In ancient times, the king of Fuxi was the king of the world. He looked at the sky when he looked up, looked at the laws (laws and phenomena) on the ground when he looked down, and looked at the articles on birds and animals (texts and wrong paintings). The word "Xiang Wen" is a tattoo) and "Di" (one is called "Di", which is the traditional communication of "He", and "He Di" means "Di". ""Yu Di "means the place to ride, that is, the meaning of the earth), close to the body, so I opened the gossip of" Yi "to show it; Kangxi Dictionary: Bu Ye; Pass it on to future generations) constitutional images (observe and calculate astronomical phenomena). Shennong, on the other hand, tied the knot, ruled and unified the matter, and the industry was complicated, so decoration (false decoration, that is, clever decoration and fraud) was born. A Brief History of the Yellow Emperor (historian) Cang Xie, seeing the hoof tracks of birds and animals (háng, animal tracks), knew the difference of points (i.e. arts and sciences) (recognizing that birds and animals can be distinguished by different textures) and made a Covenant (i.e. words). "All efforts are based on Yi (governance), and all products are based on inspection (discrimination and enlightenment), covering all elements (guài, saying the text is also determined, that is, judging and distinguishing)"; Spread (spread) to Wang Ting "(this sentence means: everything is clearly divided and then spread to Wang Ting). Speakers preach enlightenment in the palace (saying that words are tools to preach enlightenment in the palace), so gentlemen (courtiers and officials) should give alms to the lower classes (inferior), while virtue (storage) should be avoided. At the beginning of writing, it was like an pictograph, so it was called Wen. After that, the form and sound benefit each other, that is, the word. The writer is the foundation of image; Word, word nurtures milk (education: generally refers to derivation) and bubble (once in a while, gradually). Written in the book "Bamboo and Silk", the writer is like this (for example, "Shuowen" is always with you). It's the same when you say it. In the last years of the Five Emperors (Huangdi, Zhuan Xu (zhuānxù), Levin, Di Ku (kù), Gao Xin, Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun) (Shang Tang and Zhou), they changed (changed) different bodies. There are two generations sealed in Mount Tai, and there are similarities.
Zhou Li: When he entered primary school at the age of eight, Bao (official name) taught Guo Zi (son of a doctor) to use six books (referring to things, pictographs, sounds, knowledge, tune and borrowing). Point to something. Those who refer to things can see and know, observe and see, and go up and down. Second, hieroglyphics. Pictographic characters, painted as objects, are carried around (jié qū, curved), and the sun and the moon are also. Three-day tone. In the name of things, images and sounds complement each other, and rivers also. We'll know on the fourth day. Those who know, than (combination, combination) categories (parts of speech, word groups) and friendship (original words, meaning is a loan word of friendship), in order to see the meaning? (pointing) (two sentences combine words to express what they mean. ), so is Orfila, 5th. Those who transfer notes, build classes (word-making classes) (unify their radicals), agree to receive each other (add also), and often test. A six-day loan. Under the guise of people, there is not a word, relying on voices to seek things, and the commander-in-chief is also. And Wang Xuan's 15 Da Zhuan scripts written by a surname are different from the ancient prose (it is said that they are slightly different from Cang Xie's ancient prose). Everything from Confucius' Six Classics to Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zhuan was written in ancient Chinese. Jueyi (meaning of writing) can be said (explained) (these words mean: until Confucius wrote the Six Classics and Zuo Qiuming wrote the biography of the Spring and Autumn Period, all of them were written in ancient Chinese, and the meaning of the words can still be explained). Later, the governors tried to rule, that is, levy. Power politics: conquest by force), not being unified with the king, and hating etiquette and music to harm oneself (hating etiquette and music to hinder oneself), all go (abandon) their classics (legal books). It is divided into seven countries, different acres, different tracks, different laws and regulations, different clothes, different voices and different personalities. When Qin Shihuang first arrived, Prime Minister Lisi Nai beat (beat) those who disagreed with Qin Wen and stopped (deleted) those who did not cooperate with Qin Wen. Cang Xie was written, Zhao Gao was written, and Hu Wujing was written by Tai Shigong. All of them have adopted (adopted) the Biography of Teacher Shuo, or slightly changed (or greatly simplified), and the so-called Biography is also called. At that time, the Qin Dynasty burned books to pit Confucianism (referring to burning books to pit Confucianism), purged (abolished) the old classics, and made great contributions to the defense of the service. There were more and more official positions and prison posts, and only official books were available for fun (for simplicity), and ancient prose was unique. Zi Yue Shu Qin's eight styles: 1. Big seal, 2. Small seal, 3. Seal cutting symbols (engraved in the symbol), 4. Worm book (shaped like birds and insects, writing letters). Letters, such as flags), five-day copy (printed), six-day book (inscribed), seven-day book (weapons; , engraved on the body of the weapon), eight shu. (Note: The following "Han Shu Literature and Art Annals" refer to the Six Arts, all of which are about the artistic styles of Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan except Lishu).
