& Qin Shu's eight styles refer to the eight writing styles of the Qin Dynasty. This is described below:
1. Dazhuan: It is fifteen characters written by Shitai Stone Biography in Zhou Xuanwang. A "paper" is named after the author. According to Duan's note, ancient prose is included (see Shuowen, p. 766).
2. Biography: In the Qin Dynasty, Lisi, Zhao Gao and Hu were saved, and they were changed according to the Great Biography, and they were written as, and learned respectively. The font is different from Da Zhuan, so it is called Xiao Zhuan. Another "Qin Zhuan" is called "Qin Zhuan" because these glyphs were created by people in the Qin Dynasty and are very popular in contemporary times.
3. Carving: This is a font carved on Jeff.
4. Worm book: It is a font written on the flag or Jeff. Because some of these fonts are like birds, some are like insects, and birds are also called feather insects, so they are called insect books.
5. Copying: It is a font written on printed matter. Printed matter has dimensions, so it must be planned before writing, which is why it is called "copying". This font is characterized by careful buckling.
6. Official books are words engraved on the plaque.
7. Obituaries are words cast on weapons. Shu is a weapon.
8. Lishu was written by Cheng Miao, a native of Du (now south of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province), at the behest of Qin Shihuang. This font is convenient to write, but it is not as good as the auxiliary seal script.
Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi summarizes eight styles of Qin Shu.
One kind is called "Da Zhuan": it refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and historical essays in the pre-Qin period in a broad sense, and the ancient prose prevailing in six countries except Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and only refers to ancient prose in a narrow sense.
Second, Xiao Zhuan: As mentioned above. Li Simiao's "Houshu" praised: the essence of biographies, the ancient and modern wonderful. The mountain of the king of Qin, the ancient seal of the emperor, and her husband's crossbow, ancient Hong Zhong is a masterpiece of scholars and a national heritage.
March engraving: This kind of seal script is specially engraved on Jeff. Because it is carved on the metal with a knife, it can't be tactfully satisfied, so the strokes are nearly straight and the shape is nearly square. The existing words on Yangling's roller are like this.
Four-day insect book: also known as insect book, the flower style in seal script. This font existed before the Qin Dynasty, and most of them were cast or engraved on weapons and chimes. Often in the embryonic form of animals to form strokes, like books and paintings, full of interest. It is also written on flags and symbols. There are many examples of Indian birds and insects in the Han Dynasty.
Five words: imitation: also known as Miao seal. In fact, it is a kind of seal script used in copying seals in Han Dynasty. The shape is even and square, full of the meaning of Li, and the rule of writing has evolved from the roundness of Xiao Zhuan to the twists and turns. It has the meaning of saving for a rainy day, hence the name.
Six-day proxy: also known as list book. Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi in the Qing Dynasty recorded that the invigilator is also a book department. Any inscription sealed for inspection is called the department, and the title list is called the department.
Zuo Shu: Also known as history books and books. That is, Qin. Duan Yucai thinks it's a convenient method, which Sasuke seals can't catch. Recently, some scholars first thought that the name of official script originated from official script; His calligraphers were named after books written by Zuo Shu, a junior official in charge of drafting and writing in Han Dynasty.
Eight is official script. It is an important milestone in the transformation of China Chinese characters from ancient style to modern style.
Subdivided, there are jade seals, jade seals, iron seals, grass seals and so on.
It has been more than 500 years since the Zhou Dynasty moved eastward to Luoyi, where the princes merged and the seven countries competed for hegemony. By the time of Qin's reunification, in the ideological field, as Xu Shen, the author of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, said, countries "have different fields, different cars, different laws, different clothes, different sounds and different characters."
Especially words.
It is said that the word "Bao" was written in 149 ways at that time; The word "eyebrow" and "longevity" are also written in 100.
In the structure of words, some are soft and smooth, some are exaggerated, some are vertical, and some are crazy in structure.
Judging from the development of China's calligraphy art, it undoubtedly provides rich forms and contents; But for a unified China, it has brought difficulties and puzzles in social, ideological, political, economic and cultural exchanges.
