First of all, some disyllabic words are pronounced as post-tone sandhi according to the conventional pre-tone sandhi. There are two kinds of post-tone sandhi rules of these disyllabic words: one is to tone sandhi completely according to the tone sandhi value of derivative words; The other is probably due to the internal structure of these words, which is based on the basic tone sandhi value, that is, except for the first syllable of the reader's tone, the following syllables are tone sandhi according to their own tone category, and the tone sandhi value is the same as the basic one, but basically it is tone sandhi before this tone, and here it is tone sandhi after this tone. This mode of tone sandhi is limited to some disyllabic words, which is not universal and can be regarded as a flexible use of basic expressions. For example:
Variation of tone sandhi value according to derivative: similar benefits come back.
Tones vary according to basic formulas: for example, even words
Secondly, some words or morphemes are obviously tone sandhi due to structural reasons. For example:? Aunt Amjo? 、? Just got up? .
The third is to emphasize a word in order to highlight a certain meaning. This word (or the last syllable of this word) is pronounced in tone, and the following words are tone sandhi after reading. For example:? I asked you to come (not others)? ,? Did I call you? ,? I asked you to come (why didn't you come)? .
Fourthly, in order to express the need of strong tone, the whole sentence is a special form of tone sandhi, regardless of the tone sandhi unit. Like what? Does it taste good？ ,? Why not interfere with *D(o tie)? .
In fact, except for a few disyllabic words and phrases, the above-mentioned examples of derivative tone sandhi generally only appear in sentences. It belongs to the tone sandhi in the sentence. But even the tone sandhi in a sentence is based on single word and two-word tone sandhi. Although oral English will change more or less due to the change of grammatical structure or different language environment, the change mode of single-word harmony and double-word tone is basically unchanged. Therefore, the problem of sentence tone sandhi can also be regarded as the problem of tone sandhi of single word and two words.
Except Phoenix, the tones of other representative points of Chaozhou dialect are the same, as shown in the following table:
Tone value and basic tone table of Fenghuang dialect
Tone sandhi
Tone category and tone value are pre-word and post-word.
Generally before Shang Ming, Yang Ping and Yang Ren.
Flat tone 34 33
Yinshang No.53212
Yin Dao 2 13 3 1 53
Yin-in 1 3 5
Yang Ping55 211
Shangyang 335 2 1
Yangqu 1 1
Training Methods of Tone Music in Putonghua
Author: john young Peng Li Liu Huiwen
We often hear people say: this person speaks Mandarin very well! That man speaks Mandarin, but he doesn't feel authentic and doesn't listen very well. ? We often hear people talk like this? County-level stations are not as good as provincial stations, and local stations are not as good as CCTV ... I think besides many factors such as expression skills, sound quality and technical support, an important reason here is that the pronunciation of Mandarin is not enough, the tone is not accurate and the tone is not in place. Speaking Putonghua well, first of all, is the standardization of pronunciation, which is the foundation and the key to measure whether a person's Putonghua is standard. However, some local TV broadcasters, especially some Putonghua lovers, did not start with the most basic pronunciation and intonation of Putonghua, but were eager to put the cart before the horse and made blind efforts in the processing and expression of their works. Without a solid foundation, castles in the air are certainly unreliable. Finally, they have to rework and practice from the basics, and it is inevitable to leave CCTV. Just like learning calligraphy, they don't live in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but respect the contemporary era and doodle everywhere if they are interested. There are eight dialects in Chinese, and the main differences between dialects are mainly manifested in pronunciation. If people in dialect areas want to learn standard Mandarin, they must first pass the phonetic barrier, and the expression of pronunciation is tone. Tones also pay attention to tone categories and tone values. Dialects in different places have different tone categories, such as five tone categories in Nanjing and nine tone categories in Guangzhou. Mandarin has four tones. Tone value of Putonghua is a concrete expression of tone, with high and low tone changes, which can be divided into Gao Pingtiao (55), treble (35), falling tone (2 14) and full tone (5 1). This is the actual pronunciation of the tone. Five-degree marking? To mark the tone value, that is, a vertical line is divided into four squares and five degrees to indicate the relative pitch of the tone, and a line is drawn on the left side of the vertical line to indicate the form of pitch change. A large number of Putonghua training materials or self-study tutoring materials printed and distributed in China are mostly marked as "five-degree practice method", as shown in the following figure (selected from the teaching materials of Broadcasting Department of Guangdong University). The first five-degree marking method:
The second five-degree scoring method:
Although the above picture can be seen clearly, it makes people feel at a loss in actual use. Five degrees? What is it? How to understand and grasp the degree? Many books about tones, such as Modern Chinese, are also discussed, and Putonghua promotion textbooks are more talked about. Some training textbooks focus on the differences and contrast between the tones of Middle Chinese and Mandarin, or describe the strict contrast between the tone categories of dialect areas and Mandarin in more detail, but ignore the question, that is, how to read the tone values marked in these books? It is difficult to start scientific training without an accurate index to feel the specific adjustment value of 1 degree to 5 degrees. Xia Qing, an old-timer in China's broadcasting field, once said that imitation is the first step in broadcasting, especially in the beginner stage, and imitation is extremely critical. I think it is easier for a beginner to imitate if he has ready-made teachers and audio-visual materials; But if he doesn't have a ready-made teacher, he only has books, and many books are often confusing to read and do, which brings certain difficulties to beginners. In many years of music teaching and broadcasting practice, we have gradually explored a set of simple and easy-to-learn tone practice methods-Putonghua tone music training method. Now I'd like to introduce you:
Friends who know a little about the staff know that we can intuitively understand the specific characteristics of pitch from the staff: the pitch of the staff is from bottom to top and from low to high. From the above picture, we can think of pitch over-practice as a simple score of 12345 and sing it as do re mi fa sol. Flat (55) can be sung as (sol sol), flat (35) as (mi sol), rising tone (2 14) as (re do fa), falling tone (5 1) as (sol do). Huh? Instead, you must practice slowly. At first, you may feel uncomfortable. Why use such a long tone to practice a tone that is not like Mandarin? It seems to be singing. In fact, most people are not used to and don't like doing this standardized exercise, and they don't understand the benefits of doing so. After a period of time, the tone can be shortened, and each syllable is like a normal speech speed.
