Five origins of the surname Sun
The surname Sun has a long history, and there are many clues to the origin of the surname. The root system of the Chinese surname Sun absorbs the blood of various periods, places and ethnic groups. Its development is like the gathering of rivers and streams, complex and macroscopic. In the pre-Qin period, the Sun family appeared in many vassal states in the Central Plains including Wei, Qi, Chu, Wu, Jin, Zheng, and Qin. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, some families have become members of the Sun clan by changing their surnames or giving them surnames. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, during the process of Sinicization of many ethnic minorities, quite a few tribes joined the ranks of Sun surnames. In the early Ming Dynasty, the government required that compound surnames be changed to single surnames, so another group of people with compound surnames with the character Sun became members of the Sun family. To sum up, there are five main sources:
1. The three main branches of the Sun family in the Pre-Qin period
According to the summary of relevant genealogies and historical records in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Sun family had three main branches in the Pre-Qin period. Branch trunk.
1. Ji’s surname is the Sun family of Weiguo
Ji’s surname of Weiguo is after King Wen of Zhou Dynasty. The surname "Sun" is recorded in Volume 4 of Lin Bao's "Yuanhe Surname Usurpation" of the Tang Dynasty: "After Wei Kangshu, the eighth son of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty, to Wu Gonghe, Huisun was born. ." Wuzhong took the "Sun" in his grandfather's name "Huisun" as his surname, and called him Sun Wuzhong, so the Sun family of Weiguo was born.
Wei Kangshu, whose surname is Ji and whose name is Feng, is the eighth son of Zhou Wen Wang Jichang. After Zhou Wu Wang Jifa destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he was originally named Kang (now northwest of Yuzhou City, Henan Province), and was known as Uncle Kang in history. seal up. After Zhou Gong Ji Dan put down Wu Geng's rebellion, he enfeoffed some of the areas originally ruled by Shang and the seven tribes of Yin people to Uncle Kang. He made Chaoge (now Qixian County, Henan Province), the old capital of Shang, as his capital to supervise the remaining people of Shang. Established as a country. Weiguo is located in the northern part of present-day Henan, and also owns parts of the southern part of Hebei and the eastern and western ends of Shandong. Wei Kangshu followed his brother Zhou Gong's earnest advice and governed the country with King Wen's policy of "clear virtue and careful punishment". Wei's country made great progress and became a great power at that time.
Wei Wugong, the eighth grandson of Uncle Wei Kang, named He, was the king of Wei State during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Spring and Autumn Period. He reigned from about 812 BC to 758 BC. In the 42nd year of Duke Wu (771 BC), Quanrong attacked the Zhou capital of Haojing (now Chang'an, Shanxi) and killed King You of Zhou. Duke Wu of Wei joined forces with Marquis Wen of Jin, Duke Wu of Zheng, and Duke Xiang of Qin to help the Zhou royal family put down the rebellion of the northern ethnic minorities, and escorted King Zhou Ping as he moved eastward to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan), and was granted the title of Duke by King Zhou Ping. Duke Wu of Wei, Ji He, diligently cultivated political affairs, made the country peaceful and the people peaceful, and was widely supported by the people. He was the most famous prince at that time. Wu Gong had a son named Huisun, Huisun had a son named Er, who was Shangqing of Wei, and lived in Qi (now north of Puyang County, Henan Province). Ji Er had a son named Yi, whose courtesy name was Wuzhong. According to the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty, the sons of the kings of the vassal states were called Gongzi, and their grandsons were called Gongsun. The sons of Gongsun were slightly alienated from the blood line of their direct eldest clan, and could be named after their grandfather (father), and another clan was bred. of branches. In this way, Wuzhong took the "Sun" character of his grandfather Huisun as his surname, which means that the Sun Yi, Sun Wuzhong, and Weiguo Sun clans were separated from the Ji surname.