Qin Shihuang carried out a comprehensive reform in this respect, and carried out the principle of "homonym" and "no combination with Qin Wen", and ordered Li Si, the prime minister, to unify all the fonts at that time into a written language, that is, Qin Zhuan. That is, the original Biography of Teacher Shuo was simplified to Biography, so it was also called Biography. Orders for domestic use.
On the one hand, it retains the basic characteristics of the font structure and hieroglyphics of Da Zhuan; On the other hand, a lot of sorting and processing have been done to make the font structure relatively unified and standardized. The main reason is that all kinds of radicals are unified, and the radicals used in each word are basically fixed as one, without being replaced by other kinds; Second, the position of the radical is relatively fixed and cannot be moved casually. The third is to roughly determine the number and order of strokes of each word.
The unification of characters is essentially a change of social life customs and people's behavior patterns, which has a process of recognition, acceptance and adaptation; In addition, at the beginning of the promotion, people were not familiar with the structure of Biography, so it was difficult to write it easily. So, Reese wrote Cang Xie, Zhao Gao wrote Almanac, and Hu Wujing wrote Bo Xue. These three books can be used not only as literacy textbooks for school children, but also as templates for promoting seal script for China people to learn and copy.
At that time, this pure and practical writing style, supplemented by aesthetics, eventually developed into one of the ancient oriental calligraphy arts.
It can be said that the appearance of Xiao Zhuan is not only a great progress in the history of Chinese characters, but also a great unexpected achievement in the history of China calligraphy.
In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang made an east tour to Fengshan, which is now Yixian County, Shandong Province, and was engraved with "Yishan Carving Stones". Later, I went to Mount Tai and carved Mount Tai Stone Carvings.
In 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang went to Langxie Mountain, which is now Jiaonan, Shandong Province. Set up "Langxietai Stone Carving"; In the northwest of Yantai, Shandong Province, a "stone carving" was established.
In 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang toured Jieshi in the east, and now he carved "Ode to Jieshi" in Changli County, Hebei Province.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang made a southern tour and came to Huiji Mountain in the southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province for the fifth time, carving "Huiji Stone".
The words written on these carved stones are all in standard small seal script, all written by Li Si.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin and Shang Dynasties was an attempt to communicate information between early human beings and natural gods, and it was a record and expression of the knowledge of the unknown world in the ignorant era.
In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, inscriptions on bronzes, that is, inscriptions on bronze inscriptions or Zhong Dingwen, were used to worship gods, record events and show wealth and power.
The stone carvings of Qin Shihuang are used to celebrate, carving the great achievements of the founding emperor on a boulder, standing in a famous mountain, living with the world, such as the sun and the moon.
In the process of realizing this obvious political goal, stone carving has unexpectedly become a carrier and form that can keep calligraphy for a long time. Qin Shihuang spent almost all his life looking for a way to live forever, but in the end he died, and only those stone carvings still remain. It is also a sense of permanence and immortality.
China's calligraphy art is divided into two systems: steles and inscriptions, and Qin stone carving is a pioneering work on the basis of Qin harmony, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on later generations.
The Stone Carving of Yishan is Qin Zhuan's early masterpiece. The strokes of the characters are all lines, uniform in thickness, round and round, showing a round and beautiful style. The font is dignified and rigorous, with the combination of reality and reality, proper density, calm and peaceful, and strong and powerful. Some people commented that "painting like a stone is a spent force." Its structure is tight and loose, its feet are elongated, and it has a condescending state. We must look up and observe. In composition, the ranks are neat and the rules are harmonious. Some people have analyzed that this uniform style conforms to the political ideal of the Qin Dynasty. On the whole, the calm, overbearing and strong artistic style shows the spiritual connotation and trend of the Qin unification era to a certain extent.
The original stone of Yishan stone carving was destroyed when Cao Cao climbed the mountain, but an inscription was left. What we see today was carved by the Song Dynasty people in the Five Dynasties according to the copy of Xu Xuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and now it is hidden in the forest of steles in Xi 'an.
Langxietai carved stone is now hidden in the Sea Temple in Zhucheng, Shandong Province. Stripped off the poems of the first emperor and the names of ministers, as well as the official names and thirteen lines of letters of the second emperor. Regular script is a typical seal script, which is mainly arc-shaped, with rectangular font and unified strokes, showing a graceful and elegant style.
