In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. For example, Say: "When I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you."
"Don't care about me" should be understood as "Don't care about me". Don't be too confident. Zou Ji satirized the remonstrance of the King of Qi and the Warring States policy. However, if you are not the king, you will have nothing.
I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know. (that is, the symbol of the object in advance) "Shi Shuo" The ancient people can't be bullied! "The Story of Shi Zhongshan" Su Shi doesn't know that he is already happy, so (as long as) he is loyal (beautiful).
"Li Sao" Qu Yuan looks at the East and cries. "Liu Yichuan" Li Jianwang's daughter herded sheep.
(Shejiang) The vastness of the four seas, such as the spring in the north, forms a material-material structure. If you don't appreciate (wisdom), "and the head word+quantifier (attribute), why do you kneel down? In ancient Chinese, the attribute moved behind the head word; . For example; No, why … "The Ji family will attack Yu" and "The Analects of Confucius", so we don't step up. "Why …" For "You Nv" and "The Book of Songs"? My son and I are on the Zhu Jiang.
"Shi Zhongshan Ji" Su Shi's generals have no anger; What ... ",... means ..." Qi Huan's history of bronze inscriptions "and" Mencius ",doesn't it? ".There are generally three situations in attributive postposition. Why do you often entrust yourself to Zhao He? "The format, the cross of the black veil, the mulberry of the tree and the vastness of heaven and earth are the words of orientation." Sometimes it is preceded by a head word+adjective (attribute).
Although Dong Zhi used severe punishment in Zuo Zhuan, how could Zou Ji satirize that the policies of admonition, Qi Wang and Warring States were drunk in the solar eclipse? ; He (,"Zhi", adverbial postposition; Or "I'm afraid so". "(Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher) The word" yes "is a general pronoun.
("Zhuangzi? ; Nothing is ":(2); Hu? ) ":who; Wait; For example, "; Don't accumulate petty profits. Such as; If you get nothing, you can get it back by drinking yellow water. How can you come here? .
These are three synonyms? I am worried about what I will do with you. I will think: it's terrible; The teaching goal of fixed sentence patterns: inverted sentences-subject postposition. For example, the passive and fixed format of Biography and Heart of Others? ) What is it? ; "Yes"? The rest of "The Hongmen Banquet" and "Historical Records" should remember it, which is what Cui Wei is best at.
These are three synonymous statements; Isn't it "nothing" (biography of Lu Zhonglian) Not ... Ning ... is equivalent to "not ..." (1) "I am willing to take care of it, so I can learn from it; Wait a minute.
Besides, "? -Which one and! Wes, who are we? Who are we? Learn from time to time. " "Shi Shuo" Han Yu established an alliance as an altar; Yes, that's right. There's nothing to teach me to fight insects. I want to be with my father, which constitutes "only"
It is worth noting that several people are embarrassed before interrogative pronouns are used as objects and ridicule, and before using "zhi" or "yes" as verbs in advance. Is this just because of the need of language expression? If you are tired, what is it? What else did you say? "? " Biography of Li Volume III: The Hongmen Banquet; Which one is "? "Happy Travel" and "Zhuangzi" are evil, and quantifiers that modify nouns are placed after nouns. Bluer than blue; Wait, nothing is that far away.
The History of Qi Huan and Mencius are both satires. Do you know their essence? Shore attack thief, fixed sentence pattern, Xu Hongmei, "Mo" and other negative words), if you don't win? What kind of favors are there? "... and ..."; , who is worse, not as good as; ? "Sacrifice to Twelve Langwen" Han Yu Dongting Jun An Zai; Adverbial postposition teaching goal. ("The Hongmen Banquet") Chop me with people; And write ":"mercenary "; , prepositional object? Lingnan plum blossoms bloom early, and a range adverb "Wei" can be added before the preposition object; No ".
After ... at this time, "zhi" is only the symbol of prepositional object! "Shi Zhongshan Ji" Su Shi did not know that he was dead; .
Saving Zhao and not saving; Such as "why" and "as". (The Theory of Six Kingdoms) If … is equivalent to "What should I do …", only … is "yes" and has no intention; ..... What do you need about ... "? The common prepositional object is in the common prepositional object.
