1. Ancient Chinese expressions for each age group
Infancy: the infant period. Childhood: the age when a child will laugh and ask for someone to hold it, and later refers to children aged 2-3 years old: When a child's deciduous teeth are replaced, the back finger of a 7-8-year-old child will droop: Children's hair will naturally droop without restraint.
Refers to children. Also known as 髫 Sui, 髫年, 髫驿, 髫发.
Chicken: A bun on both sides of the head where children gather their hair. Refers to childhood.
9 years old Jiuling: 9 years old. 13-year-old cardamom: refers to a girl who is thirteen years old.
Cardamom is between the ages of thirteen or fourteen and fifteen or sixteen years old (cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer. Early summer is not yet midsummer, which is a metaphor for people who are not yet minors, so the teenage years are called the "cardamom years". ). Thirteen: for 13 years old.
15 years old and hairpin: 笄[jī] originally refers to the hairpin used to tie hair in ancient times. In ancient times, women usually put their hair up and tied it with a hairpin after they were 15 years old, indicating that they had reached adulthood.
"Jiji" refers to a woman who is over 15 years old. Jiji: refers to a woman who is fifteen years old.
Hair knotting: bundling, tying hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair and wore a crown when they were 20 years old, and women tied their hair and tied their hair when they were 15 years old, indicating adulthood. The symbols of adulthood for men and women are "adding a crown" and "adding a hairpin" respectively.
Zhixue: 15 years old. The year of aspiration to learn: Because "At thirty, I am established, at forty, I am not confused."
(Confucius said: "I am determined to learn at fifteen, at thirty I am established, at forty, I am not confused, at fifty I know It is destiny that one's ears will be attuned to one's ears at sixty, and one's heart will follow one's desires when one is seventy." - "The Analects of Confucius: Politics"), so later generations call 15 years old "the year of ambition and learning".
Hair binding: The ancients regarded the age of fifteen as the age of adulthood, and tied their hair up on top of their heads. The hair is tied when a man is fifteen years old (at the age of fifteen, a man must disband his original hair and tie it into a bunch).
16 years old 28: 16 years old. Crowned at the age of 20: refers to the age of twenty.
In ancient times, when a man turned twenty, he would receive a crowning ceremony to indicate that he had reached adulthood. Crowned: refers to a man who is twenty years old (also "weak crowned").
Hair knotting: bundling, tying hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair and wore a crown when they were 20 years old, and women tied their hair and tied their hair when they were 15 years old, indicating adulthood. The symbols of adulthood for men and women are "adding a crown" and "adding a hairpin" respectively.
Weak crown: The ancients held a crown ceremony at the age of twenty to show adulthood, but the body was still not strong, so it was called "weak crown". Refers to just coming of age.
Refers to twenty years old. Weak crown: In ancient times, a man was called "weak" when he was 20 years old. At this time, he had to perform the "crown ceremony", that is, he put on a hat to indicate that he had become an adult.
"Weak crown" refers to a man over 20 years old. Later generations generally refer to men around the age of twenty.
A weak crown is a man who is twenty years old. Standing at the age of 30 (the year of standing): Because "I stand up at thirty, and I am not confused at forty."
(Confucius said: "I am determined to learn at the age of fifteen. I stand up at thirty, and at forty I am not confused." "At fifty, you know the destiny of heaven, at sixty, your ears are attuned, and at seventy, you follow your heart's desires." - "The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng"), so future generations call 30 years old "the year of establishment".
The year of Erli: refers to thirty years old. And Li is when a man is thirty years old (Li means "to establish one's body and determination").
First wife: Thirty years old. "Book of Rites·Nei Principles": "When you are thirty and have a wife, you start to take care of men's affairs."
No confusion at the age of 40 (the year of no confusion): Because "I stand at thirty, and at forty I am not confused." (Confucius said: "I am determined to learn when I am fifteen, I am established at thirty, and at forty I am not confused.") "At fifty, you know your destiny; at sixty, your ears are attuned; at seventy, you follow your heart's desires and do not go beyond the rules."