Taishan stone carving directly inherits the essential characteristics of Shi Guwen, which is more simplified, square and rectangular, with smooth lines, even density, flexibility, roundness and health, giving people a sense of dignity and stability. It has the most characteristics and style of the biography of Qin Xiao. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang praised it, praising its paintings as hard as stone, flying words, strong personality and wonderful Fiona Fang.
At that time, Xiao Zhuan was generally used for official documents, decrees and letters published by the Qin government. In the folk, because it is actually complicated in structure, it is difficult to write and even more difficult to sketch. A font characterized by cursive brushwork and quick seal was born, which is official script.
According to legend, there was a county magistrate named Cheng Miao who offended the first emperor and was imprisoned. It is very troublesome to write the Yao card of the prison official with Xiao Zhuan. After ten years of careful study, complex fonts were simplified and rounded, and this new font was created. Qin Shihuang greatly appreciated this. He not only pardoned his sins, but also made him a censor, and widely used this font in official and prison writing. Because Cheng Miao is a servant, and this brushwork is dedicated to servants, so this brushwork is called official script. In the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was even more perfect, and it became a completely different style from Qin Zhuan in brushwork and structure, which laid the foundation for the emergence of regular script later.
In calligraphy terminology, Qin Li is called "Guli" and Han Li is called "koi fish". Big seal script: fifteen words, written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Shicheng. A "paper" is named after the author. According to Duan's note, ancient prose is included (see Shuowen, p. 766).
2. Biography: In the Qin Dynasty, Lisi, Zhao Gao and Hu were saved, and they were changed according to the Great Biography, and they were written as, and learned respectively. The font is different from Da Zhuan, so it is called Xiao Zhuan. Another "Qin Zhuan" is called "Qin Zhuan" because these glyphs were created by people in the Qin Dynasty and are very popular in contemporary times.
3. Carving: This is a font carved on Jeff.
4. Worm book: It is a font written on the flag or Jeff. Because some of these fonts are like birds, some are like insects, and birds are also called feather insects, so they are called insect books.
5. Copying: It is a font written on printed matter. Printed matter has dimensions, so it must be planned before writing, which is why it is called "copying". This font is characterized by careful buckling.
6. Official books are words engraved on the plaque.
7. Obituaries are words cast on weapons. Shu is a weapon.
8. Lishu was written by Cheng Miao, a native of Du (now south of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province), at the behest of Qin Shihuang. This font is convenient to write, but it is not as good as the auxiliary seal script. Qin Shu's eight styles refer to the eight writing styles of the Qin Dynasty. This is described below:
1. Dazhuan: It is fifteen characters written by Shitai Stone Biography in Zhou Xuanwang. A "paper" is named after the author. According to Duan's note, ancient prose is included (see Shuowen, p. 766).
2. Biography: In the Qin Dynasty, Lisi, Zhao Gao and Hu were saved, and they were changed according to the Great Biography, and they were written as, and learned respectively. The font is different from Da Zhuan, so it is called Xiao Zhuan. Another "Qin Zhuan" is called "Qin Zhuan" because these glyphs were created by people in the Qin Dynasty and are very popular in contemporary times.
3. Carving: This is a font carved on Jeff.
4. Worm book: It is a font written on the flag or Jeff. Because some of these fonts are like birds, some are like insects, and birds are also called feather insects, so they are called insect books.
5. Copying: It is a font written on printed matter. Printed matter has dimensions, so it must be planned before writing, which is why it is called "copying". This font is characterized by careful buckling.