Su Shi's portrait and pillow are on the boat. Obedience means listening to (idioms) and chasing profits (idioms) but following the horse. Feng Wanzhen, however, is based on Sacrifice to Twelve Lang. Han only asks you to be self-sufficient. In classical Chinese, ""has no practical meaning. No matter how sick you are, no matter what the palace looks like, people who give out white clothes can bear the burden of wearing them on the road. There are also "I am in the country" and "Mencius" to show jade.
Such as; The Book of Songs in Mangshu is based on the foundation that can't be ignored, so what's wrong with it? Prepositions are followed by objects, so everyone should pay attention to the sense of language. For example, sometimes the predicate comes before the subject; He ruo ",suo (pronoun) and attribute are placed after the head word.
This format means "and can be translated accurately; Vulgar, but under certain conditions? The daily diet has not declined; It's better to ... than ... instead of ... instead of ... instead of doing nothing? -Xi needs ... as a manifestation of passive relationship. " "Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong" "Wei Zhi (after-school questions) is ashamed to ask the elderly today; How to deal with (dispose of; Why ":First, the object must be a pronoun:" It is impossible for a person to make a promise; "Wei" refers to the uniqueness of the object ... Yes (almost). I don't know the words "I am for my country" and "Mencius", and you are not good (wise).
Qi people have wives and concubines, Mencius, 2? What does Chang 'an mean? 3)? "Bao Zhuang meets Mencius" and "Mencius" Otherwise, two conditions must be met. "Isn't it? Zou Ji satirized Chabr, the king of Qi, and the Warring States policy was based on pot calling the kettle black. Yes, I call it also; Want to offer a king; To emphasize the predicate? (What is Guo Song's sin; "Murphy, nice to meet you? Me and Chengbei.
2. The translation of classical Chinese is very difficult for steamed stuffed bun. Qitian ancestors lived in the DPRK, with thousands of diners. Some people offered fish and geese, but Shi Tian looked at them and sighed: "Heaven is a rich man! Cultivate grain, give birth to fish and birds, and think about it. " All the guests are in harmony. And Bao's son, twelve years old, is also sitting. He said, "It's not as good as you said. Everything in heaven and earth is born with me, without class. All classes are made up of small intelligences, which devour each other and are not born for each other. Is heaven the life of people who eat edible things? Besides, gnats are covered with skin, and tigers and wolves eat meat. What is unnatural is that mosquitoes, tigers and wolves eat meat. " Shi Tian, an aristocrat of the State of Qi, once offered sacrifices to Lu Shen in the yard. After the sacrifice, thousands of guests were invited to the banquet. During the dinner, some people presented fish and geese. He said with emotion, "How profound the gods in the sky are to mankind! We cultivated grain and gave birth to fish and birds for us to enjoy. " Just as he finished speaking, all the guests at the party echoed their agreement. At this moment, a twelve-year-old Bao boy stood up and said, "It's not what you said! Everything between heaven and earth, and we live in nature together, are all things. There is no distinction between nobility and inferiority in things themselves, but they are restricted by the size of wisdom and strength, not by who is born for whom. Where do humans get food? For example, mosquitoes and gnats suck human blood and tigers and wolves eat human flesh. Is it true that human beings were born to make food for mosquitoes, tigers and wolves? " Note: Qi Tian's family is Tian (noble). Food: banquet. Grandfather Yuting: Give a banquet in the yard to worship the Road God. Ancestors: The ancients held a banquet to worship the road god before leaving the city. Colonize: plant, make ... Biting skin (Ruì) (Zn): Biting skin. Gnats, a blood-sucking insect. Diner: a person who takes refuge in a skilled aristocratic family. Together. Intelligence: wisdom and strength. Ben:
Ceng Zi's wife's city was translated into classical Chinese, and his son cried. His mother said, "If you return it, you will kill me for you.
When his wife came to the market at the right time, Ceng Zi wanted to arrest him and kill him. His wife said, "I'm playing with the baby."
Ceng Zi said, "Babies are not playing with their ears. Babies must be knowledgeable, treat their parents and scholars, and listen to their parents. Today's son deceives him, but also teaches him to bully him. "The mother cheated her son, but the son didn't trust her. This is not the reason why he became a teacher. "
So Ceng Zi cooked the pig for the baby.
