Qin Shihuang was born in the first month and was named "Zhao Zheng (Zhao Zheng)". According to historical records, Suo Yin placed a bet on "Duanyue" in "The Moon Table of Qin Chu", saying that "the first month" was changed to "Duanyue" because he avoided the emperor. In addition, at the end of 1975, a large number of bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty were unearthed in the tombs of Shuihudi in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province from the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty. There are a number of bamboo slips called Yu Shu, in which the word "Zheng" is used in several places, such as "Zhengmin" and "Not for the public", and the word "Duan" should be "Zheng". Obviously, it was changed to avoid the emperor's taboo. In the Biography of Historical Records and Lisi, "General Tian and Fu Su live away from home, but they should know their plans if they don't correct them" and bluntly say "right".
Qin Shihuang's father was named, so he changed Chu to Jing.
Lv Hou's name is pheasant. The word pheasant was used at that time, not pheasant.
Emperor Wen of Han named Liu Heng, so he changed Heng E to Chang 'e, Hengshan to Changshan, and Chen Heng, the powerful minister of Qi State, became Tian Chang.
The name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was Liu Che, and there was a famous debater named Kuaiche in the early Han Dynasty. In the history books, Kuaiche was renamed "Kuai Tong".
Xuan Di was named Liu Xun, so Xunzi became the "Sun Qing" of the Han Dynasty.
Han Guangdi's name is Liu Xiu. He once changed the name of a scholar to "Cai Mao".
Emperor Han Ming's real name was Liu Zhuang, but at that time he changed Zhuangzi to Yanzi.
Zhao Zhen, a famous Song Renzong, had to change the word "steamed" into "boiled" for steamed bread and steamed buns.
What's more, in Song Gaozong's famous name structure, in order to avoid the word "structure", the word "enough" has reached more than 50!
Song Qinzong was named Zhao Huan, and Qi Huangong became Duke Wei of Qi in the Song Dynasty.
Wang Qiang, whose real name was Zhaojun, avoided the taboo of Jin Emperor Si Mazhao and changed his name to Mingjun or Feiming.
In Jian Wendi, in the Jin Dynasty, the small character A Chun was used as the title of the book and was changed to "Yang Qiu". Autumn in Jinyang is a history book written by Sun Sheng, a native of A Jin.
Emperor Taizong took the people as his name. In the Tang Dynasty, the word "Dai" replaced the word "Ren" and the word "Min" replaced the word "Ren". Guanyin is referred to as "Guanyin" for short, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs changed its name to "Hubu".
The dress of the Jurchen nationality in the Tang Dynasty belonged to the Khitan nationality, so it was renamed as "Nvzhi" because it was taboo to the main clan of the Khitan nationality.
Tang Daizong is famous for jade, and yam was once renamed as "potato medicine"; In Shu Ming, Song Yingzong, potato medicine was renamed "Yam".
Fu Lin, the ancestor of the first emperor who entered the customs in Qing Dynasty, once wrote a letter of grace to ease ethnic conflicts. The privileged subjects don't shy away from the word "fu", saying, "You can't be alone for me, which will make the whole world unhappy."
However, after Shunzhi, a shocking literary inquisition appeared in the Qing Dynasty, many of which involved strange taboo remarks.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Zhu Guozhen, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, wrote the name of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, in Shu Ming and published it under the pseudonym of Zhuang Tingyi of the Qing Dynasty. Hundreds of people participated in publishing, revising, proofreading, prefacing, signing, lettering, printing, selling books, collecting books and serving as officials, and more than 70 people were executed.
During the Yongzheng period, examiner Cha Siting chose "Wei Minzhi" in The Book of Songs as the test question. It is reported that the word "Wei Zhi" in the question implies that "Yongzheng" was beheaded, his son was beheaded, and his brother and nephew were exiled.