6. Official books are words engraved on the plaque.
7. Obituaries are words cast on weapons. Shu is a weapon.
8. Lishu was written by Cheng Miao, a native of Du (now south of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province), at the behest of Qin Shihuang. This font is convenient to write, but it is not as good as the auxiliary seal script.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the development of Chinese characters was also affected by the turmoil, and the situation of nonstandard and diverse characters became more and more serious. From the perspective of diversification of calligraphy development, it is not without benefits. However, language and writing are, after all, tools for people to exchange ideas and engage in social communication, and "abnormal language" and "abnormal writing" are not convenient for people to exchange ideas and social communication. Therefore, Qin Shihuang unified China. At the beginning of the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, he adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si, and unified the national characters on the basis of following the Qin language of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Taking seal script as a literacy textbook for children's enlightenment is considered to be a model for popularization and application. Since then, Xiao Zhuan, as a character opposite to Da Zhuan, has become a popular character in Qin Dynasty. Compared with the previous generation, this writing method has the characteristics of round and uniform writing lines, unified structure and rectangular font. As far as the development of Chinese characters is concerned, this is undoubtedly a great progress. But this is not the only style of calligraphy in the Qin Dynasty. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "Shu Qin has eight styles: one is the big seal script, the other is the small seal script, the third is lettering, the fourth is worm script, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official script, the seventh is @ script, and the eighth is official script". Explain that there were also: Dazhuan and Lishu (called Guli or Li Qin) in parallel with Xiaozhuan at that time. "Insect book", also known as bird book and bird seal, is an artistic font of seal script with bird head as the pen and worm as the line. It is a continuation of the inscription by Gou Jian, the king of Zhao Yue. "Engraving" is Xiao Zhuan; "Imitation seal" is a kind of small seal script with square structure, which was initiated by Han and India. The "official script" used in doorplates and seals, and the "#" engraved on weapons, are just changes in the scope of application of Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan or Li Shu. Xu Shen's "Eight Styles of Qin Shu" is based on Chinese characters, and it is nothing more than the three-body of Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu.
Guo Moruo said when talking about Qin Shihuang's unified writing; "Qin Shihuang's unified writing is consciously further artificial unity. In fact, the unification of China characters did not begin with Qin Shihuang. From the Yin Dynasty, the characters gradually became dense and popular, and infiltrated from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin. The inscriptions left by the Western Zhou Dynasty are all official characters, which are basically the same regardless of east, west, north and south. However, in the late Zhou Dynasty, there were great regional differences in weapon inscriptions, Wen Tao, Indian, silk scripts, bamboo slips and other folk characters. China has a vast territory, and the text has spread to all parts of the country. In the long run, there have been geographical differences. " Qin Shihuang's "calligraphy with the same character" is "to abolish a large number of regional variant characters and make the characters more neat and concise." This is a great achievement in culture. "(Guo Moruo's Dialectical Development of Ancient Chinese Characters, see Slavery Age. )
According to Bian, before Qin unified Chinese characters, the word "Bao" had 194 forms, the word "Mei" had 104 forms, and the word "Shou" had more than 100 forms, and each form was represented by only one word. This is undoubtedly a great progress in the history of Chinese character development.
Qin unified official script, not only refers to the unified seal script for Xiao seal script, but also refers to the unified official script. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Syria ","Hanshu? Wei Heng's Records of Literature and Art in Jin Dynasty, Four-style Book Interpretation and Zhang Huaiguan's Narration in Tang Dynasty all pointed out this point successively. But there is a saying that the Qin Dynasty "began to make official scripts", which is not appropriate. "Li went out of the ancient times and did not go out of Qin." Mr. Tang Lan also said: "Official script is simpler than seal script, because some of them are inherited from the ancient prose of six countries." (Tang Lan's China Philology) It is true that the Qin Dynasty used a lot of official scripts. It is even more inappropriate to add and subtract its body and eliminate its complexity. Any form developed by Chinese characters can never be created by one person. He should be gradually formed in the writing practice of millions of people. It is credible to say that Cheng Miao collected, sorted out and promoted the scattered official script, making it an auxiliary text of Xiao Zhuan. This kind of font with square strokes and simple structure can be said to have sprouted at the same time as Chinese characters (such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions), and even more in the Qin Dynasty.
19751February, the bamboo slips unearthed from Shuihudi Cemetery in the west of Chengguan, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, are typical of Qin Li. Although the ink of these Qin people still retains the traces of seal script, they are basically official scripts.
Judging from the evolution of Chinese characters, the Qin Dynasty is an extremely important generation. Judging from the development of calligraphy, the Qin Dynasty used Xiao Zhuan to shine brilliantly in history.