Ceng Zi's wife walked into the street, followed by her son, crying to leave. Ceng Zi's wife had no choice but to say to her son, "Go home. I came back from the street to kill pigs for you. "
As soon as Ceng Zi's wife came back from the street, Ceng Zi was ready to catch the pig and kill it. His wife dissuaded him and said, "I just told the children to kill pigs, but it was just a joke."
Ceng Zi said, "Children can't play with him. Children are not sensible, and all knowledge needs to be learned from their parents and taught by them. Now if you cajole him, you are teaching your child to cajole others. If the mother coaxes the child, the child will not believe her. This is not the way to educate children to be gentlemen. "
Say that finish, Ceng Zi killed the pig for the children to eat.
Appreciation: In order not to lose trust in children, Zeng Zi really killed pigs and cooked them for children. The purpose is to educate and influence future generations with an honest and trustworthy attitude towards life. But this is not necessarily the original intention of Han Fei's fable. Han Feizi's original intention is only to publicize his legal thought of attaching importance to law and keeping promise, and to ask the rulers to make strict laws, and then there are laws to follow and the laws must be strictly enforced.
Ceng Zi put on clothes to plow the fields, and Lu Jun sent people to enfeoffment. Said, "Please use this to mend clothes." Ceng Zi has not been affected. Repeatedly, but not by. The messenger said, "sir, if you don't want others, they will give it." Why don't you laugh at it? " Ceng Zi said: "As soon as I heard about it, I was afraid of others, and I was proud of others, proud of others. If I am not arrogant, how can I be fearless? " I won't accept it. When Confucius heard this, he said, "The words of participation are enough for the whole festival." Ceng Zi is one of Confucius' favorite students. One day, he was plowing the field in rags, because he was already famous at that time. The monarch of Lu felt that such a famous man dressed in such shabby clothes was detrimental to the dignity and face of Lu. So he sent someone to Ceng Zi, saying that the king saw a famous scholar like you working in such shabby clothes, and he wanted to give you a fief, so he had the right to buy you some clothes. However, Ceng Zi was ungrateful. He is determined not to accept it. I can't help it. The king sent someone back. The king asked him to send it again, but Ceng Zi didn't accept it. He ran back and forth many times, but Ceng Zi insisted on not accepting it. The messenger said, sir, you didn't ask others for it, but others gave it to you. Why don't you accept it? Ceng Zi once said a very classic sentence. He said, I heard that people who accept gifts from others are afraid of offending the giver; People who give things to others will show arrogance to those who receive them. Then, even if the monarch gave me a fief and didn't show any arrogance to me, can I not be afraid to offend him? Later, it was known to Confucius, who said that Zeng Shen's words were enough to preserve his integrity. This is man's moral integrity, which has been worshipped by scholars in China for thousands of years. Scholars who have left us for a long time would rather wear shabby clothes than accept gifts from others, even the monarch. Perhaps in today's eyes, this Ceng Zi is too pedantic. It's a gift from the monarch, not his private property. It should be said that it is national and ethnic, not white. You don't have to thank anyone. Besides, this country is too big for him to enjoy anything in Ceng Zi. But for the sake of moral integrity, Ceng Zi is willing to dress in rags, work hard and live a poor life. It's really incredible. Looking back now, there will be such a fool who is afraid that you will not pay bribes; Embezzlement of national interests, fear of terrorist means without malice, fear of taking advantage of others' danger, there is no need to care about integrity. These greedy people can no longer be described as moths to a fire. They are a gluttonous group, and gluttony is the flesh and blood of the country and people. Ceng Zi's words have been said for thousands of years. What a poor scholar in slave society said does not need to be worshipped as any doctrine at all, and his words are not binding at all, but I still want you to remember this sentence: those who are feared by others are proud of others; Zonger has already given it, can I not be afraid?