The surname Ji can be said to be one of the oldest surnames in the Chinese nation. The Chinese tribe in ancient history and legends is famous for its two tribal leaders, the Emperor and Emperor Yan. The emperor's surname was Ji, and his name was Xuanyuan. Because he lived next to Jishui, he got the surname Ji and became the emperor's clan. Emperor Yan's surname was Jiang, and his name was Shennong. He got the surname Jiang because he lived next to Jiangshui, and he was the clan of Emperor Yan. Both Ji and Jiang are surnamed after women. As a symbol of the clan, they reflect the organizational structure of primitive tribes based on the blood relationship of the children produced by women. Some scholars have inferred that the birthplace of the Emperor's clan was approximately in the northern part of today's Shaanxi Province, while the ancestor of Emperor Yan was approximately in the southwestern part of Shanxi Province. The two tribes were not very far apart, and even were related by marriage.
The Zhou family arose as an ancient tribe on the Loess Plateau in the upper reaches of the Wei River. According to relevant legends, the surname Ji of King Zhou seems to be a direct descendant of the "descendants of Yan and Huang". The ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty named Qi Qi, named Houji, and it is said that he was the son of Emperor Ku. According to legend, Di Ku was also a descendant of Xuan Xiao, the son of Huangdi, and was named Gao Xin. He married Jiang Xing, the daughter of the Tai family, and gave birth to Qi. Jiang Xuan's surname is Jiang, and he should belong to the Yandi clan system. In this way, abandonment is the result of the intermarriage between the Huangdi clan and the Yandi clan. From Houji for more than ten generations, it was passed down to Gongliu, who moved to Bin (today's Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province), and then to Gugong Danfu, who moved to Zhouyuan (today's Qishan County, Shaanxi Province) at the foot of Qishan Mountain. Since King Wen Jichang came to the throne, the Zhou Dynasty has become increasingly powerful, and King Wu Jifa finally destroyed Shang and unified the world.
One of the twelfth generation descendants of King Wen of Zhou took his grandfather's surname as his surname and changed his surname to Sun. He mainly lived in his fief: Qi (located in the north of Puyang County in present-day Henan).
2. The surname Mi is the Sun surname of Chu State
The "New Book of Tang: Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers" written by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi in the Song Dynasty said: The Sun surname "comes from the surname Mi." Maosheng Wangzizhang, with the word Wu hook, gave birth to Uncle Jiang, Lu Chen, and Sun Jiang, Jia Boyei, gave birth to Ai Lie. Even Yin Shuao was the Sun family. "And the highest-ranking official who went abroad: In addition, Yin Sun Shu'ao is the origin of the Sun family of the Chu State.
The surname Mi is the surname of the Chu State in the pre-Zhou Dynasty. The origins of the Chu people include the Chinese Huaxia theory, the Eastern According to the theory of the Yi barbarians and the three indigenous Miao people, the Chu nation is actually the result of continuous crossbreeding between a branch of the Chinese people in the Central Plains and the surrounding indigenous people. Chu culture is the fruit of the integration of Chinese culture and barbarian culture. < /p>
2 Five major sources of the surname Sun (zt)
Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" begins with: "The descendants of Emperor Gaoyang", claiming to be the descendants of the Gaoyang family in the Central Plains. One of the Five Emperors of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors of the Legendary Era, and an important leader in the Yanhuang Alliance: Zhuanxu. According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Zhuanxu was the grandson of the emperor and one of his descendants, called Zhurong. , the clan was divided into eight surnames, and they lived together with the barbarians in Linjiang River. Zhu Rong's descendant Lu Zhong married Guifang's daughter. The girl was pregnant for eleven years and did not give birth, so she gave birth to three children by caesarean section. The left rib was opened and three children were born after the right rib was opened. Among the three, the sixth son is called Ji Lian, whose branch has the surname Mi, and is the ancestor of the Chu people.
During the Shang Dynasty, due to the fierce struggle in the Central Plains, the Ji Lian tribe gradually moved south to the Han River Basin. . With the surrender of the local Miao tribe, the ancestors of the Chu people continued to merge with the Sanmiao indigenous people, and their strength continued to grow. The most famous figure among Ji Lian's descendants was Chief Wu Xiong. At this time, the rule of King Zhou of Shang was extremely cruel. For the survival and development of the Chu people, Wu Xiong decided to join the Zhou people and made many contributions in rescuing King Wen of Zhou and assisting King Wu of Zhou in his campaign against King Zhou. As a descendant of a hero during the reign of King Zhou Cheng, Wu Xiong's great-grandson Xiong Yi was granted the title. As a viscount, he established the Chu State, which was located in the southwest of Henan and northern Hubei. Because of Wan Xiong's historical achievements and his influence on Chu society, the king of Chu changed his surname to Xiong from then on.