During the Qianlong period, Hu Zhongzao, a bachelor of cabinet, cited the divination theory of the Book of Changes and took "three obstinacies are not like dragons" as the test question. There is the word "Qianlong" in the title, and dragons are homophonic, so it is judged that Emperor Qianlong was sent to the guillotine. Wang Xihou, a juren, edited Emperor Kangxi's Dictionary and rewritten it into Zi Guan, which violated the names of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong, was beheaded, and government officials were also convicted of dereliction of duty. Taboo refers to avoiding mentioning the names of fathers and ancestors in the family. All fathers and grandfathers whose names are so-and-so must avoid things named after them when speaking, doing and writing articles. It is actually an extension of national taboos, which is the same as the embodiment of feudal hierarchy and ethical concepts. Also known as private taboo.
For example, Liu An, the king of Huainan, whose father's name is long, changed his reference to "high and low, short and pithy" in Su Xun, the son of Huainan.
The father of Xie Chaozong in Nanqi is Feng. Once he went to Wang Sengqian, and then he went to see his son Wang Ci. Wang Ci is practicing calligraphy. At that time, Wang was famous for his calligraphy. Seeing Wang Ci practicing calligraphy, Xie Lingchao casually asked, "How does your calligraphy compare with piety?" Because he violated the family taboo, Wang Ci replied rudely: "Compared with my father, I am a chicken than a phoenix." . Xie Chaozong retreated in panic.
There was a man named Chen Wang in the Jin Dynasty. One day he went to visit Huan Xuan. Huan Xuan entertained him with wine. Because Wang Chen just drank medicine and avoided cold wine, he asked his servant to "warm wine". Unexpectedly, Huan Xuan burst into tears after hearing this. It turned out that his father's name was Huan Wen, and he would cry when he heard the word "warm". Wang Chen was bored and had to leave in a hurry.
Nowadays, I'm afraid no one will cry because they hear the same words as their parents' names. In ancient China, such things were common, and such people would gain the respect of others.
This way will also become a means to crowd out dissidents and attack the enemy. Yin Jun of the Southern Liang Dynasty was quiet and studious, and went to the countryside to offer wine. Emperor Wu ordered him to marry Princess Yongxing, but Princess Yongxing didn't like him very much. Every time he calls in, he orders people to write his father's name on the wall. In ancient times, such people also emerged in an endless stream and were proud of it.
Yuan Deshi doesn't eat cake because his father is famous. Xu Jifu never used stone tools because his father's stones are famous. He didn't step on a stone, but when he met a stone bridge that he had to cross, he let people run behind his back. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Lu Xichun insisted on writing for a long time because his father was famous. Liu Wensou never listened to music all his life, because his father was a famous Yueguo, and he had never visited wuyue such as Song Yue and Huashan. Wei Ji's father is famous for his music. Because music is a polyphonic word, it can be read as both music and happy music. Therefore, Wei Ji not only doesn't listen to music, he doesn't travel to Da Yue in the mountains, he doesn't drink and have fun, and he doesn't even take part in activities that can make him "happy". It is really unreasonable.
Perhaps the most regrettable thing is Li He, known as the "Shi Gui" of the Tang Dynasty. Just because his father's name is Jin Su, and the pronunciation of "Jin" and "Jin" is the same, he was forbidden to take the Jinshi exam. Even though he was brilliant, he was useless and frustrated all his life. He died at the age of 27. Han Yu was so angry that he wrote "Debate on Taboo" and asked: "If the father's name is Jin Su, the son can't be admitted to Jinshi; If the father's surname is Ren, isn't the son human? " However, his articles were attacked and slandered by literati.
Taboos are not all from fathers, but also from mothers. Du Fu was a great poet in the Tang Dynasty and was known as a poet saint. He wrote nearly 3000 poems in his life, covering a wide range of topics. But it is said that because his mother's name is Haitang, he has lived in Sichuan, where Haitang is famous, for many years, but he has never written a poem about Haitang.
Children need to avoid the taboos of their elders, and slaves should also avoid the taboos of all their masters. An Xiong of Beiqi once went to see He Shikai and Xu Zhicai. Xu's father's name is bear, and his father's name is Ann. Because his name is taboo with them, he changed the first word of his surname and first name and called himself Yan Sheng. In order to please my master, I am not afraid of my own bad luck.