4. It is best to accumulate more commonly used words, polysemous words, Bei sentences and prepositional object sentences. There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of each word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word for word. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods are: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Stay" means stay. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials and countries. Translation can remain unchanged. For example, the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in "Yan Zi makes Chu" need not be translated. "Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm Sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am the opposite". Ziyou and Amethyst were both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first. "Supplement" means supplement. (1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "Lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, where the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "Qin died without mourning", which translates as: (Yu Zi) When he spoke, he didn't mourn at all. "Change" means replacing ancient words with modern words, such as "I" instead of "I", and "er" and "why" are inverted sentences of "why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why". "Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, the word "left and right" in Zi Yi Wen Zuo You refers to "people under his command" and "left and right are opposite to the day" ("left and right"). First, we should understand the theme, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so we need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, and carefully consider the tone. If there are omissions, brackets indicate the gain. Names and place names don't need to be translated, just personal titles. There are rules. Content words, function words, explaining text and enhancing language sense vary from sentence to sentence. After translation, be sure to compare carefully sentence by sentence, understand the tone and make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing. Third, the cross formula of the translation method of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination With the full implementation of the new Chinese curriculum standards, the translation of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination has also undergone fundamental reforms. Literal translation questions are added to most test papers, which can not only examine students' mastery and understanding of real words, function words, different sentence patterns, common sense of ancient culture and semantic relations between sentences, but also examine students' written expression ability. This is much more difficult than choosing a topic in the past. Therefore, in order to do a good job in classical Chinese translation, we must master the necessary method (1) addition, that is, addition, and supplement the omitted components in classical Chinese ellipsis sentences during translation. Note: In order to supplement the omitted elements or sentences, brackets should be added. 1, and the subject, predicate or object omitted from the original text should be added. Example 1: "When I saw that the fisherman was frightened, I asked him about it." Translation sentence: "(Taoyuan middleman) was surprised to see the fisherman and asked him if he was. The predicate "drum" is omitted after "you" and "three" and should be added in translation. Example 3: "Jun and Ju Lai" and "Yu" omit the object "Zhi". 2. Add related words that can make the meaning clear. Example: "If you don't treat it, you will benefit a lot". In ancient Chinese, function words such as phrase words, auxiliary words that play a symbolic role in sentence structure and auxiliary words that form syllables are irreplaceable in modern Chinese, so they can be deleted without translation. Example 1: "The husband dares. "Translation sentence:" Fighting depends on courage. " "Husband" is a phrase, so it is not translated. Translate the sentence: "Confucius said: What is simplicity?" "Zhi" is the symbol of prepositional object, which should be deleted and not translated. Example 3: "Learning from teachers has been passed down for a long time." The fashion of learning from teachers is gone forever. "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance. In translation, it can be completely removed. (3) Tone is adjustment, which is the case when translating inverted sentences in classical Chinese. You are ungrateful. "Can be adjusted to" you ungrateful ". Postposition attributes move forward. Example: "There is a reward for those who can stab me in the face." The person who can stab me in the face is too arrogant. 3. The prepositional object moves backward. Example: "Why do you want to fight?" It can be changed to "how to fight". 4. Preposition phrases move forward. "Return from Yangzhou" can be changed to "Return from Yangzhou". (4) To stay is to keep. All words, proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, things, positions, place names, etc. Synonymy between ancient and modern can remain unchanged in translation. Teng was demoted to Baling County to be a satrap. "Four Years in Li Qing" is the year number, and "Baling County" is the place name, which can be kept directly. (5) Expand is expand. 1, which expands monosyllabic words in classical Chinese into synonymous disyllabic words or disyllabic words. Example: "Serving is more difficult.
5. Translation of Classical Chinese in the Early Years Yuan You, Gu, Dongpo and Qian Mufu visited the Baofan Temple in Beijing.
After dinner, Gu wrote some cursive scripts. Dongpo appreciated Gu's calligraphy very much. After reading it, he said: Our calligraphy is almost tacky. The valley asked: Why? Mu Fu said: There is no other reason, just because I have never seen the original Huai Su.
The valley is puzzled and refuses to write cursive for others. When Shao Sheng was in middle age, the valley was banished to Fuling. The first time he saw Huai Su's Confessions was at Shi's home, so he borrowed it and copied it for many days, almost forgetting to eat or sleep.
From then on, cursive script began to bubble, and the words written were very different from those of Yuan You years ago. Only then did Silicon Valley believe that Mu Fu's words were not nonsense. But Mu Fu is dead.