< p> Fen Mao was the king of the Chu State in the early Spring and Autumn Period. His surname was Xiong, his name was Juan, and his name was Wei Mao. His son, Jiang Zhang, played a major role in the diplomatic affairs of the Chu State at that time. "Tongzhi·Clan Strategy" says: "Chiang Zhang." The food town is in Chi, so he is named Mingshi. "In this way, the Jiang family gradually developed into a prominent family in Chu State, and many related figures were found in "Zuo Zhuan". Jiang Zhang's son Jiang Lucheng, also known as Shubo, was appointed as Ling Yin during the reign of King Chu Cheng. His grandson Jiang Jia, also known as Bo Lei, went to the court of the King of Chu to comment on political affairs when he was young. King Zhuang of Chu was then the official in charge of government affairs. As the surname, the Sun family of Chu State was born and multiplied from it.3. The surname of Gui is the Sun family of Qi State.
"New Book of Tang Dynasty Genealogy List of Prime Ministers" says: There are also Sun surnames. Consistent, "comes from the surname Gui. Qitian Wan's courtesy name was Jingzhong, his fourth descendant was Huanzi Wuyu, and Wuyu's two sons were Huan and Shu. The official name of the book was Zizhan, a doctor of Qi. He had meritorious service in defeating Ju. Duke Jinggong gave him the surname Sun, and he collected food from Le'an. "This means that Chen Shu, a Qi official, was given the surname Sun for his military exploits, which is the origin of the surname Sun in Qi.
The surname Gui and the surname Yao are both surnames of the Yu clan. It is said that Shun was born in Yao Xu. The surname Yao was derived from Gui, which is a bend in the river. Gui is the Guishui River. It originates from Mount Li in the south of Yongji County, Shanxi Province and flows into the Yellow River. There are two theories about the origin of Shun's clan: "Historical Records·". "Three Generations" said that Shun was a descendant of the emperor's family; while "Mencius" said: "Shun was a native of Dongyi. "According to the analysis of various ancient historical records, Shun's place of origin, residence, and production and work include not only the Central Plains areas of Shanxi and Henan, but also the Dongyi lands of Shandong and Zhejiang. Can we speculate that the Shun tribe and their descendants should be the offspring of the fusion and crossbreeding of a branch of the Huaxia tribe in the Central Plains and the Dongyi tribe.
Tian Wan was the descendant of Guiman, the son of Yu Yan's father, a descendant of Shun, when King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasty. , Yu Yan's father was the official of the Zhou clan's pottery administration, in charge of the production of pottery, and managed the potters engaged in making and firing kilns. Because of his good management and complete utensils, he was quite productive, and because he was a descendant of the sage Yu Shun, King Wu of Zhou became the king. He married his daughter to Guiman, the son of Yu Lan's father, and established the Chen Kingdom in the area of ??present-day Huaiyang County, Henan Province. After Guiman's death, he was given the posthumous name Chen Hu Gong, also known as Hu Gongman, and his family took Chen as their surname.
Starting from Chen Hugong, the Chen Kingdom was passed down through ten generations and twelve monarchs. By the time of Duke Huan, civil strife broke out. When Duke Huan fell seriously ill and died, his younger brother Tuo killed the prince and became independent. He became Duke Chen Li. Prince Fu's three younger brothers, Yue, Lin and Chujiu, avenged their elder brother, and together with Cai Guo, they planned to kill Duke Li. The three younger brothers successively ascended the throne as Duke Li, Duke Zhuang and Duke Xuan. Mr. Li died five months later, and Mr. Zhuang died seven years later. After Xuan Gong succeeded to the throne, he originally appointed the crown prince Yu Guan, but later wanted to change the appointment to the son of his favorite concubine, so he ruthlessly killed the crown prince Yu Guan. Li Gong's son Chen Wan, named Jingzhong, had a good relationship with Prince Yu Guan. He was afraid of harming himself, so he fled to Qi in 672 BC. After Chen Wan arrived in Qi State, Qianrang resigned from the position of Qing and only held the post of "gongzheng" in charge of hundreds of workers.