The characters we can see now in the Qin Dynasty are: inscriptions on stone tablets, calligraphy and bamboo slips, imperial edicts, inscriptions and so on.
Qin carved stone, according to historical records? Historical Records records six stone carvings, including Mount Tai, Langxietai and Jieshi, and historical records record five characters. These stone carvings were carved by Qin Shihuang to show off his literary and political talents when he crossed the county eastward. According to legend, it was written by Li Si, the prime minister of the great calligrapher at that time, which was the standard calligraphy style at that time. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan praised Li Si's Xiao Zhuan as "painting like a stone, words like flying". The Book Review of the Tang Dynasty said: "Four books are full of backbones, and Fiona Fang is wonderful." We carefully analyze these stone-carving pens, as we said: "First retreat quickly, then retreat quickly, and the eagle will die of hope, believing in nature, and can't be changed;" It is more important to send your feet like a fish to get water, to dance like a mountain, or to roll or relax. " Its structure is steady, rigorous and dignified, even in density and meticulous. Some characters with vertical strokes without horizontal strokes are dense and elegant in stability. This method of writing characters is still used in calligraphy and seal cutting. So are the stone carvings of Mount Tai and Wolf Evil.
There are two kinds of Qin inscriptions existing in the world. The scripts are all small seals. Among them, the tiger symbol of Yang Ling was originally hidden in Luo Zhenyu's home, and now it is collected by the Chinese History Museum. If the handwriting is wrong, you can't open the ink book
There are a large number of imperial edicts, imperial edicts and imperial edicts in the calligraphy relics of Qin Dynasty, most of which are inscriptions on bronze. At the beginning of the emperor, it was basically seal script, and the knot gradually became square. I'm afraid most of these imperial edicts were written by junior officials handed down from generation to generation. As a result, the calligraphy style is much scribbled than the stone carvings in Yangling, Taishan, and it can't reach the standard style of Qin Zhuan. The imperial edict of the second edition is even more hasty, using official script. Some people call it Coulee. Judging from the development of Chinese characters, these scribbled works by folk calligraphers have greatly promoted the evolution of Chinese characters. Calligraphy is not as good as the stone of Mount Tai and the charm of Yangling. Among the imperial edicts, Tao is the most commendable. These imperial edicts were printed on unfired pottery with seals and then fired. 1973, a pottery seal was found in Xianyang site, Qin Dou, as the seal of pottery products. However, Tao's imperial edicts are much more beautiful than ordinary Qin. This description of Wen Tao is of little significance, with strong brushwork, smooth brushwork and natural changes, which is even worse than the inscriptions on bronze. It can be compared with the calligraphy of various stones and tiger symbols written by Li Si.
There are tile characters, such as "Wei Tian Shenling Yanyuan Wannian Tiankangning" and currency characters, all of which have their own characteristics.
The most precious calligraphy relic in the Qin Dynasty is 1975100 bamboo slips unearthed from the Qin tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land, Yunmeng, Hubei Province in February. These bamboo slips were written in ink and passed to the Qin Dynasty. They are the relics of Qin Shihuang after he unified the whole country for five or six years. Zhang Huaiguan in the Tang Dynasty praised Cheng Miao in the "Introduction" and said: "Cheng Jun is the first to inherit literary talent. Is elegant, such as listening to orchestral strings. Long autumn is vigorous, dull and frosty. Destroy the front, break the sword, and hang the stars. At first glance, the hovering purple smoke. Jinzhi Cao Qiong will be passed down from generation to generation. " This compliment to Cheng Miao's calligraphy is used to describe the bamboo slips of Qin tomb in Sleeping Tiger Dream. The ink of these Qin people are immature official scripts, which can be combined with seal script in one furnace. They were ingenious in their own mistakes and made innovations in ancient times, which provided us with a good example of calligraphy inheritance and innovation.
Although the Qin Dynasty only existed for fifteen years in the history of China, it left a brilliant page in the history of calligraphy in China. It is a pearl in the cultural history of China, just like the Qin figurines in the history of sculpture in China, the Great Wall in the history of architecture and the Epang Palace.