There is a cursive script in Hanxing (Duan Yucai said: "According to cursive script, it starts from the manuscript ... the word is called discontinuous, and it is called continuously below the gold." Cursive script has two characteristics: simplicity and continuity. Wei Law (Ting Wei Law): Students 17 years old or older start to try, and they need to satirize the book for 9,000 words (satire, recite the text; Hey? Understand the meaning. A satirist is called a satirist. Some people say that calligraphy is 9,000 words long. And try it in eight styles (try to write in eight styles of Qin). The county moved to Taishi and took classes (and tried), and the excellent (optimal) thought it was the history of Shangshu. If the book is not correct, it should be disintegrated (using the law to correct the crime). Today, although there is a law, there is no class, and primary schools (called primary schools for those who learn Chinese characters) do not take it. Moda (understand) his theory (word configuration theory) has been going on for a long time. When the Book of Filial Piety was promulgated, Cang Xie was called to read it (referring to Reese's explanation of Cang Xie's article). Reading, that is, explanation), Zhang Chang is subject to it (from it); Lecturers such as Du Ye, Pei Ren and Qin Jin, the secretariat of Liangzhou, can also speak. In peacetime, more than 100 people ordered that in Weiyang Palace, Li was regarded as a scholar in primary school, and Yang Xiongcai, assistant minister of Huangmen, adopted (the result of lectures and discussions at the meeting) as an "exegetical compilation". Cang Xie's following fourteen articles, with a total of 5340 words, are all included in this group of books, but only a little reserved. And dead new home (dead new, refers to follwed. According to, regent, refers to follwed generation han self-reliance), make university documents (big, official name. Zhen Feng, name). I think it should be made (that is, at the order of Wang Mang), and the ancient prose has been changed a lot. Six books: one is ancient prose, and Confucius has books in the wall. Second, strange words, that is, different ancient texts; Third, seal script, that is, seal script, was written by Qin Shihuang, the next Du Ren Chengmiao; Fourth, auxiliary books, namely Qin Lishu; Fifth, the wonderful biography is also printed; On the sixth day, the book of birds and insects, so the book is faithful.
Books in the wall (books in the wall, there are ancient books out of the wall, called books in the wall. Jin people call it tadpole prose, while Zhou ancient prose is thick and thin, like tadpoles. King Lu Gong destroyed Confucius' home and got The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. Zhang Cang, Beiping Hou, and Zuo Zhuan were also given in the Spring and Autumn Period. Counties and countries often got mountains and rivers, and their inscriptions were ancient prose of the previous generation, all of which were self-similar. Although the (incomprehensible) version has far-reaching influence (this statement can no longer be seen in the evolution of ancient Chinese characters, but its word-formation details can be explained), its details can be briefly described. However, most people in the world think that curious people are also curious, so the paradox (change) is more literal, and the township (Xiang, Qian) wall constitutes an unknowable book, which occasionally happens (often, popular books refer to official books) and shines in the world. Zhu Shengjing said that it is far-fetched to interpret the classics in the form of official script in Qin Dynasty. When he called the official script of Qin Dynasty Cang Xie, the book said: How could it be changed from generation to generation? It is accused (Qu Ye, also by mistake) that the horse's head is long, people hold ten as a bucket, and the ants are bent. Ting Wei said that the law is broken by words, "harsh words (big words, reprimanding) people take money", and the word "harsh" also "stops sentences". If there are many people, it is not in conformity with Confucius' ancient prose, which is absurd in history. Vulgar Confucianism plays with what it has learned (referring to official script), hides its expectation (not knowing its meaning), does not know general studies, does not know word formation (referring to the rules of word formation), blames old techniques and is good at wild words, keeps what it knows secret, and learns the hole (path) of saints. See also Cang Xie's article "The Young Son Accepts the Imperial edict" (which says that children receive the teacher's instruction, while the vulgar Confucian scholar has the meaning of "imperial edict" in later generations, because he said that "Cang Xie's essays" were written by the ancient emperor), and his words are immortal because of what the ancient emperor did. It was a mistake not to tell you, wasn't it?