Chen Wuyu, the fourth grandson of Chen Wan, was the official "Shangdafu". His fifth grandson, Chen Shu, was successful in conquering Ju. Qi Jinggong granted him the surname Sun and the title of Le'an (now Huimin County, Shandong Province). area), so the Sun family of Qi State appeared.
2. Other branches of the Sun family in various pre-Qin countries
1. The Sun family among the descendants of the royal family surnamed Ji in Jin State
"Zuo Zhuan·17th year of Chenggong" " (592 BC) the name "Sun Zhou" appears for the second time. Yang Bojun notes: "Sun Zhou is the Duke of Jin." "Historical Records: Jin Family" says: "Those who mourn Duke Zhou have their eldest father Jie, Duke Xiang of Jin." As a young son, he was not allowed to be named Huan Shu, and Huan Shu was his favorite. Huan Shu gave birth to Hui Bo Tan, and Tan was born to mourn Gong Zhou. "Sun Zhou was also the youngest son of Xiaozong, so he was not allowed to be the main queen and a branch of the royal family. Then it was changed to Sun's name. Later, by chance, the nobles of Jin attacked and killed Duke Li, and then Sun Zhou, a branch of the royal family, came to the throne as Duke Ao of Jin. "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Shi Shun Chapter" records that Zhao Jianzi, the Qing Dynasty of Jin Dynasty, had a retainer named Sun Ming. Retainers generally belong to the civilian class, which shows that the Sun family has also emerged among the common people of Jin.
3 Five major sources of the surname Sun (zt)
2. The Sun surname in the royal family of Zheng Guoji
"Zuo Zhuan·Xianggong Eighth Year" (B.C. 565) records: "The prince of Zheng Qun took advantage of the death of Duke Xi and plotted against his son Si. Zi Si preceded him, and in the Gengchen period of the fourth month of summer, he killed Gu, Zi Xi, Zi Hou and Zi Ding. Sun Ji and Sun Ji were killed. The evil ones came out and rushed to the guard." Sun Ji and Sun E were the sons and grandsons of the royal family of Zheng Guoji.
3. The Sun family of Qin
"The Collection of Zhuangzi: Horse Shoe Chapter" states: "Lie Ziyun: surnamed Sun, given name Yang, courtesy name Bole. During the reign of Duke Mu of Qin, he was good at managing horse people." Bole Sun Yang knew a thousand-mile horse, and his story was widely spread. That is to say, the Sun family also appeared in the Spring and Autumn State of Qin, although its ancestral origin is unknown.
4. The Sun family of the Shang Dynasty
Volume 17 of the "Inscriptions and Stone Records" written by Zhao Mingcheng of the Song Dynasty, "The Monument of Sun Gen, Pingxiang of Han'an" contains: "Kao Jue came out first, and Yin established the Shang Dynasty. Xie, Zi Tang's seedling; Yun Sheng Wu Ding Zhou, sealed Bigan's tomb, descendants analyzed, hid in the land, surnamed Sun Yan. "Bigan is the uncle of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty, with the lowest official rank, King Zhou Yin was cruel. , the country was in danger, Bigan offended Yan Zhijian, and was heartbroken and killed by King Zhou. Legend has it that after Bigan was killed, his wife and family fled into the forest to take refuge. The child was given the surname Lin and named Jian. Lin Jian was Bigan's son. From then on, the descendants of the Lin family all regarded Bigan as their ancestor. However, a descendant of Bigan named Sun has emerged here. The so-called "descendant analysis" should be another branch of the Bigan family.
3. Changing the surname to the Sun surname
1. The relationship between the surname Xun and the surname Sun
Xunzi, a great thinker during the Warring States Period, had the surname "Xun" There is also an indissoluble bond with the Sun family. According to the "Index of Historical Records" written by Sima Zhen of the Tang Dynasty and the "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" written by Yan Shigu of the Tang Dynasty: In the Han Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of asking for the name of Emperor Xuan, the surname was changed to Sun when patrolling. It is even said that an edict was issued to change the surname. During the Warring States Period, all Xun Qings were changed to Sun Qing; of course, a considerable number of people later changed their surnames back, but after all, some people thought it was a good change, so it became a significant source of the Sun surname branch in the Han Dynasty.