- "The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng"), so future generations call 40 the "year of no confusion." . The age of no confusion: refers to the age of forty.
Buhuo means a man who is forty years old (Buhuo means "not confused, not confused"). 50-year-old Ai: In ancient times, people who were fifty years old were called "Ai".
"Book of Rites·Qu Li 1": "Fifty is called Ai." Ai is called the old.
Half a hundred, the year of knowing destiny and knowing destiny: The year of knowing destiny refers to the age of fifty (also "knowing destiny" and "half a hundred"). Zhiming: A man is fifty years old (Zhiming means "knowing destiny").
"Zhiming" is the abbreviation of "Knowing destiny". Knowing destiny: Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny; when I was sixty, my ears were attuned; when I was seventy, I followed my heart's desires."
——"The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng"), so later generations call 50 years old "the year of knowing one's destiny". The year of knowing one's destiny: Because "I stand at thirty, I am not confused at forty."
(Confucius said: "I am determined to learn when I am fifteen, I am established at thirty, I am not confused at forty, and I know at fifty It is destiny to be attuned to your ears at sixty, and to follow your heart's desires at seventy." - "The Analects of Confucius: Politics"), so future generations call 50 years old "the year of knowing one's destiny."
The year of knowing destiny: refers to the age of fifty (also "knowing destiny" and "half a hundred"). 54 years and sixty-nine years: that is, fifty-four years old.
60-year-old Ershun, the year of Ershun, the year of Huanli, and the year of sixtieth: all refer to 60 years old. Because "I stand at thirty, and at forty I am not confused."
(Confucius said: "When I am fifteen, I am determined to learn; at thirty I am established; at forty I am not confused; at fifty I know the destiny; at sixty But if your ears are attuned, you can follow your heart's desires at seventy." - "The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng"), so later generations call 60 years old "the year when your ears are attuned".
Old age: a respectful term, referring to the age of an elderly person, usually over sixty years old. Sixty years old: Sixty years old is used to mark the year according to the rules of heaven and earth. Starting from Jia, sixty years form a week, so the sixty-year-old is called sixty years old.
Sixty Years Old: In ancient my country, stems and branches were used to record time. The so-called Ganzhi is the abbreviation of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches.
There are ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches. The ten heavenly stems and the twelve earthly branches are combined in order into sixty units, which are usually called "sixty flower armors", also known as "sixty flower armors". If we apply this word to record time to record a person's age, we would use "in his sixtieth year" or "in his sixtieth year" to refer to a person reaching 60 years old.
Sixty Years Old: Refers to the age of sixty. The years are recorded using the stems and branches, which are intricately matched. The cycle of sixty years begins again and again. Sixtieth year: refers to 60 years old.
The year of return: refers to the age of 60. Lower longevity: The ancients regarded sixty as the lower longevity. Lower longevity: refers to those over 60 years old.
耆[qi]: In ancient times, people who were sixty years old were called "Qi". 耆[qí]AI: In ancient times, a sixty-year-old man was considered a senior citizen.
61-year-old birthday: 61-year-old birthday. Because according to the chronology of the stems and branches, 60 years are one cycle, and the age of 61 is the time when a new cycle starts again, so it is called "returning the calendar".
The 70-year-old year of Congxin: Because "I stand at thirty, and at forty I am not confused." (Confucius said: "I am determined to learn at the age of ten, at thirty I am established, at forty I am not confused, at five At ten, you know the destiny of heaven, at sixty, your ears are attuned, and at seventy, you follow your heart's desires."
- "The Analects of Confucius: For Politics"), so future generations call 70 years old "the year of following the heart." Ancient Xi: It was not easy for people in ancient times to live to be 70 years old.
Du Fu wrote in a poem: "Drinking debts are commonplace, but seventy years of life are rare in ancient times." Later generations often followed this poem and called 70 years old "the rare years in ancient times."
Ancient and rare longevity: refers to the 70th birthday. Originated from Du Fu's poem "Seventy years of life are rare from ancient times".
