Explain that Dong Qichang (1555-1636), whose name is Xuanzai, whose name is Sibai, whose name is Xiangguang Jushi, was born in Huating (now Songjiang County, Shanghai), was a scholar in the 17th year of Wanli, and was a minor in the Academy of Forestry Studies, an assistant minister in the Ministry of Political Science, and an official in the Ministry of Rites in Nanjing.
Dong Qichang was a famous painter and calligrapher in the late Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy first learned from Mi Fei, then from the Tang Dynasty and traced back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, forming his own unique calligraphy style. His calligraphy works, beautiful and refined, had a great influence on the book world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. There are many engraved posts in the world, such as Xiao Tang Post, Tang Post, Tang Post, Coming to Fa Tie, Shi Chun Tang Post and so on. Famous works include Zhu Zan, The Book of Filial Piety, History of Shu, Biography and so on. His paintings are good at mountains and rivers, and he studied under Dong Yuan, Huang, Yan and so on. , don't pay attention to realism, beautiful style. It is a prejudice to flaunt morale in painting, divide ancient landscape painters into north and south schools, praise the south school, and demote workers to follow the dilapidated shops to curb the north school. He is the author of Essays on Painting Zen Rooms and Collected Works of Rong Tai.
Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting are famous, and many people ask for calligraphy and painting. He often asks someone to write for him, so there are many fakes left in the world. At that time, Mo Ruzhong, Mo Shilong and his son, Linyi Xing Dong and their sisters Ci Jing, Shuntianmi and Jinjiang were famous for their calligraphy. , attached to the biography of Dong Qichang, is now translated. Dong Qichang, whose real name is Xuanzai, is from Huating County, Songjiang Prefecture. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, he was admitted to Jinshi and changed to Jishi Shu. Tian Yijun, assistant minister of does, taught Jishi Shu and died in the line of duty. Dong Qichang asked for leave and traveled thousands of miles to escort Tian Yijun's coffin back to his hometown for burial. On his return, he was appointed editor. The emperor's eldest son went to school, and Dong Qichang served as a lecturer. He always used historical events to inspire him in telling stories, but the emperor's eldest son didn't take a knowing glance.
Because Dong Qichang didn't act according to the will of the ruling minister, he was appointed as Huguang's deputy envoy Dong Qichang to return home. Later, it was used, and the official was in the original position, and he was a magistrate in Huguang and studied politics. Because he opened the back door without favoritism, he was resented by powerful people, who instigated hundreds of Confucian scholars to make trouble and destroyed his yamen. Dong Qichang immediately went to the imperial court and asked to leave, but the emperor refused. He ordered the relevant departments to examine and deal with the troubled Confucian scholars, and Dong Qichang finally resigned and returned to his hometown. The court appointed him as Shandong's deputy envoy, Deng Laijun, and Henan to participate in politics, but he didn't take office. Guangzong acceded to the throne and asked, "Where is Mr. Dong Qichang, the former lecturer?" So the court called him Shao Qing, who was in charge of national affairs.
In the second year of the apocalypse, he was promoted to TaiChangQing as a bachelor. At that time, he compiled a record of Zongshen, sent him to the south to collect the memorials of Zongshen's ministers and sent them to smell anecdotes. Dong Qichang collected more than 300 records. He also selected and recorded the discussion about prince, vassal, talent, customs, canal, diet, official management and border defense in The Awarded Memorial, which was divided into forty volumes.
2. Read the following article and complete the following question (1) to answer this question. First, we should understand the original meaning of this sentence, "one thing breeds everything"; Secondly, it explains the meaning of "after the birth of Lanting Preface, manuscripts, woodcuts and rubbings of past dynasties have been continuously produced and enriched" in the article, and finally analyzes its function. It shows that the preface to Lanting has eternal and extraordinary artistic charm. (2) The discussion level of this paper is to analyze the structure of the article and connect the contents of each part in series with words such as "first, then, second and last". (3) To answer this question, we must first understand the meanings of several important words. "They" refers to "writing", "paper" and "weight" refers to "power". The original text says that "writing has the status of god, and the earliest language-inscriptions-is closely combined with power by means of utensils". "But the invention of paper has changed all this, making words get rid of the control of power, matching everyone's life, and writing has become an equal power." A: (1) It fully proves that after the birth of Preface to Lanting, the manuscripts, engravings and rubbings of past dynasties have been constantly produced and enriched, which shows that Preface to Lanting has eternal and extraordinary artistic charm. (2) First, it traces back to the historical situation before the invention of paper that characters were controlled by power and sanctified; Then it analyzes that since the invention of paper, characters have got rid of power control, writing rights are equal, and culture has been continued and expanded; Finally, it expounds that Wang Xizhi's life perception can be spread for a long time with the help of glossy paper. (3) "They used their lightness to express the freedom of writing and the lightness of paper"; "Overcoming the overwhelming weight" shows that works of art have resisted the heavy power pressure with a weak posture. The relationship between the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion and the times shows that "light" works of art, under the oppression of "heavy" forces, have gained eternity and immortality with strong artistic power.