2. In the Han Dynasty, there were children who took their mother's surname.
"Hanshu·Xiahou Ying Biography" records: "The first infant served as a chariot for Teng Ling, so he was named Teng Gong. And his great-grandson The master Po Shang took his maternal surname and was named Princess Sun, so the descendants of Teng Ling Gong became the surname Sun."
During the Three Kingdoms period of Soochow, the official worshiped the powerful Kou Zhonglang general and led the Lujiang prefect to guard Wancheng. Sun He from (now Qianshan County, Anhui), whose courtesy name was Bohai and whose surname was Yu, was from the same hometown as the Sun family in Soochow and was also a native of Wu County.
"Three Kingdoms·Wu Shu·Clan Biography" Pei's note quotes "Wu Shu" and says: "He, the son of the Jian clan, came out of the Hougu Yu family." The so-called "son of the clan" of Sun Jian, "comes out of the Hougu Yu family", He should be the son of a married woman from the Sun clan, so he would naturally take his maternal surname of Yu. When he was young, he accompanied Sun Jian on the battlefield, led the soldiers, and was often the vanguard. Sun Jian regarded him as a confidant. Later, he followed Sun Ce to pacify Jiangdong and made many military exploits. "The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms·Wu Shu·Clan Biography" states: "Sun Ce loved his son, so he named him Sun and listed his nationality. Later he became a general and stationed in Jingcheng (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province). "Sun Ce not only gave him the surname Sun again, but also listed him as his nationality, and he was listed on the Fuchun Sun family tree.
3. He was adopted as a stepson by the Sun clan and changed his surname to Sun
For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the Sun Shimei family in Lou County, Jiangsu Province (now Songjiang, Shanghai), Sun Shimei was tired of serving as the governor of Shenzhou. His father and grandson had the experience of serving as officials and serving as guards. His grandfather's real surname was Zhu. He was the successor of Zhu Kui, the minister of Taichang Temple. Because he succeeded the Sun family, the family became famous with the Sun surname. "Jiangdu Sun Family Genealogy Reconstruction" states that the ancestor Sun Jinxing was born in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. "The public's surname is Xu, and the descendant's surname is Sun. Because the Ming Dynasty sun was secretly Xu, and the ancestral legacy was Yan, the genealogy was established after the Sun family, which means that we have not forgotten our roots." He was the stepson of the Sun family from the Xu family, changed his surname to Sun, and became the ancestor of the Sun family in Jiangdu.
4. The compound surname with the provincial character becomes the surname Sun
Uncle Sun’s surname. One is derived from the surname Ji. According to the "Surname Genealogy", in the Spring and Autumn Period, Gongzi Ya, the son of Duke Huan of Lu, was also called Shu Ya. His two grandsons were Peng Sheng and Dechen. " is the surname, and Dechen takes "Uncle Sun" as his surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Dr. Lu had his uncles Sun Bao and Uncle Sun Dechen, and in the Western Han Dynasty he had his uncle Sun Tong. The second is derived from the Tuoba clan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. "Book of Wei·Guanshi Zhi" records: "Tuoba Lin named his uncle Yin's clan, and later changed it to Shusun's clan." In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was an uncle Sun Jian whose real surname was Yizhan. .
The Changsun family. There are two origins of the Changsun family: First, this surname already existed in the Han Dynasty. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi·Xiaojing" records two chapters of "Changsun's Theory"; and "Hanshu·Rulin Zhuan" records that there is a surname in Zichuan (now Shandong) Sun Shun, the eldest son of Changlexi), once studied under Wang Ji and received the study of "Han Shi". He is famous for his scholarship and has a doctorate. The second one originated from the Tuoba clan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. "Book of Wei" says: "Emperor Xiaowen regarded Tuoba as the length of the imperial branch and changed it to the Changsun family." Empress Changsun and the famous Prime Minister Changsun Wuji of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty were his successors. . In addition, "Book of Zhou" records that Sun Jian, the eldest son of Luoyang, Henan, was a member of the Xianbei tribe.
