, and no need to implement a vibrating brush. ? So, Chen Huan? Replaced more than half of the original highway bureau officials, and placed civil and military idlers from all walks of life who brought themselves into Sichuan? . When Ji pleaded not to be independent, he said: Sichuanese are born floating, so it is the process of landing in Sichuan. Those who lose power in Sichuan blame all sides. Now they are divorced from the central government. Sichuanese have words and deeds, which is difficult to treat. ? These factors are the important reasons why Chen Huan had to leave Sichuan and fade out of politics after the national protection movement. In sharp contrast to his failure, Zhang, a contemporary, still firmly grasped the Fengtian regime after the end of the national protection movement and unified the three northeastern provinces within three years (19 16? 19 19), killing Zhongyuan in seven years (19 19? 1926), mastered the central government, which has a lot to do with the characteristics of their staff.