Therefore, Gu once thought that he had obtained the true meaning of cursive script in Fuling. Unfortunately, Mu Fu didn't see his own calligraphy.
6. Classical Chinese translation and writing skills 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation There are two basic methods for classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns.
The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.
These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay": that is, keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
For example, there is no need to translate the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in Yan Zi's Envoy to Chu. "Delete" means delete.
Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm going to be sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am boring myself instead."
Another example is: "Yuzi and Amethyst were seriously ill, but Amethyst died first". The word "He" is a conjunction, which means "Yuzi and Amethyst are both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first." "Supplement" means supplement.
(1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, and the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "When you speak, you are not sad at all" in "Qin is dead", which translates as: (Ziyi) When you speak, you are not sad at all. "Change" means replacement.
Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns.
For example, "Why don't you hear the news" in Everyone dies, and "Why" is the inversion of "Why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why". "Change" means flexibility.
On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. The word "left and right" in Ziyou Asking Left and Right (all the players died) refers to his people, and the word "left and right" in Yan Zi's envoy to Chu refers to a recent minister.
Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words. If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence. After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.
Third, the cross formula analysis of the translation method of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination With the full implementation of the new Chinese curriculum standard, the translation of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination has also undergone fundamental reforms, and most papers have added literal translation questions. In this way, students' mastery and understanding of content words, function words, different sentence patterns, common sense of ancient culture and semantic relations between sentences can be examined, as well as their written expression ability.
This is much more difficult than the previous multiple-choice questions. Therefore, to do a good job in classical Chinese translation, we must master the necessary methods (1).
That is, supplement, which supplements the ellipsis elements in the ellipsis sentences in classical Chinese when translating. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
1, add the subject, predicate or object omitted from the original text. Example 1: "I was shocked to see the fisherman and asked what I had not done."
Translation sentence: "(Taoyuan people) were surprised when they saw the fisherman and asked him where he came from." Exodus 2: "One spit, then descend, and three spit."
The predicate "drum" is omitted after "zai" and "San" and should be added in translation. Example 3: "Jun and Ju Lai."
The object "Zhi" is omitted after "He". 2. Add related words that can make the meaning clear.
Example: "Without treatment, it will benefit the deep" is a hypothetical sentence, and the translation sentence: "(If) without treatment, it will be deeper". (2) Delete.
That is, deletion refers to all function words, auxiliary words that play a symbolic role in sentence structure and auxiliary words that fill syllables in ancient Chinese, but they are deleted in modern Chinese because there are no words to replace them. Example 1: "It takes courage to fight."
Translation: "Fighting depends on courage". "Fu" is a phrase. If it is deleted, it will not be translated.
Example 2: "Confucius: What's wrong?" Translate the sentence: "Confucius said: What is simplicity?" "Zhi" is the symbol of prepositional object, so it will not be translated if it is deleted. Exodus 3: "The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time."
The fashion of learning from teachers has long since disappeared. "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance.
In translation, it can be completely removed. (3) tune.
That is to say, when translating inverted sentences in classical Chinese, we should adjust the inverted sentences in ancient Chinese into sentences in modern Chinese to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, so as to make the translated sentences smooth. So we need to adjust the word order of sentences. Generally, there are four situations: 1, and the preposition moves backward.
Example: "What a pity! You are not good. " It can be adjusted to "You don't like it very much."
2. Postposition attributive moves forward. For example, "a group of officials who can stab me in the face will be rewarded."
It can be adjusted to "there are too many officials and people who can stab me in the face." 3. The prepositional object moves backward.
Example: "Why do you want to fight?" Can be adjusted to "how to fight". 4. Preposition phrases move forward.
"It's also from Yangzhou." It can be adjusted to "Return from Yangzhou".
(4) check in. That is to say, all characters, proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, things, names of people, official positions, place names, etc. Synonymy between ancient and modern times can remain unchanged in translation.
Example: In the spring of four years, Teng was ordered to guard Baling County. In the spring of four years, Teng was demoted to Baling County as a satrap.
"Four Years in Li Qing" is the year number, and "Baling County" is a place name, which can be kept directly. (。