Shisun family. "Shi" was the lowest title in the pre-Qin period, and "Tongzhi Clan Brief" included it in the list of "surnames based on noble lineage". "A Survey of Surnames" records that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi officials had a scholar named Sun. "Zuo Zhuan: The Twenty-Fifth Year of Duke Xiang" stated that Cui Zhu was murderous and Duke Zhuang was "buried in this place where all the scholars and grandsons were buried." Du's note: "The scholars and grandsons, People's surnames are because of their names. "Li is a gathering place for citizens. The use of people's names shows that the Shisun clan had a certain scale at that time. In the Han Dynasty, there were Shisun Zhang, Shisun Mu, and Shisun Rui. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were Shisun Tian and Shi. .
4 Five major sources of the surname Sun (zt)
Wang Sun. It comes from the surname Ji. According to "Tongzhi·Clan Brief", the official of Zhou Ding Wang, Fuman, was the grandson of King Qing, so he was called Wangsun Man, and his descendants took this as their surname. In fact, there are many situations similar to the Wangsun family descended from the great officials. They can be used by all the princes with the surname Ji and the descendants of the Zhou kings. Therefore, the sources of the Wangsun family are many, such as Wangsun Jia of Wei, Wangsun pp of Wu, and Wangsun Hui of Qi. , Chu Youwang Sunyou and others. There is also the Jia Sun family, which is also directly derived from the Wang Sun family. According to "Shiben", it is after Wang Sun Jia, a great official in the Spring and Autumn Period of Wei; and "Surname Yuan" believes that his grandson has since gone far away from the Zhou royal family, so he changed his name to Jia Sun. , later it was mistakenly called the Gusun family, and the pronunciation changed accordingly. Then the Gusun family appeared again. "Yuanhe Surname Usuru" said: "This Ji's surname was changed to Gusun after Wangsunjia." Therefore, Wangsun, Jiasun and Gusun have the same origin. .
The Mengsun family, according to "Yuanhe Surname Usurus", originated from the surname Ji. It was the son of Lu Huangong who took his father's name Mengsun, and his descendants took their ancestors' names as their surnames. The Zhongsun surname also originated from Lu Gongzi Qing's father. Qing's father's courtesy name was Zhong, and his descendants took Zhongsun as their surname. And "A Survey of Surnames" says: "Qi also has the Zhongsun family." For example, the official Duke Huan of Qi has Zhongsun Qiu. The Jisun family, according to "Shiben", originated from the surname Ji. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the family name was Jisun after Ji You, the son of Lu Gong. Lu doctors include Jisunfei, Jisunxingfu, Jisunyiru, etc. It is also said that Meng Sun, Zhong Sun, and Ji Sun were the three sons born to Qingfu, the son of Lu Gong in the Spring and Autumn Period. They were arranged in order because of Wang Sun, and they were called Meng Sun, Zhong Sun, and Ji Sun respectively.
The Shisun family is generally believed to be the grandson of the royal family, and has the same origin as the *** Sun family; and "A Study of Surnames" says: "The Shisun family is the Gongsun family." "Hanshu· There is a Gongsun family in Yiwenzhi.
The Dasun family is a descendant of the great grandson of Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Sun family of Tang Dynasty, according to "Shiben", once the surname Qi is mentioned, the descendants of Emperor Yao are Tang Hou, and their descendants serve in the Jin Dynasty and are named Tang Sun family. As soon as the surname Ji came out, King Zhou Cheng named Uncle Yu in the Tang Dynasty. After the death of Tang Shu Yu, his descendants became officials in the Jin Dynasty and were called the Sun family of Tang Dynasty.
The County Sun surname, according to "Lu Shi", is derived from the Mi surname. The Chugong clan has the County Sun surname.
The Zhuansun surname, according to "Customs", originated from the surname Gui. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Gongzi Zhuan Sun Shilu, his descendants took the names of their ancestors as their surnames. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the disciples of Confucius had the Zhuan Sun surname.
Zang Sun family, the Lu officials in the Spring and Autumn Period included Zang Sun He and Zang Sun Da; Yang Yi belonged to both Qin and Jin, and Qin had Yang Sun Hao.
