Li Si was not only a famous politician in Qin Dynasty, but also the first innovator with written records in the history of calligraphy in China. It played a pioneering role in the development of China's calligraphy. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Minister Li Si presided over the unification of the national characters, which was a great achievement in the cultural history of China. Li Si was also a famous calligrapher in Qin Dynasty. He presided over the sorting out of Biography. Yishan stone carving, Taishan stone carving, Langya stone carving and Huiji stone carving are books written by Li Si. All previous dynasties have a very high evaluation.
Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Cai Yong (A.D. 132- 192) was a writer and calligrapher in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zi Bo was born in Chen (now south of Qixian County, Henan Province). When Han offered the emperor, he worshipped Zuo Zhonglang, so later generations also called him "Cai Zhonglang".
In addition to literature such as classics and history, Cai Yi is also good at ci and fu, and her calligraphy can be sealed and printed. Li Shu, in particular, has the deepest attainments and the highest reputation, and has the evaluation of "Cai Yong's book is vigorous and refreshing".
In the fourth year of Emperor Xi of Han Ping, Cai Yong and other six classics were written in Zhengding. Cai Yong thinks that these classics have many mistakes and fallacies because of their attachment to vulgar Confucianism, so in order not to delay the later study, they are brought into play. After the imperial edict, Yong personally wrote Dan on the tablet, ordered the workers to engrave it, and stood outside imperial academy, with 46 tablets. These tablets are called Hongdu Shijing, also known as Xiping Shijing. It is said that after Ishii was founded, more than 100O cars were occupied every day.
Emperor Ling ordered workers to repair the Hongdu Department (known as Hongdu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, where imperial books were collected), and craftsmen used brooms to sweep white powder to write on the wall. Cai Yong was inspired by this and created the Book of Flying Whites. This style of writing, which is a simple sketch, seems to be written with a dry pen, and it is a unique style. Zhang Tang Huaiguan commented on Cai Yong's "Flying White Book" in the preface, saying that "flying white is wonderful and moving".
Cai Yong is famous, so later generations attached some inscriptions and works to Cai Yong's name. It is said that its original work was rare in the Tang Dynasty.
Zhang zhi of the three kingdoms
Date of birth is unknown. He died in the third year of Chu Ping of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (about AD 192) and was born in Jiuquan, Dunhuang (now Gansu). Study hard and be good at ancient times, but be weak at ancient times. When the court refused to sign the Tao, people called themselves "Zhang Youdao". If he is good at Cao Zhang, he will get rid of the old habits, preserve Cao Zhang's stippling and become a "modern grass". In the Broken Book, both Cao Shu and Cao Shu are listed as gods, saying, "You Cao Shu was born in Du and Cui Ai. Dragon and leopard change and shine on you. It is also made in this grass. It is not a pity that the weather is different and the rate is over-opened. If Qingjian has a long origin, then infinite flow will return to Cliff Valley and let it be natural "; Known as "learning the method of Cui (Yuan) and Du (Cao), it is strange to change it to this grass." The style of Chinese characters is formed by strokes, occasionally disconnected, but the blood vessels are continuous, even the veins are connected. Dan Wei, a calligrapher of the Three Kingdoms, called him "the sage of grass". Jin Wang's book only praised Zhong (Yao) and Zhang (Zhi) for Han and Wei calligraphy, but thought the rest were not satisfactory. Zhang Xu, Dan Wei, Suo Jing, Wang Xizhi and his son, Zhang Xu and Huai Su all came from Boying. Yang: "Zhang Zhi, Zhong You and others were called' book saints' at that time, but they were strong and muscular, and they were the first of all saints, so it was natural. "
Zhang Zhiqin's spirit of practicing calligraphy has become a historical story. Wei Heng's "Four-body Book" records: Zhang Zhi "Where clothes and silks are at home, you must write before you practice (boiling and dyeing);" Learn books in the pool, and the pool is exhausted. "Later generations called calligraphy" Linchi ",that is, from this. You Cao have the reputation of "sage of grass". At that time, people even cherished his Mo Bao to the point of "not leaving an inch of paper".
Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Xianzhi
Zhiyong
Zhiyong, a monk between Chen and Sui, is famous for his surname Wang. He is good at taking notes and writing, especially cursive. He is the seventh grandson of Wang Xizhi and the fifth empress of Wang Xizhi. The monks in Yinshan Yongxin Temple (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) are called "Yong Zen Master". I often live in Yongxing Temple Pavilion, and I am accustomed to Linchi. Closed-door research for 30 years. At first, he studied calligraphy with Xiao Ziyun. Later, he took his ancestor Wang Xizhi as his ancestor and devoted himself to studying in Yongxin Temple Pavilion for 30 years. Discarded pens are filled with five bamboo poles and buried in a grave, which is called "returning pens". Zhiyong became a famous calligrapher. When so many people came to Mo Bao, they broke through the threshold and had to be wrapped in iron. Later, this story became an allusion called "Iron Gate Limit". Zhiyong inherited the family law brilliantly, and his energy was extraordinary. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, calligraphers seldom came to school. A hundred years old is the end. Zhiguo, Cai Bian and Yu Shidnandu are very wise, and they all have calligraphy.
