Among the various ancient poems, what characteristics and forms did they have? Below, I will sort out the relevant knowledge about the characteristics and forms of ancient poetry for you. I hope you like it!
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Characteristics of ancient poetry
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the essays of various schools of thought were at their peak. Literary value. Zhuangzi's articles are majestic and rich in imagination; Xunzi's language is vivid and thorough in reasoning; Han Feizi is sharp and sharp. For example, Zhuangzi uses the story of "looking at the ocean and sighing" to describe a person who has seen little and is arrogant, and Han Feizi uses "waiting for the rabbit". ?To metaphorize political conservatives. These fables have profound meanings and are extremely contagious.
The main achievement of Han Dynasty literature is Han Fu. Han Fu is a kind of rhyme that emerged in the Han Dynasty. It is characterized by the combination of prose and rhyme, and focuses on narrative. From the perspective of the form of the fu, it focuses on "preparing and capturing prose"; from the content of the fu, it focuses on "writing about objects and writings". The content of Han fu can be It is divided into five categories: the first is to exaggerate palaces and cities; the second is to describe emperors' safari; the third is to describe travel experiences; the fourth is to express unexpected feelings; the fifth is to talk about animals and plants. The first two are representatives of Han Fu. Fu is the Han Dynasty The most popular literary style. During the 400 years of the Han Dynasty, ordinary literati devoted themselves to writing in this style of writing, so it became very popular. Later generations often regarded it as the representative of Han Dynasty literature.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Characteristics of literature include the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Following the Warring States Period and the Contest of a Hundred Schools of Thought, it was another era of ideological emancipation in the history of our country. Various theories emerged at the same time, and some heretical ideas also became popular, which brought about the relative opposition between social thought and academic culture. Freedom and diversity effectively promoted the development of literature and art in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Music, dance, painting, sculpture, calligraphy and even garden architecture, especially poetry, all underwent major changes during this period.
Song poetry is another literary genre after Tang poetry. It is basically divided into two categories: the graceful school and the bold school. The representative of the graceful school: Li Yu, the later leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The poets of the Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong, Qin Guan etc. Representative figures of the bold school: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc.
Song Ci is a dazzling diamond in the crown of ancient Chinese literature. In the garden of ancient literature, she is a piece of The fragrant and gorgeous garden. With its colorful and colorful colors, it competes with Tang poetry and competes with Yuan opera for beauty. It has always been considered as one of the two masterpieces of Tang poetry, and both represent the success of a generation of literature. From the "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci" and "Poetry of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", and provided organic ingredients for the subsequent drama novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. To this day, she is still cultivating people's sentiments and bringing us high artistic enjoyment.
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Yuan Opera. Generally speaking, Zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuan Opera, which is the main body of literature in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it developed into a collection of music from ethnic minorities and minor tunes from all over the north and south. It was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, so it is called Yuan Opera.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a prosperous period in the history of Chinese novels. Starting from the Ming Dynasty, the literary form of novels fully demonstrated its social role and literary value, breaking the orthodox poetry The monopoly of literary works has achieved a status alongside Tang poetry, Song lyrics, and Yuan operas in the history of literature. The Qing Dynasty was a period when Chinese classical novels flourished and declined and transformed into modern novels.
The novels of the Ming Dynasty Novels can be roughly divided into four categories according to their subject matter and ideological content, namely, historical novels, novels about gods and demons, novels about world affairs and novels about public cases. Representative works include "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", " "Jin Ping Mei" etc.
The class contradictions, national contradictions and struggles in the ideological and cultural fields in the Qing Dynasty had a profound impact on novel creation. The period from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period was the heyday of the development of Qing novels, both in quantity and quality. , content and form, style and genre have all developed greatly compared with previous generations. Qing Dynasty novels are basically the creations of literati. Although there are references from history, legends and other materials, the works are mostly based on real life and fully reflect It has fulfilled the author's personal wishes and has reached a mature state in terms of structure, narrative and character description. The works produced during the Qianlong period
"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" and "A Dream of Red Mansions" pushed the creation of classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels to their peak respectively.
Forms of Ancient Poetry
1. "Romance" is also known as "Romance". In the history of Chinese literature, the two genres of "Feng" and "Sao" are known together, originating from "Guo Feng" in "The Book of Songs" and Qu Yuan's "Li Sao".