5. The Sun surname among ethnic minorities
1. Related ethnic groups in the north
The Xianbei people, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, roamed the land of northern China and established successively Former Yan, Western Qin, Southern Liang and other regimes. "Book of Jin Feng Ba Zhuan" records that Sun Hu, Shangshu of the Northern Yan Kingdom, had two younger brothers, one named Chizhi and the other named Yiba. The three of them "all have talents and are famous for their bravery." The country is known as Xianbei. Judging from their names, it can be seen that the three brothers are definitely not Han nationality, or are Xianbei people. At that time, there were many generals with the surname Sun in the former and later Yan states of the Xianbei clan in Liaodong. According to the "Book of Jin Records", there were: Sun Ding, a general in the former Yan state, Sun Xi, an Anxi general and Bingzhou governor; General Sun Gai and others. Under such circumstances, it is estimated that Gao Juexian's Sun Hu did not like his original name of Xianbei and changed his name to Sun. Under the influence of Han culture, the Xianbei gradually merged with the Han and others. Therefore, it is natural for some of them to change their surnames to Han and Sun.
The Khitan tribe is a branch of Xianbei. The Dahe tribe alliance established during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and later established the Daliao regime. "Old Tang Book Beidi Biography" records, "Khitan had another chieftain, Sun Aocao, who first served in the Sui Dynasty as Jin Ziguanglu. In the fourth year of Wude, Chief Mohe sent envoys to Tudiji, and the edict was with He was placed next to the city of Yingzhou and was awarded the title of General Yunhui, the general manager of Liaozhou. When he came to Sun Wanrong, he was granted the title of General Youyu Qianwei, the governor of Guichengzhou, and was granted the title of Duke of Yongle County. "Sun Aocao and Sun Wanrong were appointed as the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The chief of the Khitan tribe, this tribe may be the predecessor of the Khitan secret review department in "History of Liao". Although Sun Wanrong was awarded an official position, he could not bear the intrusion of local officials, so he raised his troops to rebel against the Tang Dynasty and repeatedly defeated the Tang soldiers. Wu Zetian called him "Sun Wanrong", and he was finally defeated and killed. "The Biography of Sun Xiaozhe in the Old Book of Tang Dynasty" states that Sun was a Khitan and his mother was beautiful. He had an affair with An Lushan, the military envoy of Fan Yang Jiedu, and because of their close relationship, he became a general in the late Tianbao period (755 AD). When An Lushan rebelled, he received the official position of eunuch of the First Palace and was granted the throne. Being cruel results in killing. It can be concluded that there were many Khitan people with the surname Sun in the Tang Dynasty. After the Liao Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, the Khitan people gradually merged with the Han, Jurchen and Mongolian people.
The Korean ethnic group originates from the Korean Peninsula, lives in Yanbian, Jilin, and is distributed in Northeast China and other places. Today's "Fushan Sun Family Genealogy Book" states that when the Jin Dynasty destroyed Dongwu, a branch of the Sun clan in Dongwu crossed the sea and moved to three Koreas (Mahan, Chenhan, and Bianhan, today's Korean Peninsula). "Song Shu Yiman Biography" records that Gao Lian, the king of Goguryeo, had a general named Sun Shu, who was probably a descendant of the immigrants of the Han Sun family. According to the "History of the Three Kingdoms" written by the Goryeo scholar Kim Bu-sik, in the early days of Silla, Korean immigrants lived separately in the valleys and were divided into six tribes, including the Yangsan tribe of Acheon and the Daeshu tribe of Musan, all with the surname Park. In the spring of the ninth year of the ninth year of the ninth year of the Silla Dynasty, the third king of Silla, Puruli Nishi, changed the names of six tribes and gave them surnames respectively. The Musan Daeshu tribe was renamed Jianliang tribe and was given the surname Sun. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian army repeatedly invaded Goryeo and took a large number of Goryeo captives to China; at the same time, some Goryeo people moved to China for other reasons. For example, at that time, Sun Xiqing, a native of Goryeo, was promoted to Wai Lang, a member of the Ministry of Rites. Volume 73 of "General Genealogy of Manchu Clan in Eight Banners" includes "Sun" in the "Attachment of Goryeo surnames within the Manzhou Banner". Volume 8 of "General Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty" "Clan Brief" shows that the Manchu people also have the Goryeo surname: Sun. , lived in Wangjing for a long time.
5 Five major sources of the surname Sun (zt)
Today’s Koreans all moved to Northeast China in modern times, and there are also people with the surname Sun among them.
