writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), and the common ones are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, narrative and discussion, blending of scenes, contrast and foreshadowing.
Expression means common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
1. Characteristics of the first-person narrative method
Because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", it means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or the narrator's own personal experience, which makes the reader feel kind and true. Using the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be people and events within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in.
2. Characteristics of the third-person narrative method
Narrating in the third person, the narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physiology or psychology, and can directly show people and things in the article to the readers and reflect social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative.
3. features of the sequential narration method
the sequential narration is to describe things in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of the occurrence and development of things, so it is easy to write articles in a clear and coherent way. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight the key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list, and it is easy to make a straightforward statement, like a running book, which makes people dull to read.
4. Flashback Method
Flashback is not a way to tell the whole event in reverse, but a way to tell it in sequence except for advancing a certain part. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; Second, in order to make the structure of the article varied and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article has twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be a clear boundary between flashback and sequence, and there should be necessary text transition to achieve natural connection. Special attention should be paid to not tossing and turning aimlessly and repeatedly, which makes the article unclear.
5. Interpolation
Features
Interpolation is to express the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters who appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and usurp the host's role. When inserting the narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.
6. Supplementary narrative method
Features
Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and brief, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the words of explanation or explanation in front to cause the following. The function of supplementary narration generally does not develop plots and events, but only enriches and supplements the original narrative.
7. Classification method
Features
The function of classification is to make the complicated and complicated things clear and orderly. You can narrate one thing first, then another, or you can narrate several things crosswise. When using classification, we should establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed.
8. Detailed description method
Features
Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of everything. When describing in detail, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail and in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so that the center of the article can be highlighted. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is cumbersome.
9. characteristics of brief narration
the function of brief narration is to explain what is indispensable in the process of the occurrence and development of the event, but it is not necessary to elaborate. When it is combined with detailed narration, the whole narration is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narration. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part that is generally related to the central idea; What people know.
1. Features of direct lyric method
Direct lyric can make feelings simple and true and shake people's hearts. Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings. The characteristics of direct lyricism are strong feelings in narration, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp.
11. Characteristics of indirect lyric method
The characteristics of indirect lyric are implicit and indirect, full of charm and strong appeal. Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration, in which the author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration; It can also be lyrical through discussion. In the discussion, the author expresses strong feelings of love, hate and praise. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out by judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description. Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and full of emotion.
12. Features of the method of narration before discussion
Narration before discussion means narration before discussion, so discussion should play the role of summarizing the above and focusing on courage. When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main characters or things of the event. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party.
13. Discussion before narration
Features
The method of discussion before narration is adopted. First, the main points and centers of narration are put forward directly, and the whole text is unified by this method, so that the significance of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion. When narrating, we should write according to the center of discussion and grasp the key points.
14. Features of the narrative discussion method
The narrative discussion method is characterized by alternating narrative and discussion, and the writing method is flexible and changeable, so that the author can freely express his feelings. When using the method of narration and discussion, we should pay attention to the coherence of narration, and the discussion should be inserted naturally.
15. Taking things as clues
Features
In the process of narration, an object is allowed to appear repeatedly at all stages of the event, and its image is enhanced by various means. This kind of object often plays a transitional role or symbolizes and points out the central idea.
16. People-oriented clues
Features
When narrating with people-oriented clues, we should pay attention to the unity of characters in different times and environments, as well as the unity of their age characteristics, appearance, movements, local and ethnic characteristics and living habits. Otherwise, it is easy to cause confusion.
17. Take the change of thought as the clue
Characteristics
In this writing, the main line of ideological development should be clear. All stages of ideological change should be natural and clear.
18. Taking the central event as a clue
Features
The narrative of major events is prominent, the minor events are clearly explained, the primary and secondary events are reasonably matched, and the narrative is orderly. In this way, no matter how complicated the incident is, it can be complicated without chaos.
19. Sketch method
Features
To learn painting, you should start with sketching and sketching; To learn calligraphy, we should start from the practice of tracing the red paste; Learning objects also needs to be practiced from sketching. When we write a composition, if we can describe what we see in words, readers will have a solid foundation if they see the article. When describing objects by sketching, we should pay attention to the order of description, either from top to bottom, or from bottom to top, or from left to right, or from right to left, or from middle to both sides, or from both sides to middle, or from whole to part, or from part to whole. Secondly, we should pay attention to the description of details, so that readers will be deeply impressed.
2. Features of the rotation method
The rotation method should be used to describe objects in a certain order, and it is not allowed to turn around. Secondly, we should accurately use directional words such as front, back, bottom, top, left, right, etc. When changing the direction of articles, we should use directional words to indicate them. In addition, it is necessary to be detailed, and the side that can reflect the characteristics of the article should be described in detail, and the others should be briefly explained. It is forbidden to cover all aspects and use the strength evenly.
21. Features of the method of peeling bamboo shoots
Some items are complicated in structure, which can't be described clearly by the rotation method alone, and we can't grasp the characteristics, so we have to describe the structure of the items from the outside to the inside or from the inside to the outside. It is necessary to use transitional words to explain clearly which level to enter. In addition, it is necessary to introduce the structure of the article with emphasis.