You will find that the exercises you do are completely within the five-tone specification of do re mi fa sol. Tone practice has rules to follow. Of course, this specification is relative. Everyone has a tone that suits him best. Training in his best vocal area will help beginners to have a brilliant voice and avoid vocal cord problems. As we all know, this is called "inaccurate singing in music"? Out of tune? Can't touch the tune? Out of tune? Now, we standardize the tuning values in music. If the tuning value is not accurate, we can see it immediately by comparing the five degrees of do sol( 15), which saves a lot of trouble and reduces the work pressure of the tutor's demonstration and correction. Practitioners can also increase their interest in learning and conduct comparative exercises by themselves. Of course, if practitioners know a little about notation or staff, even if they don't know anything about notation, it would be better if they can sing the five notes of 12345(do re mi fa sol) correctly. Repeated training not only strengthens the tone of Putonghua but also strengthens the learning of music, which has the best of both worlds.
In learning, we will find such problems. The rising tone of Putonghua (2 14) is the most difficult to grasp. How to turn the corner? How long will it take? Many textbooks don't explain it, or just say that the upper tone is the longest of the four tones, and this length is missing a degree. Through the analysis of Xu Shirong's Putonghua phonetic recording, Ding Ran's demonstration recording of Putonghua by a famous CCTV announcer, and the demonstration recording of many famous CCTV artists, it is found that the tuning of Putonghua (Yin and Yang ascending) should be standardized with 2/4 beats. Flat tone and rising tone are all about singing one beat and stopping one beat, and going to sound is about singing one and a half beats and stopping one and a half beats. Uplink (2 14) means to sing a beat, sing a beat when going down from 2 to 1, and sing a beat when going up from 1 to 4 (instead of the situation that 2 to 1 takes up about one third of the uplink and 1 to 4 takes up two thirds). Only through long-term step-by-step practice, from slow to fast, from shallow to deep, step by step, can we achieve good training results.
Pay attention to the flat voice when practicing-Gao Pingtiao, the vocal cords should be slightly tightened when pronouncing, because the pitch is the highest and the pitch cannot be lowered. Ascending tone-high note, the vocal cords never relax when pronouncing, and gradually tighten, and the voice goes from low to high. When practicing Yangping (3-5), it is like walking on a slope gradually and gently. Just like Yin Ping, it never turns, or it's a bit like the third note. Is this also Mandarin? Bad taste? An important reason. What is the tone of level and level? Flat and soft? . Ascending tone-descending and ascending tone, gradually relaxing when descending and gradually tightening when ascending. What is sound potential? Strong? . Sound is like walking in a tube with the same diameter and always the same width. It is easy to get down when you go up. In the process of pronunciation, the sound is mainly expressed in the bass range of 2- 1 degree, which is the basic feature of the upper voice. The upward pitch of 14 must be accurate, neither high nor low. Voiced-full tone. When pronouncing, the vocal cords should be slightly tense until they are completely relaxed. When practicing, you must go from 5(sol) to 1(do), with a clean ending and potential sound. Qingyuan? . When syllables are stressed, the sound is easy to split, such as? The four seas are turbulent and angry, and the five continents are turbulent and thunderous? Medium? Oscillation? The reason for the split is that the relaxation of breath is completely out of control, which makes the vocal cords too late to cooperate. Although the pronunciation of disyllabic words has a relaxing process, are you still angry when you come down? Joe? Be careful. Please be sure to note that the four-tone exercise is the best, the most accurate and the most standardized.
Putonghua broadcasting is a young art, and the training of Putonghua pronunciation is the basis of learning Putonghua well. The key to mastering Putonghua is inaccurate intonation. There is no limit to the sea of art, which is just the author's superficial understanding of Putonghua learning and teaching.
Chinese Pinyin Knowledge-Pinyin Information