The Book of Songs was probably written between the early Zhou Dynasty and the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period 500 years ago. It is the earliest collection of poems in my country, with 305 chapters. Originally it was only called "The Book of Songs", but because it was compiled into a number, it was also called "Three Hundred Poems". It was also called "The Book of Songs" because it was listed as one of the Confucian classics. According to records in "Historical Records" and other books, "The Book of Songs" was compiled by Confucius. The content is divided into three categories: Feng, Ya and Song. Feng is a folk song with different local flavors produced in various countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty; Ya is a poem about political affairs; Song is a poem in which rulers praise themselves through sacrifices. Fu, comparison, and xing are the main expression methods of the Book of Songs, and together with Feng, Ya, and Song, they are collectively known as Liuyi. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" says: Fu is a person who tells the story and speaks directly. ? Comparison means comparing this thing with that thing. ?Those who are enthusiastic are to mention other things first to trigger the words to be chanted. For example, "Jing Nu" uses poems throughout; "Shuo Shu" uses comparisons throughout; "Guan Ju" is preceded by "Guan Guan Ju Jiu", which rises in Hezhizhou, leading to the following text: "A graceful lady, a gentleman is a good quarrel", The chirping of the birds leads to the man's longing for the beautiful woman. The main characteristics of "The Book of Songs" are: it is mainly composed of four words; the techniques of fu, comparison, and evocation are widely used: the composition has multiple chapters and repeated chants: at least every other sentence rhymes, and sometimes the rhyme is changed; if there is a function word at the end of the sentence, it should be in the function word rhymes with the previous word, sometimes with rhyme; most poems adopt a realistic creative approach. Chu Ci, also known as "Sao Style", is a new poetic style created by Chu literati represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs. The representative work is Qu Yuan's "Li Sao". This kind of works are long in length and style, free in form, full of romance, often use the word "xi" to help the language, have a strong lyrical atmosphere, and have a southern regional flavor. When he became emperor of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled the poems and poems of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a collection, which he named "Chu Ci".
2. Fu, Yuefu and Ge Xing Fu was originally one of the Six Meanings of the Book of Songs. It is a literary expression technique that elaborates and expresses bluntly. Later, people used this technique to write articles. It was called Fu, and its name has been used to this day, becoming a style name. Using gorgeous words to describe is the form of fu; describing objective things and expressing the author's feelings is the content of fu. Fu is a variation of poetry, which has the characteristics of both poetry and prose. It lays out the story and pays attention to literary grace. It is mostly composed of four or six characters, with rhymes every three and five. Fu was most prosperous in the Han Dynasty, so Han Fu is also called ancient fu, together with Tang poetry and Song poetry. It is characterized by long length, many questions and answers, and a mixture of rhyme and prose. Like to use uncommon words. During the Six Dynasties, it was called Haifu, also called Parallel Fu. It was characterized by its short length and emphasis on parallel and allusive verses. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was used for scientific examinations and was called rhyme. It paid attention to format, antithesis, level, rhyme, etc. and should not exceed 400 words. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, influenced by the ancient prose movement, it became a literary poem, which was characterized by uneven sentence patterns, mostly prose instead of parallel, more casual rhymes, and smooth writing, which was close to prose and increasingly farther away from poetry. Such as Du Mu's "Afang Palace Fu", Ouyang Xiu's "Qiu Sheng Fu", etc. There is another theory that Fu can be divided into four categories: Sao style, parallel style, literary Fu and miscellaneous Fu.
Examples of characteristics of ancient poetry
Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream":
People are idle, osmanthus flowers are falling, and the night is quiet in the spring sky.
When the moon comes out, birds startle the mountains, and they sing in the deep streams.
This is the first of five poems in "Huangfu Yue Yunxi Miscellany" written by Wang Wei. The poem describes the scenery of my friend Huangfu Yue's mountain home in Yunxi. Here are several scenes in the quiet mountains and forests: falling flowers, empty mountains, moonrise, birdsong, and deep streams. These types of scenes all exist objectively. We have not been to Yunxi, but as similar specific individual scenes, we may have seen or heard them somewhere. However, once Wang Wei wrote it in the poem, it is like our daily life. What they see and hear are different, and they all contain the poet's unique feelings, which constitute the image of the poem.
The white hair is three thousand feet, and the fate is as long as the worry.
I wonder where I can see the autumn frost in the mirror?
It is a common phenomenon in daily life that hair turns white due to sadness, so white hair is used to express sadness. Mood is an ordinary image, which is common in poetry and easy for readers to accept. What is strange is that Li Bai created an extremely exaggerated image, saying that white hair is as long as three thousand feet. This is absolutely impossible in life. If readers only regard it as an objective object that has nothing to do with the poet, they will feel that it is unreal, will not believe it, and cannot accept it. However, as an image of poetry, it is regarded as a way for the poet to express his unique life. Readers can understand and be willing to accept the sustenance of feelings, thoughts and emotions. Why? Because the poet's feeling of melancholy is so strong, and his temperament and personality are so bold. Without such exaggeration, it would not be enough to express his strong inner feelings, his unique feelings about life, and his personality. Distinctive personality. Therefore, from the seemingly unreal and unreasonable image of "white hair three thousand feet", a vivid image of Li Bai stands up. At this time, we will feel that this extremely exaggerated description is very real. The charm of art does not come from the exaggeration itself, but from the poet's thoughts and feelings expressed through exaggeration and truthfully.