22. Characteristics of anthropomorphic method
When comparing animals with adults, we should pay attention to finding out the similarities between the characteristics of animals and people and make a detailed description. To compare an animal with an adult, we must first compare it with an adult as a whole, and then find out the local similarities. In this way, we can have a sense of integrity after reading it. If we only grasp the local comparison, it is easy to appear neither fish nor fowl, and it is not easy for readers to imagine. Comparing animals to humans is also used to describe animal movements. This is mainly the purpose of imagining animal movements according to the psychological activities of the characters.
23, the characteristics of the dynamic method
Imagine the dynamic and static description of objects, so that they can set each other off and become interesting. The article changes from describing static to imagining dynamic or from dynamic to imagining static, and the description should be clear, otherwise it will be unclear which part is seen and which part is thought of. The article's imaginary object dynamics should conform to the characteristics of the object, so that people can read it credibly.
24. Descriptive method
Features
When describing an article by descriptive method, we should first describe its characteristics truly, and then grasp the key points to explain it. For example, when explaining various parts of an article, some parts can explain its texture; Some parts can explain its characteristics; Some parts can explain its function. In addition, when explaining the history, characteristics or uses of articles, we should focus on the center of the full text and avoid digressing too far.
25. Use the "five senses" method
Features
Eyes can see the color and shape of objects; Ears can hear all kinds of sounds; Nose can smell fragrance, stink, fishy smell and shame; The tongue can know the bitterness, spicy, sour, sweet, salty, light and astringent of the goods; The skin can perceive the softness, hardness and coldness of objects. When we describe objects, we can write the characteristics of objects through the feelings of various sensory organs. When using the "five senses" method to describe objects, we should pay attention to writing around the most important characteristics of objects and avoid fragmentation. In addition, we should pay attention to the description in a certain order.
26. The method of expressing feelings by borrowing things
Features
When describing things, we should pin our feelings on the love and hate of things and express our feelings implicitly by borrowing the images of things. Using the method of expressing emotion by borrowing things, the key is to find out the characteristics of things and the places where their feelings arouse * * *, so that things and feelings can be unified and feelings can be relied on.
27. Features of the method of expressing one's will with objects
The characteristic of an article written with the method of expressing one's will with objects is to compare or symbolize a certain spirit, character, thoughts, feelings, etc. To write such an article well, we must master the internal relations between "objects" and "aspirations" and "objects" and "feelings". First of all, the main characteristics of an article should have some similarities and similarities with one's own aspirations and wishes. Secondly, when describing, your ambition should be centered on the characteristics of the object. Articles should be able to express their wishes. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol.
28, the article self-report method
Features
The article self-report method uses the first person to describe the article, so I want my article to have human characteristics. In the concrete description, we should pay attention to accurately grasp the characteristics of the object, so that the personalized object not only embodies the characteristics of people, but also does not lose its true colors. With human characteristics, the objects are vivid, attract readers' interest, and clearly show the author's thoughts and feelings. Preserve the essential characteristics of objects, and the description of objects is true and natural.
29. View from a distance
Features
Buildings can be viewed from a distance or from a distance. Overlooking the building, you can get the overall impression and outline of the building. However, it is impossible to see the specific situation of each part from a distance, but there is a lack of a sense of wholeness about the location of the building in space, and there is often a sense of obscurity. When we describe a building, we can combine the results of distant view and close view, so that readers can have a detailed understanding of the whole and each part of the building and get a complete impression.
3, the combination of inside and outside
Features
Looking at the building from the outside, we mainly understand the outline of the building, so that readers have a complete impression of the building. Looking at the building from the inside, we mainly understand the structure of the building, so we should make a detailed introduction. Observing the building from the outside should focus on describing it as a whole, and avoid writing it in pieces. Observing the building from the inside should be meticulous, so it should be introduced in order of orientation, so that it can be organized clearly and understood by readers. When describing buildings with the combination of inside and outside, we should pay attention to rhetoric methods such as metaphor and personification.
31. Step-by-step and shape-changing method
Features
The method of step-by-step and shape-changing is used to describe the building, which can constantly change the foothold and observation point and observe and describe the building in many aspects. Looking at the same building from different angles, we get different impressions. Therefore, the observation point and foothold should be clearly explained in describing buildings by the method of step-by-step transformation, so that readers can understand from which angle the building image you described is seen. Otherwise, it is easy to confuse readers. Secondly, when describing buildings with the method of step-by-step transformation, we must grasp the most important features of buildings to write. If you use a comprehensive method to describe it, the article will easily become a running account.
32. Description and introduction method
Features
When using description and introduction method to describe buildings, first of all, we should pay attention to the center determined by the article and make necessary description and introduction, and avoid rambling. In the process of explanation and introduction, we should be concise and to the point, and avoid dragging our feet. When describing a building by means of description and introduction, we should also pay attention to the overall coherence, that is to say, after the description and introduction, the article should return to describing the building and connect with the previous article. The article should have transitional words or sentences from describing buildings to introducing them, or from introducing them back to describing buildings.
33. Features of the environmental foil method
The surroundings are all green, and a little red in the middle is particularly bright and eye-catching, so it is said that "a little red among all greens". A proper description of the scenery around the building makes the building stand out. The purpose of describing the scenery around the building is to highlight the building, so it is necessary to set off the characteristics of the building when describing the scenery, and it is forbidden to write close-up the scenery without leaving the building. Cause a hubbub. When describing the scenery around the building, you should