Dong Qichang's Essay on Painting Zen Rooms in the Ming Dynasty said that he learned from Zhong You's Show Table, "Every pen must twist its pen and sink into a bundle instead, so-called writing should be through the back of the paper". He, who wrote Thousand Characters, said: "Pens and pens come from the air and live in the air. Although there are leaks in the house, it is not enough to say. " When we read his ink painting "Thousand Characters" carefully, we can see that he hides his head and protects his tail, and his brushwork is tortuous, subtle and rhythmic. Dong and his words can be described as accurate, specific and appropriate.
Yu Shinan
Yu Shinan, Bo Shi. The second year of Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasty (AD 558)-the twelfth year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (AD 638), 8 1 year old. Yuyao, a native of Yuezhou (now Zhejiang). . When I was a teenager, I learned from Gu. After ten years of unremitting thinking, my article is civilized in the world. He was an official of the Chen and Sui Dynasties, and at first he was a trusted minister of Yang Di. After entering the Tang Dynasty, he was a bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion, and he was the official to the secretary supervisor. In the seventh year of Zhenguan, he was named Yongxing County (the world name was Yongxing). Won the respect of Emperor Taizong. After his death, he gave Li Shangshu a painting in Lingyange, one of the twenty-four heroes. Emperor Taizong once wrote: "Heather is a talented person, so there are five unique skills." One is loyalty, the other is friendship, the third is blogging, the fourth is rhetoric, and the fifth is writing. "
Yu Shinan learned calligraphy from Sun Zhiyong, the seventh son of the famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi, and was handed down by him personally, which made the "two kings" and Zhiyong's clever brushwork, so his calligraphy was round and plump, soft outside and firm inside, and his blood was smooth. Yu Shinan was quiet, lustless, strong-willed, and upright in his comments, which won the esteem of Emperor Taizong. His calligraphy is round and vigorous, soft outside and firm inside. Critics believe that nepotism is fluttering, but the body is in step, which is a crime. His calligraphy, taught by Professor Zhiyong, inherited the tradition of the two kings and achieved good results. It can be called the masterpiece of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is also called the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty with Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang and Xue Qi.
Yu Shinan doesn't choose pen and paper to write a book, but pays great attention to sitting posture and wrist movements. He believes that as long as the posture is correct and the wrist is weak, even thick paper and bald pen can be handy and creative.
Ouyang Xun
Ou Yangxun (557 ~ 44 1) was born in Linxiang, Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan). The higher the rank of official to prince, the more Hong Wen learned from natural history and soil, and sealed the Duke of Bohai Sea. Exposing ancient and modern times, books will do their best, especially for incorruptibility and running. Beginners Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi absorbed the model essays of Han Li and Wei and Jin Dynasties and made innovations. Their brushwork is bold, thin and hard, and their attitude is rigorous and elegant, forming their own "European style", which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. According to historical records, Ou Yangxun was ugly, but he was extremely clever. He is well-read and proficient in classics and history, especially the three histories. " Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and Xue Qi were also called "four schools in the early Tang Dynasty".
Zhang Tang said, "The Theory of Practice in Ou Yangxun is based on the grand sequence, which is incomplete. As dense as an armory spear and halberd, Shen Feng is stricter than the wise and brave, and the ornament is not as good as the south of the city. "There are many books in Europe, including Zhong Ni Meng Diantie, Shang Bo Tie and Hans Zhang Tie. Inscriptions include Monument to the stupa of Huadu Temple, Monument to Jiucheng Palace, Monument to Huangfushengchen, Monument to Yugong Gonggong, Records of Zongsheng Temple, etc.
Ou Yangxun's greatest contribution is his arrangement of regular script structure. According to legend, Ou Yangxun summed up the construction methods of thirty-six regular script fonts and named them "Ou Yangxun Thirty-six Methods". Although this method is mixed with explanations or reflections made by later generations, a large part of it must be Ou Yangxun's: his research has completely got rid of the irregular changes of unstable glyphs and entered the level of modeling analysis, and the mature concept of calligraphy structure has been considered at this point.
Yan Zhenqing
Yan Zhenqing, (709-785), a native of Wanzhao, Jingzhao, was born in Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong) in the Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan Jinshi An Shi Rebellion, who made meritorious service in resisting thieves, entered Beijing as an official, prince and founder of the county, so it was also called Yan. When Li Xilie rebelled in Dezong, he put the country first and went to the enemy camp to know what was right. He was finally killed by Li Xilie at the age of 77. The imperial edict of Dezong said: "He is blessed with unique advantages, outstanding in public loyalty and loyal to the four dynasties." In the history of calligraphy, he is the most accomplished and influential calligrapher after the two kings. His book was a beginner in Zhang Xu, and there were four schools in the early Tang Dynasty. After that, many scholars were widely gathered to change the past into the law, forming a solemn, square and simple "face style". Have a great influence on future generations. It is said that there are 138 kinds of his works. Regular script includes "Many Pagodas and Monuments" and "The Story of Magu Xiantan". All of them are very individual, such as "Jing Qing presses the sword, Fan Kuai holds the shield, King Kong looks at his eyes, and Lux punches." There are several cursive scripts, such as Sacrifice to My Nephew, Contention for Seats, Pei Jun Post and Confessions. Among them, offering sacrifices to nephews is the highest artistic realm in a very sad mood, and it is called "the second running script in the world". Mi Fei's Book History: "The book of seats is very powerful, and it is the first of Yan's books. The characters are connected, flying strangely and unexpectedly."