The year of the ancient seventies, the year of the hanging chariot, and the year of the stick wei: all refer to 70 years old. 苋[dié]: Seventy or eighty years old, generally refers to old age.
For example: 耄[mào]耋[dié. 2. Classical Chinese articles, annotations and translations about the wisdom of young people
I personally like several short stories in the Three Kingdoms. They are relatively short, but quite interesting. One is the story of 12-year-old Yu Fan, and the other two are more famous, and they are the stories of Cao Chong. If the poster is a fan of the Three Kingdoms, you can read it:)
(1)
Yu Fan, whose courtesy name is Zhongxiang, is from Kuaiji, Yuyao. Wu Shu said: Fan Shao is studious and high-spirited. . In the twelfth year of the year, a guest was waiting for his brother, but he turned over the book and said: "I heard that a tiger's spirit does not pick up rotten mustard, and a magnet does not catch a bent needle. It passes by but does not survive. Isn't it appropriate?" The guest found a strange book. It is known from this.
Translation:
Yu's courtesy name is Zhongxiang, and he is a member of Yuyao. It is recorded in Wu Shu of the Three Kingdoms: Yu Fan was eager to learn since he was a child and had the arrogant temperament of a scholar. When he was twelve years old, a guest came to greet his elder brother, but he did not meet Yu Fan. Yu Fan later wrote to a guest: I heard that amber will not attract rotten grass (it contains moisture so it will not be attracted by static electricity), and magnets will not attract bendable needles (gold and silver needles are softer than iron, so they are not attracted by static electricity). will be attracted by magnets), it is quite reasonable for you to ignore me. The guest was very surprised when he saw the letter. Therefore, we can see Yu Fan's agility and flexible application of book knowledge.
(2)
Cao Chongsheng was five or six years old, and he was as wise as an adult.
At that time, Sun Quan once sent a giant elephant. Taizu wanted to know its weight, so he visited many people, but they couldn't find out the reason behind Cao Chong's portrait. Chong said: "Put it on a large elephant ship, carve the mark of the water, weigh the object to carry it, and then you can know it." Taizu was pleased, and he implemented it.
Translation:
When Cao Chong was five or six years old, his intelligence was as high as that of an adult. Once, Sun Quan sent a giant elephant. Taizu wanted to know the weight of the elephant. He asked his subordinates, but no effective method was proposed. Cao Chong said: "Drive the elephant onto the big ship, mark the place where the water surface reaches, and replace the elephant with other things. Then weigh these things and you will know the weight of the elephant." Taizu (Cao Cao) listened. I was very happy and immediately followed this method.
(3)
The country is troubled and the punishment is severe. The saddle of Taizu's horse was in the treasury but was bitten by rats. The treasury officials were afraid that they would die. Chong said: "Wait for three days, and then return home." Chong then used the knife to pierce his unlined clothes, like a rat biting someone, which was mistaken for frustration and a sad look on his face. When Taizu asked about it, he responded: "The world thinks that if a rat gnaws on one's clothes, the owner will be unlucky. Now when one's clothes are gnawed, one feels sad." Taizu said, "This is a lie, and there is no pain." But the treasurer said: When he heard about it, Taizu laughed and said, "My son's clothes are on his side, and they are still in shape. How about the pillars of An'an County." He didn't ask any questions. Chong benevolence, love and knowledge are all like this. There are dozens of people who rely on Chongwei's excuses and excuses in response to accusations of guilt. Taizu praised his ministers several times, hoping to convey his thoughts
Translation:
At the end of the Han Dynasty, wars were frequent, and rulers often used severe punishments to restrain the people. Once, Cao Cao's saddle was bitten by a rat in a warehouse. The officials guarding the warehouse believed that he would definitely die. They discussed tying themselves up and surrendering, but they were still afraid of the death penalty. Cao Chong was kind and reasonable. After learning about this, he asked them to wait for a few days. Cao Chong took a knife and tore his clothes, which looked like they had been bitten by a mouse. He pretended to be frustrated and had a worried look on his face. When Cao Cao saw him and asked him, he said: "The secular people think that if the clothes are bitten by mice, it is unlucky for the owner of the clothes. Now my clothes have been bitten by mice, so I am worried." Cao Cao said: "This is nonsense, don't Worried." Soon after Cao Cao heard about the bitten saddle, he smiled and said, "My son's clothes were bitten even if they were lying around, let alone the saddle hanging on the pillar." So he did not pursue the matter. There were also many people who committed crimes who should have been executed according to the criminal law, but they all received leniency due to Cao Chong's excuse. Cao Cao told his ministers these things and expressed his intention to pass the throne to Cao Chong. 3. When I was a boy, in front of the study room where I lived
1. Translation: When I was a boy, in front of the study room where I lived, there were green bamboos, pines and cypresses and some flowers and plants, which grew lushly in the courtyard. There, many birds build nests on it. Lord Wu Yang hated the act of killing animals and told his children, slaves and servants not to catch birds.