3. What is the evolution of Chinese characters in history? The historical topic assigned by our teacher is the development of China characters in history. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, Chinese characters were simplified and arranged continuously, which made them standardized gradually. The development of Chinese characters can be roughly divided into four stages: ancient prose, seal script, official script and regular script. Among them, seal script is divided into big seal script and small seal script; The official script is different from Han Li's. It can be seen that any new font in history has been gradually formed through long-term evolution. Generally speaking, after the formation of regular script, China's characters have been basically finalized (Table 2). (Table 2: Evolution of Chinese Character Writing) Before the unification of ancient Chinese characters and Qin language, Chinese characters in China were still confused in font and application. In a narrow sense, it refers to the characters before Da Zhuan in the history of China characters. What is adopted here is the narrow concept of ancient Chinese. Ancient prose includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze; Among them, the former is considered as the earliest stereotyped writing in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Most of the characters left on tortoise shells and animal bones in the late Shang Dynasty are "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" and a few are "notes". Most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions accords with the principle of pictographic characters, and pictophonetic characters only account for 20%. Some of its characters are carved with knives, some are filled with cinnabar, and some are direct. Moreover, China's writing is multifaceted and his strokes are uncertain. This shows that the characters of Shang Dynasty were not unified. Image Inscription of the Yin Dynasty: The pre-Qin dynasty called copper gold, so the words cast on the bronzes were called inscriptions, also called Zhong Dingwen and Qi Yi (the concave yin on the bronzes was money, and the protruding yang was knowledge, collectively referred to as inscriptions). Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions are more pictographic, showing an older writing style. Gold is deep and natural. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a vulgar style of writing in Shang Dynasty, and the bronze inscription is a regular style, showing the impression that the regular style is simple and simple (see Table 3). (Table 3: Comparison Table of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronze Inscriptions) Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing has a hard pen (see Figure 8: Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions works by Mr. Yan Tang). This knife-like brushwork is also available. As shown in Figure 9, it is designed in 1958. (Figure 8) (Figure 9) 2 In the history of China, in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Shangshu was the most important in terms of its contribution to philology. The history book is a historian in Zhou Xuanwang. He is innovative and concise. There are also big seals. Therefore, it is called "Wen Shu" in the world. There are seal characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and various Zhong Ding Yi wares collected by later generations. Among them, Shi Guwen in Zhou Xuanwang is the most famous. Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is a standard font compiled by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. It is a simplified version of Da Zhuan, and it is called Yu Jin Zhuan because of its powerful brushwork. The radicals of Xiao Zhuan have also been merged. Compared with Da Zhuan, it is not pictographic. The change of characters from Da Zhuan to Xiao Zhuan is of great significance in the history of China characters (Figure 10). (Photo 10: Deng's four-body seal script) The first step in the evolution of official script from Xiao seal script, the most obvious change is from graceful money bar to straight pen. From no horns to horns. Generally speaking, official script refers to official script with waves (inclined to the right with a pen) and a long tail like a meat cleaver, which is just one of them. Official script mainly includes Qin Li and Han Li, and Qin Li is the early form of official script. Han Li is a mature official script font. Generally speaking, official script refers to Han Li's "eight points" (figure 1 1: Cao Quanbei's eight points). "Eight points" gradually developed after the official script of Qin Dynasty (due to neatness, standardization and transformation). Official script has developed to eight points, which is very mature. Therefore, it has a serious sense of wholeness (Figure 12: Deng Si ti Li Shu). Although the figure 13 is in western language, it has a diamond font. There is a "taste" of official script. (Figure 1 1) (Figure 12) (Figure 13: 1955 Design/Part) 5 Regular script "Regular script" is also called original script, official script and regular script, such as Ou Yangxun and Liu Gongquan. Because of different personal writing styles and personalities, characters have different styles of the same font (Figure 14 and 15). Song Like Hui Zong's thin gold body, figure 16, uses thin lines to outline the characters, but it is smooth because of the turning point. It presents a completely different visual sense from the thin gold style. (Figure 14: Chu Suiliang's regular script calligraphy) (Figure 15: Song Huizong's poetry calligraphy) (Figure 16: 1949 design) The six-line "running script" is between regular script and cursive script, and it is free to write. Its fluidity can be freely used by the author. Running script presents a romantic and aesthetic atmosphere (figure 17). (Photo 17: Dong Qichang local running script) 7. The cursive script "cursive script", also known as broken grass and modern grass, is changed from seal script, eight points and chapter grass. Cursive script is used. It is named because it is mainly used to commemorate. Cao Zhang has further developed and become a "modern grass". That is what people usually call "a book". Today's cursive script is more concise than Cao Zhang's and running script. The cursive script gives the viewer a bold and fluent feeling (as shown in figure 18, figure19,20). (photo 18: Zhu yunming's cursive seven-line instant noodles) (photo 19:). Especially for the needs of books and periodicals printing, the characters gradually develop in the direction suitable for printing, and a horizontal, vertical and square printing font-Song Style appears. It originated in the Song Dynasty, the golden age of block printing, and was shaped in the Ming Dynasty, so the Japanese called it "Ming style". Song Ti is the main font used in publishing and printing because it is suitable for printing block printing and people's visual requirements when reading. Computer fonts keep up with the development of cultural undertakings and technologies. Under the influence of western writing style, many new fonts have appeared, such as bold and artistic fonts. , have appeared, such as poster (POP) style, comprehensive art style, investigation pavilion style, girl font, etc. , and more genre variants, such as imitation song, Pingsong and so on. All kinds of Chinese characters have been computerized and used more widely.