He is honest, clean and honest, has a sense of justice, never condescends to the powerful, condescends to flatter, and is famous for his benevolence and righteousness. His loyal and glorious deeds throughout his life improved his position in calligraphy.
When Yan Zhenqing was young, his family was poor and lacked paper and pens, so he used a pen to brush loess water to practice calligraphy on the wall. Chu Suiliang, a beginner, studied under Zhang Xu and four masters in the early Tang Dynasty. He not only accepted the seal script, but also accepted the writing style of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which made him unique. Contrary to the writing style of the early Tang Dynasty, he changed from thin and hard to full and vigorous, with great momentum. He is called "Yan Ti". Yan Ti has established his immortal status of regular script for thousands of years, and Yan Zhenqing is one of the influential calligraphy masters in the history of China calligraphy. His "Yan Ti", together with Liu Gongquan, is also called "Yan Liu" and has the reputation of "Yan Liu Jin Gu".
Liu Gongquan
Liu Gongquan (778-865), the last great calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Jingzhao Garden (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). The palace is a prince, so the deceased called it "Liu". He was a 29-year-old scholar and served as a junior official in the local area. Later, Tang Muzong came across his handwriting. Once called to Chang 'an by the imperial court. Liu Gongquan was in his forties at that time. Mu Zong asked Liu Gongquan how to use a pen, and Gong Quan replied: "Use a pen in your heart, and your mind is right." "When Mu Zong was lonely, he changed his face and realized his remonstrance. His calligraphy was always valued in Tang Muzong, Jing Zong and Wenzong. He lived an official life, grew up in Korea and had a successful career. Wang Xizhi, a beginner in calligraphy, later studied modern calligraphy, studied under Yan Zhenqing, absorbed his new ideas, and then got married and created his own unique Liu style, which is a model for later generations. His handwriting is even, thin and hard, and he pursues Wei Bei firmly. His stippling is crisp and beautiful, with thick bones and compact body. " Books are expensive, thin and hard, and the spirit is clear. "Compared with his face, his regular script is slightly flat and thin, so it is called" Yan Gu ". Liu Gongquan died at the age of 80 and served seven emperors. He lived in Dali, Tang Daizong for thirteen years (AD 778)-Xian Tong, Tang Yizong for six years (AD 865), and finally died in the post of Prince Shao Shi.
Liu Gongquan has many works handed down from generation to generation. The inscriptions handed down from ancient times include the Diamond Sutra, the Mysterious Tower Monument and the Su Feng Monument. Among them, the engraved version of Diamond Sutra, the mysterious pagoda monument and the Shence Army monument can best represent its regular script style. Liu Gongquan's cursive scripts include Shen Fu, Sixteenth and Insulting Xiang Tie. Their style still inherits the style of the Wangs, which is rigorous and natural. In addition, there are ink marks such as "Zhao Meng Post" and "Pear Post and Postscript from Wang Xianzhi".
Huai Su
Huai Su (725 ~ 785) was born in Lingling, Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). Known as "weeds", history is called "sage of grass". Since childhood, he has been a monk. After meditation, I like calligraphy, practice hard in the pool, and practice calligraphy with banana leaves. The board is made of paper and the leaves are worn out. He buried his grave with a bald pen, and then wrote about dragons and snakes, full of paper and smoke. Princes and celebrities also like to make friends with this crazy monk. Lu Gong (played by Yan Zhenqing) is also heartbroken and has learned a lot from his teacher's brushwork. He is loose-minded, likes to drink, and has a strong capacity for alcohol. He wrote all his clothes and utensils on the temple wall, saying, "Drinking cultivates temperament, cursing broadens the mind". With Zhang Xushi and Zhang Xu, they are also called "bossing around". Huai Su's cursive script is thin and vigorous, flying naturally, like a whirlwind of showers. Although his calligraphy is capricious and ever-changing, it has statutes. Huai Su and Zhang Xu formed two peaks of calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty, which were also two unattainable peaks in the history of cursive writing in China. Handed down from ancient times, there are self-narrative posts, bitter bamboo shoots posts, fish-eating posts, Notre Dame posts, essays in books, thousands of grass and thousands of grass. Among them, "fish paste" is extremely thin, strong in bone strength, cautious and calm. However, the book "Self-narrative Post" is full of charm because of its different mood from the book "Eating Fish Post". It's really amazing. Mi Fei's "Haiyue Book Review": "Huai Su is like a strong man wielding a sword, and his spirit is moving, but he advances and retreats in a roundabout way." Many poets in the Tang Dynasty praised it, such as Li Bai's cursive music and Huai Su's master Manji's cursive music.