Over the past few years, the nest has bent the branches, and the hatchlings in the nest can be seen secretly by lowering their heads. There are also four to five hundred birds called Tonghuafeng, flying in the yard. The feathers of this bird are the most precious and rare to see, but (this kind of bird) can be very tame and undisturbed. there), and they are not afraid of people.
When people in the countryside saw this phenomenon, they thought it was a strange thing. (Actually) There is no other reason for this. We are not cruel and treat them sincerely, making them trust aliens. There is an old folk saying: If birds build their nests too far away from people, their children will be harassed by snakes, rats, foxes, and eagles.
Since people do not kill birds, they naturally approach people to avoid being harassed by these vicious animals (referring to snakes, rats, foxes, and eagles). From this incident, it can be seen that the reason why birds did not dare to approach people in the past was because the actions of humans were more cruel than those of livestock such as snakes and rats. Cruel and harsh rule is more powerful than a tiger, it is true!
2. Original text: "Birds" by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty
When I was young, in front of the study room where I lived, there were bamboos and cypresses, assorted flowers, that filled the courtyard, and many birds nested on them. Lord Wuyang hates killing, and children and servants are not allowed to catch birds.
For several years, they have nested in low branches, and their grebes can look down and peek. There are also four or five hundred tung flower phoenixes flying among them. The feathers of this bird are extremely rare and rare to see, but it can be tamed and disturbed, but it is not afraid of people. If you see it in the village, you will think it is something strange.
There is no other, unyielding sincerity, trust in others.
There is an old saying in the wild: If a bird's nest is too far away from people, its offspring will be troubled by snakes, rats, foxes, owls, and kites. If people don't kill them, they stay close to others, in order to avoid such troubles. It can be seen from this that if birds and sparrows do not dare to approach people at different times, they will treat people as if they are snakes, rats and the like. "A harsh government is fiercer than a tiger", believe it!
Extended information
1. Appreciation of the work
This article describes how the author's family treats the birds in the courtyard well, and how a few years later the birds can interact with people. The harmonious coexistence illustrates the truth that only by respecting each other and keeping trust can people live in harmony. The article also reflects the author's quality of caring for all living beings and his spirit of being good at observing and thinking about life.
The profound meaning lies in the word "benevolence". The words at the end of the chapter "A harsh government is more fierce than a tiger, believe it!" shows the essence of the word "benevolence". All human feelings are based on "benevolence". Otherwise, the disaster it will bring to society is incalculable. Therefore, Su Shi advocated governing the world with "benevolence". "The hundreds of officials and the vastness of the four seas make their joints and veins connected as one. When you knock, you will hear it, and when you touch it, you will respond.
Husband Therefore, the world can be unified. The nobleness of the emperor and the lowliness of the people can make each other love each other. We can share sorrows and save others." From the philosophical thought of "benevolence", it has been extended to the idea of ??"benevolent government". The scope of political thought.
2. Introduction to the author
Su Shi (1037~1101), also named Zizhan and Hezhong, was a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now part of Sichuan).