There are many such examples in A Dream of Red Mansions. Lin Zhixiao's daughter, formerly known as Hongyu, had to be renamed Xiaohong because Baoyu was taboo. Guo Pan's wife's name is Xia Jingui, which is even worse. When she is at home, she is not allowed to take the word "precious" out of the population. Anyone who is careless and misleads words will be severely punished. One day when she was talking to Xiangling, Xiangling accidentally forgot her taboo. Jingui's maid said, "Go to hell! What's the name of the girl? "
Anyone who avoids it must find a word with the same meaning to replace it. Sima Qian's father didn't dare to talk about it, so there was no word "talk" in Historical Records, and even Zhao Tan was changed to Zhao Tong, abandoning the purpose of compiling books with complete words. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, never prefaces others for fear of "prefacing". If he had to write this kind of thing, he changed it to "narrative", and later he changed it to "quotation" because he felt it was inappropriate. Although this method is barely feasible, it has obviously hindered the accuracy of the text. If we avoid the word "long" and the homonym of "long", the length of the piano can barely be called "pruning", but the kidney and intestine can't be changed to "kidney pruning", so people at that time really tried their best to avoid taboos.
There is a story about a smart wife in China: there was a smart wife whose father-in-law was named Wang Jiu. One day, Wang Jiu's friend Zhang Jiu invited him to drink, one with a pot of wine and the other with leeks. As Wang Jiu is not at home, please ask this daughter-in-law to give him a message. When Wang Jiu came back, his daughter-in-law said to him, "Zhang Sansan and Li Siwu, one with many cups and the other with Ma Lian food, invited my father-in-law to a banquet."
Fortunately, she is a clever daughter-in-law, but she also made her words clear in a roundabout way. What happens if you meet a silly daughter-in-law? Legend has it that the relatives of a woman's husband have names such as sheep, wolf, river and reed. Once she told her husband that a wolf was stealing sheep from the reeds on the other side of the river and said, "Look! In the Seeker on the other side of the thrush, a howler is dragging a baa. " I'm afraid this is the ultimate in avoiding family secrets.
Taboos are also protected by law. It is stipulated in the Law of the Tang Dynasty that anyone whose official name or government number violates the taboo of his parents is not allowed to "live a glorious life". For example, anyone whose father and mother are called An may not work in Chang 'an County. If there is the word "Chang" in the father's name, he may not be appointed as an official of Taichang Temple. If I accept my official position without making any changes, once I find out, I will be deprived of my official position and punished for one year. No wonder people in ancient times were afraid to avoid it. However, compared with national taboos, family taboos contain feelings of respect, admiration and nostalgia for elders, and are more self-generated. That is, "the taboo of sages", that is, the taboo of sages respected by feudal society. Sacred taboos are not as strict and extensive as national taboos and family taboos. In feudal times, there were both taboos of sages stipulated by the imperial court and spontaneous taboos of sages. The sacred taboos of different dynasties are slightly different, generally including Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Huangdi, Duke of Zhou and so on. After the Han Dynasty, the emperor's name was sometimes called taboo.
About the taboo of saints stipulated by the court, it was probably in the Song Dynasty at the earliest, when the scope of saints was greatly expanded. Including Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, Confucius, the "most holy teacher" awarded by the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, Mencius, an Asian sage, and even Duke Zhou. This is also taboo. Song Huizong, who claimed to be "Emperor Daojun", was obsessed with Taoism, so he also put Laozi on the taboo list.
In the fourth year of Daguan in the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid Confucius' taboo, the court stipulated that Xianqiu County should be changed to Xianqiu County and Gongqiu County should be changed to Gongqiu County. Even the name of Confucius' mother "Zheng Zai" is taboo. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, from the emperor to the common people, from kneading dough to oral expression, the word "autumn" was avoided. Write with or without "",or write "a", or circle it with a brush. It can be read as "District" or "Hugh". Since the Song Dynasty, Qiu was forced to wear an extra ear because of Confucius' taboo. It was not until the May 4th Movement that some scholars named Qiu took off their ears that had been hung for nearly a thousand years and renamed them Qiu.