The Book says, "I want to see the image of the ancients." Words must be modified according to old texts (recorded in ancient books), and don't get into a dead end. Confucius said: "I still miss history, and I died today!" " It's not that he doesn't know whether to ask or not, but that people are interested in their own interests, regardless of right and wrong. His clever remarks (xié, like evil, wrong) have made scholars all over the world doubt it. Gaiwen, the foundation of Confucian classics (Confucian classics), the beginning of Wang Zheng, the predecessors were so late, and later generations knew the ancient times. Therefore, as the saying goes, "We are born in the foundation" and "We should know that the world is big but not chaotic". This narrative seal script, combined with the ancient writing brush, draws on many strengths (Bo, Guang also; A knowledgeable expert), as for the small and the big, there is evidence of faith (trust and credibility). Certificates and evidence). Compile (compile, test; Writing and interpreting his statement will explain the group (part of speech) by reason, explain Liao's mistakes, understand scholars, and achieve profound meaning (profound meaning, that is, the so-called metaphysical meaning of text structure). Departments (departments) shall be separated, and toilets shall not be mixed. Everything is salty (see), and everything does not (completely) contain (remember). Jue (its also, pronoun) should not be Zhao (Zhao, Ming also), so Ming is Yu (Yu, Gao also). Yi, Montessori and Shu. Li, Zhou Guan, Chunqiu, Zuo Shi, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety are all ancient Chinese. Cover up if you don't know (que, that is, lack; Absence, that is, lack of words).
Translation:
In ancient times, when Dong ruled the world, he observed the stars in the sky and the phenomena on the ground, and saw the texture and geographical shape of the black beast. If you are near, you can take the method from the body, and if you are far away, you can take the image from the object. So he began to create gossip, and used gossip to represent the legal image. In the Shennong era, things were recorded with knots, which were complicated and faked constantly. Cang Xie, a historian of the Yellow Emperor, saw the footprints of black animals and knew that textures could be distinguished from each other, so he created characters. "Hundreds of officials protect each other, and all the people protect each other." "Parting is better than Wang Ting." In other words, writing was preached and educated in the king's court, and was used by hundreds of officials to educate, cultivate one's morality and lift the ban. When he started to make words, he usually drew the graphics of words according to the image of things, so he called it "Wen". Later, the combination of form and sound is called "word" and "text", which is a natural phenomenon of things, and "zi" is gradually increasing under the gestation of text. The book written on bamboo and silk means "Ru". In the era of five emperors and three kings, the characters gradually changed into different forms. There are many dynasties in which Mount Tai worships heaven, but the words used are different.
Children in the Zhou Dynasty entered primary school at the age of eight, and Bao was the first to use the "six books" to educate the children of the royal family. The first one is called pointing. The so-called pointing thing is that you can know it at a glance, and you can understand its meaning after careful observation. The word = = (up and down) is like this. The second kind is called hieroglyphics. The so-called pictograph is to draw that thing, which twists and turns with its shape, such as the words "day" and "month" The third type is called pictophonetic characters. The so-called pictophonetic characters are words made according to things, and then an approximate phonetic symbol is taken to match them. This is the case with the words Jiang and He. The fourth kind is called knowledge. To know is to combine more than two words to express a new meaning, such as the words "nothing" and "faith". The fifth is called transfer. The so-called annotation transfer is to unify radicals and use a synonym to transfer annotations. This is the relationship between old and old. The sixth kind is called borrowing. The so-called borrowing means that there is no such word at all, and the concept is expressed in a homonym, such as "Ling" and "Chang". When I arrived in Zhou Xuanwang, a great historian named Shu wrote 15 kinds of big seal scripts which were slightly different from ancient Chinese. Until Confucius compiled the Six Classics and Zuo Qiuming wrote biographies of the Spring and Autumn Annals, they all used ancient Chinese, and the meanings of words could be explained. Since then, the governors of various countries have conquered each other and disobeyed Zhou Tianzi. They hate the interference of rites and music, so they all abandoned the old law books. At that time, the world was divided into seven countries, with different land distribution systems, different road and rail widths, different legal systems, different clothing forms, different languages and sounds, and different writing forms. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, Li Si, the prime minister, wrote a letter proposing to unify these chaotic phenomena and abolish those different writing forms from the Qin Dynasty. Li Si wrote Cang Xie, CZ ordered Zhao Gao to write a calendar, and Taishi made Hu Wujing knowledgeable, all of which were based on the big seal script of Shangshu, or were slightly modified or simplified, called Xiao seal script. At this time, the Qin Dynasty burned the classics, abolished the past classics, mobilized a large number of officers and men, raised troops and guarded soldiers, and the administrative affairs and prison cases became increasingly complicated, and began to produce official scripts for simplicity and complexity, so ancient official scripts were no longer used. Since then, there have been eight styles of Qin characters: one is called Da Zhuan, the other is called Xiao Zhuan, the third is called seal cutting, the fourth is called Worm Book, the fifth is called mudra, the sixth is called Lishu, the seventh is called Lishu, and the eighth is called Lishu. In the early years of Han Dynasty, cursive script appeared. Tingwei Law stipulates that only students over 17 can take the exam, and only those who can satirize and understand Jiu Yuqian's articles can be allowed to be historians. At the same time, we should also test the writing of Qin Ba Ti. The best place to send imperial examinations is Shangshu History. If the writing is wrong, report it and punish him. Although there are still Tingwei decrees, there are no exams and primary schools are not particular about them. Most people don't understand the meaning of words for a long time. When Xiao Xuan proclaimed himself emperor, he summoned people who were proficient in Cang Xie and sent Zhang Chang to learn from him. In addition, Liangzhou secretariat Du Ye, Pei Ren and lecturer Qin Jin can also impart written knowledge. When Emperor Xiaoping was Emperor Xiaoping, he recruited likui jy and others 100 people to tell stories in Weiyang Palace and made likui jy a primary school doctor. Yang Xiong, assistant minister of Huangmen, collected their words and compiled Xun Debate. There are 14 articles from Cang Xie to Xunbian, with a total of 5,340 words, and the words recorded in each book are generally preserved. To follwed regent, sent big sikong Zhen Feng and others to correct the text. Zhen Feng thought he was ordered to do so, but he revised some ancient Chinese. At that time, there were six books: the first one was called ancient prose, which was written from the cave wall. The second type is called odd characters, which is a variant of ancient Chinese. The third type is called seal script, which is Xiao Zhuan. The fourth is Zuo Shu, an official script of the Qin Dynasty, written by Du Rencheng Miao on the orders of Qin Shihuang. The fifth type is called Miao Zhuan, which is a font used to imitate seals. The sixth kind is called a bird book, which is used to write on flags or Jeff.
The book in the wall refers to The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety, which were obtained when the residence of Confucius was demolished by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There is also the Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period written by Hou Zhang Cang in Beiping, and Zhong Ding and other artifacts are often unearthed in the fields. The inscriptions on it are all ancient Chinese of the previous generation, and the fonts are similar. Although we can't see the change of words from these materials, the details of word formation can still be roughly explained. But at that time, some people criticized these ancient characters, thinking that they were out of curiosity and innovation, deliberately changing the formal words, inventing something incomprehensible to the cave walls out of thin air, and confusing the popular words at that time to show off themselves. . Students in imperial academy scrambled to explain the characters and clarify Confucian classics, falsely claiming that the official script of the Qin Dynasty was written in the Cang Xie era. They said, writing is passed down from generation to generation, how can it be changed? Jing said crooked: "Matou people" is the word "long", "those who hold ten" is the word "dou" and "worm" is the word "zhong". The person in charge of the law interprets the law and even decides the case according to the font of official script. The word "demanding" is called "stopping the judgment". There are many similar cases. These are incompatible with the ancient Chinese prose that is penetrated into the wall, and they are also incompatible with Da Zhuan. However, ordinary people play with what they have learned, but they don't know what they rarely see, the scholars in Hong Tong and the rules of writing. They regard old art as weird, crazy talk as a treasure, think what they know is very mysterious, and think that they have thoroughly understood the meaning of saints. They saw the words "young son bears a letter" in Cang Xie's article, and said that Cang Xie's article was written by an ancient emperor, which also recorded the magic of immortals! Isn't it rebellious to be so confused?
Shangshu said: "I want to see the image of the ancients", that is to say, I must abide by the records of ancient books and should not make a fuss. Confucius said, "I have seen the lost text of ancient history, but it is gone now!" "It is these people who criticize people who don't understand and don't ask, people who express their opinions, people who are uncertain, and people who talk nonsense, which makes scholars all over the world wonder. Writing is the foundation of art and politics. It was used by predecessors to convey culture to later generations, and later generations used it to understand ancient culture. Therefore, "only when it is basically established can other things be produced." "Knowing the profound truth of the world will not make you confused. "I am now compiling Biography and Ancient prose, and widely adopting the opinions of ordinary people. As for the various explanations, they are all credible and well documented. The purpose of explaining those explanations is to use them to explain words, analyze mistakes and tell readers the profound meaning of word structure. Sort it out separately, so as not to be in a mess. Here, you can see everything and you don't lack anything. Those who don't understand will explain clearly. The book quotes Meng's version; Shangshu is a book of Confucius; The Book of Songs was written by Shi Mao. The Book of Rites, Zhou Guan, Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety are all China classics. As for those who are still unclear, we have to be puzzled.