Jinshi in 1057 (the second year of Jiayou). In 1069 (the second year of Xining), he wrote a letter to Song Shenzong criticizing Wang Anshi's "new law" for its shortcomings, but it was not adopted.
In 1079 (the second year of Yuanfeng), he learned about Huzhou and was imprisoned for the "Wutai Poetry Case". After he was released from prison, he was demoted to the deputy envoy of Huangzhou Tuanlian and the resettlement of the state. Nai worked hard on Dongpo and called himself "Dongpo layman".
In 1093 (the eighth year of Yuanyou), Zhe Zong came into power, and Su Shi served as the pacifier of Hebei and the governor of Dingzhou.
In 1094 (the first year of Shaosheng), he was demoted to Yingzhou (today's Yingde County, Guangdong) for being falsely accused and impeached. Later, he was changed to deputy envoy of Ningyuan Army and settled in Huizhou. He was not allowed to sign official documents.
In 1100 (the third year of Yuanfu), Huizong succeeded to the throne and ordered Su Shi to move to Lianzhou (Hepu). He was transferred to Shuzhou Tuanlian Deputy Envoy and settled in Yongzhou. He died of illness in Changzhou the next year. He has made outstanding achievements in poetry, lyrics, prose, calligraphy, painting, etc. He has written 50 volumes of "Collected Poems of Su Shi", 73 volumes of "Collected Works of Su Shi", as well as "Dongpo Yuefu" and calligraphy and painting. 4. Classical Chinese essays about smart young men in ancient times
Shangzhongyong (Wang Anshi)
Fang Zhongyong, a commoner in Jinxi, lived in farming for generations. In the fifth year of Zhong Yongsheng's reign, he didn't even know the writing utensils, so he suddenly asked for them. That is to say, he wrote four lines of poetry and gave it his own name. His poems were about raising parents and bringing together the family, and they were passed down to the scholars in the township. Naturally, he refers to objects and writes poems, and his literary and scientific works are impressive. The people of the town were curious about him, and they invited his father as a guest or begged him with coins. The father benefited from this, and Zhongyong paid homage to the people of the city, and did not let him learn.
I have heard about it for a long time. In the Ming Dynasty, when the ancestors returned home and saw them at the uncle's house, they were twelve or three years old. The poems written cannot be compared to those heard in the past. Seven years later, he returned from Yangzhou and went to his uncle's house to ask about it. Said: "Everyone is gone!"
The prince said: Zhongyong's enlightenment is the heaven that accepts it. The heaven that accepts it is that the wise are far away from the talented people. If the death is for everyone, then it will not be suffered by others.
The heaven that accepts it is like this, and it is for the people who do not accept it, and it is for everyone; now the heaven that does not accept it is for everyone, and the people who do not accept it, it is for everyone? 5. Classical Chinese Translation When Shi was seven or eight years old
Shang Mei Zhi Le Shu (a letter written by Su Shi to Mei Yaochen)
Every time Shi read "Poetry" to "Owl", When I read "Book" to "Jun Shi", I often feel sad that Zhou Gong did not meet him. When I read "History", I saw that Confucius was in trouble between Chen and Cai, while the sound of string songs continued, and Yan Yuan and Zhong You were talking to each other and asking questions. The Master said: "'The bandits and tigers are leading the wilderness', my way is not evil, why should I do this?" Yan Yuan said: "The Master's way is great, so no one in the world can tolerate it. Although, what disease can't be tolerated? It cannot be tolerated. Then I will see you, gentleman." The master smiled happily and said: "Come back, I will make you rich, and I will be your master." Although the world cannot accommodate you, I am happy enough to be like this. Now I know that the wealth of the Duke of Zhou is not as good as that of the master. Those who are poor and lowly. If the husband calls the duke's virtuous people and uses Guan and Cai's relatives but does not know his heart, then the Duke of Zhou will be happy with his wealth and honor. And the people who are poor and lowly are all the sages in the world, so it is enough for them. I'm so happy about this. When Shi was seven or eight years old, he first learned to read. He heard that there is Ouyang Gong in the world, who is like the disciples of Meng Ke and Han Yu in ancient times. There is also Mei Gong who travels with him and interacts with