There are also spontaneous phenomena of avoiding sages among the people.
Cheng Zheng, a poet in the Song Dynasty, worshipped Meng Haoran very much. Once I passed the Haoran Pavilion in Yunzhou and said with emotion, "How can a saint call him by his first name?" So I changed Haoran Pavilion into Mengting Pavilion. As the name implies, it is the taboo of one's own name. There are two situations: one is that some bureaucrats rely on their power to order their subordinates to avoid their names, which is called self-anonymity. On the one hand, these old officials are controlled by the monarch and superiors, and they have to be careful to be ashamed of the autocratic emperor and superiors. On the other hand, for his subordinates and people, he has changed his face and is domineering, making people stay away from him.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a state official named Tian Deng, who was anonymous, and the lights in the state were all called fire. In the Yuan Dynasty, the lights were brightly lit, and a list of officials was revealed in the city, which read, "Honshu Island was set on fire for three days as usual." At that time, people laughed at the cloud: "Only state officials can set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps."
Qian of the Southern Song Dynasty also kept his name secret, and his youngest son was quite clever. Anyone who has the word "good minister" in ancient books reads it as "father". One day, I read Mencius, "The so-called good minister today is the so-called thief in ancient times." So he changed it to "the so-called father of today, the so-called thief of the past." What I want to respect becomes abuse.
There is also a Han surnamed Zhao, who took the word "Han" for himself and stipulated that his subordinates and their families should change the word "Han" from other places to "soldier". One day, his wife went to worship Luohan, and his son was learning Chinese from his teacher. The servant reported to him, "My wife invited a monk to his house to offer sacrifices to eighteen soldiers, and my son invited a teacher to teach the art of war."
This kind of self-concealment is actually just self-promotion.
Another personal taboo is that superior officers or powerful people don't ask for it, while some junior officials and people with low status are afraid of their power or avoid flattery.
In the Five Dynasties, Feng guided the dynasties. One day, his doorman told him Laozi's Tao Te Ching, but the first sentence of the book was "Tao, Tao, extraordinary Tao", and there were three taboos in one sentence. In order to avoid taboo, the doorman had a brainwave and changed this sentence to "dare not say, dare not say, dare not say", which is quite ironic.
This personal taboo was not recognized by etiquette in the old society, and the power of these officials was limited, and they were not as supreme as the emperor. Therefore, the taboo of the country is that the tiger's ass can't be touched. This kind of personal taboo ass can still be touched, especially when you meet some people who are not afraid of power and dare to make mistakes.
During the reign of Song Xuanhe, there was a man named Xu Sheng 'an, a magistrate in Changzhou, whose name was kept secret. A county magistrate of a city in a certain state came to report one day that one thing had been reported to the state government three times, but it was not implemented. Because the word "Shen" appeared in the word, Xu Zhifu flew into a rage and roared, "As a county magistrate, don't you know the name of the superior county magistrate?" Are you trying to insult me on purpose? "Who knows the county magistrate is a man who is not afraid of power? He immediately replied loudly: "If this matter is reported to the country overnight and there is no reply, I will report it to the supervisor again. If there is still no reply, I will report to the household department, report to Shangshutai, report to Zhongshu Province, and apply for death. " Whether he was guilty or not, he said a series of "Shen" heroically, which made him go away. Although the judge was very angry, he could not be convicted.
However, in the hierarchical feudal society, people's thoughts were tightly clamped down by the curse of "respecting the taboo". After all, there are very few people like this county magistrate, and some people are punished for violating the taboos of these powerful people.
In the Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli served as a prison army. Once he went out to inspect a state, the geisha of the state government sang the word "He Xinlang" for him. Among them, "When will the Wan Liyun arrive?" Yang Wanli immediately echoed: "Wan Li arrived yesterday." This embarrassed the local satrap and ordered the geisha to be sent to prison. There must be countless people who had the same fate as this geisha at that time.