(1) ① The market breaks through the limitations of time and space; ② Commercial activities are no longer directly supervised by officials; ③ Overseas trade becomes more prosperous; ④ Urban commerce is prosperous; ⑤ The world’s earliest paper currency appears And use it a lot.
(2) ① Movable type printing promoted the spread of world culture; ② Gunpowder was widely used in military affairs, helping the Western bourgeoisie defeat feudal autocracy in modern times; ③ The compass was used in navigation; in the geographical discovery (or played an important role in the opening of new shipping routes).
(3) The rise of acting studies in the Song Dynasty made literati pay more attention to inner cultivation, which was reflected in the emphasis on spiritual tolerance in calligraphy and the emphasis on artistic conception in painting.
(4) The autocratic monarchy reached its peak; the commodity economy developed and capitalism sprouted; New Confucianism further restricted people’s thoughts (or reflected people’s desire to pursue the free development of individuality at that time).