others. Discussion. Later, when he became stronger, he could read his words, and wanted to see him as a human being, thinking that he was free from worldly pleasures and enjoying himself. Fang studied the prose of antiphonal rhythm, seeking the salary of promotion, and self-control. Yijin met among the princes. He has been in the capital for more than a year and has never seen its door. This spring, people from all over the world came to the Ministry of Rites, and the deacon and Mr. Ouyang tried it in person. Sincerely, he was not surprised, and he won the second place. After hearing about it, People, the deacon loves his writings and thinks he has the style of Mencius. And Ouyang Gong also likes his writings because he can not be secular, so he is here. It is not to introduce it, not to invite relatives. , and for more than ten years, those who heard his name but could not see him were regarded as confidants for a while. When he stepped back and thought about it, people should not live in wealth, nor should they live in poverty. It's enough to rely on it. If you are lucky enough to ride dozens of people from the chariot, so that the people in Luxiang gather to watch and admire it, how can it be so easy to enjoy it? "Biography" says: "Don't blame God, don't blame others." He was so good that he could die at the age of 10. The deacon was famous all over the world, but he was only in the fifth rank. His face was warm but not angry, and his writing was generous and honest without complaining. This must be a happy thing. Shi was willing to be with him. Wen Yan.
When Su Shi was seven or eight years old, 6. Find a classical Chinese article. An old man said that he asked a young man to come to him early in the morning, and the young man went
"Historical Records" by the old man Weishang ·Liuhou Family" Liangchang leisurely walked leisurely in Pi'an. There was an old man in brown clothes. When he came to a good place, he fell straight under his shoes. Gu said to Liang: "My little boy, get down and pick up your shoes!" 'Liang Eran, wanted to beat him; because he was old and forbearing, he went down to take the shoes. The father said: 'I will take the shoes.' Liangye wanted to take the shoes, because he was a long-term man, and he knelt down to take the shoes. The father accepted it with his feet, and left with a smile. Liang Shu was shocked and followed him. His father went to his place and came back, saying, "I can teach you, little boy!" Five days before dawn, meet me here. Liang was surprised, so he knelt down and said, "Nuo." "Go and say: "We will meet early in the next five days." On the fifth day, the rooster crows. Goodbye, my father is here again. He is angry and says: "Why?" "Go and say: "We will come back early in the next five days." One day, the good night was not yet half over. After a while, my father also came and said happily: "It must be like this." He published a book and said: "Read this and you will be the teacher of the king. In the next ten years, I will be prosperous. In the thirteenth year, the boy will see me in Jibei. "The yellow stone at the foot of Gucheng Mountain is mine." Then he left without saying anything else and never saw him again. I looked at his book every day and found it was "Tai Gong's Art of War". Translation: Zhang Liang had nothing to do, so he went to the bridge at Xiapi Went up for a walk. An old man, wearing a coarse short coat, walked to where Zhang Liang stood, deliberately threw his shoes under the bridge, looked at Zhang Liang and said, "Young man, go down and get your shoes!" Zhang Liang was surprised and surprised. He was angry and wanted to beat him; but seeing that he was old, he suppressed his anger, got off the bridge, and fetched his shoes for him. The old man said, "Put them on for me!" Zhang Liang thought, since he had fetched them for him, The old man put on his shoes and put them on, so he knelt down and put them on for him. The old man stretched out his feet and asked Zhang Liang to put on his shoes and walked away with a smile. Zhang Liang was surprised and stared at him. After walking about a mile away, he came back and said, "Young people can be educated! In the morning five days later, you will meet me here." Zhang Liang felt strange, so he knelt down and said, "Okay." After several tests, the old man in the village finally gave Zhang Liang a copy of "Tai Gong's Art of War" and told him: "If you read this book, you will be the king's military adviser." That is to say: after reading this book, you can be the emperor's military adviser. And introduced himself as Mr. Huang Shi.