The Jurchens and Manchus mainly lived in the Northeast. After entering the customs, they dispersed in various places and established the Jin and Qing regimes. After the Jurchens established the Jin Kingdom, many Jurchens moved to the Central Plains and mixed with the Han people. Under the influence of Han culture, they gradually changed their surnames to Han people. The Jin court issued several orders prohibiting Jurchens from changing their Chinese surnames, but in fact it could not stop the trend of Chinese surnames. After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, Jurchens who had not changed their surnames to Han surnames changed their names to Han surnames one after another. According to Lu Wengui's "Qiangdong Lei Manu: Sun Gong's Epitaph", there is a Jurchen named Uxun who was General Mingwei of the Jin Dynasty and lived in Daliang, Kyoto (today's Kaifeng, Henan Province). After the Yuan soldiers of the Jin Dynasty were destroyed, they moved to Hebei Province. According to Han custom, Sun is the surname. "There are three sons: Sun Xin, Sun Yi, and Sun Zhong. Sun Zhong's eldest son Sun Ze is the owner of the tomb. This part of the Jurchen Sun family was completely integrated into the Han nationality during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
During the reigns of Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Hong Zhou and others compiled the "General Genealogy of the Manchu Clan of the Eight Banners", and its volumes 76 and 79 "include the surnames of Nikan within the Manzhou Banner", recording more than ten distinguished grandsons. The brief biographies of the people with this surname and the information about their family descendants with official positions mainly live in the areas of Shenyang, Fushun, Tieling and Dalinghe in Liaoning Province. "General Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty: Clan Brief" also contains some Sun characters with the surname "Nikan within the Manzhou Banner", living in Fushun, Gaixian and other areas of Liaoning. "Nikan" means "Han" in Manchu, but this refers to the Han surnames in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, not the Eight Banners of the Han Army. Although most of the people surnamed Sun in the book are of Han descent, they may have been slaves of the Manchus and belonged to the coat collars of a large number of Han people. After all, they had merged with the Manchus at this time and belonged to the Manchu banner people. Under the influence of the Han people entering the banner and the gradual migration into the customs, it became common for the Manchus to imitate Han surnames. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Dalili was the commander of the army guards. In some Manchu documents, he was written as "Sundalli" or "Sundalili". His original surname was Lubuli, and he was from the Zhenghuang Banner. After the fall of the Manchu Qing government, most of the Manchus merged with the Han people, and many of them adopted the Han surname Sun. For example, "Records of Manchu Surnames" records that the original Manchu surname "Sun Jia" was later changed to the single character "Sun".
The Mongolian people mainly live in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia and are also scattered throughout the north. In ancient times, the Mongolian people did not have a "family surname" in the strict sense, but they had a clan surname. To prevent confusion in their names, the Mongolian people retained the habit of adding their father's surname. However, starting from the Yuan Dynasty, under the influence of the Han people, many Mongolians switched to using single surnames with Chinese characters. By the Ming Dynasty, the number gradually increased, especially in areas close to the Han people, and some of them adopted the surname Sun. According to the "Durbot Mongolian Autonomous County Chronicle" of Heilongjiang today, the Mongolian households in this county have the surname Sun.
The Xibo people were included in the Eight Banners of Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty, and were later divided into the Eight Banners of Manchuria. Since then, the Xibo people in the Northeast have lived together with the Mongols, Manchus, and Han people for a long time, and their culture has been greatly affected, giving rise to the surname Sun.
2. Relevant ethnic groups in the south
The Hakka people are a Han ethnic group formed after some northern Han people migrated southward and merged with the local indigenous people in Ganzhou, Jiangxi and Dingzhou, Fujian. They are mainly descendants of northern immigrants who moved to southern Jiangxi and western Fujian during the late Tang and Southern Song Dynasties. They gradually came into close contact with and integrated with the local indigenous people and the She people. By the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Hakka people had formed their own dialect and social customs. From the early Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka people migrated to Meixian County, Guangdong and surrounding areas. Since the Hakka people are descendants of the Han people in the Central Plains, they naturally have the bloodline of the Han people with the surname Sun. His famous Sun family members include: Sun Quanmou was a Hakka from Dingting, the governor of Fujian Province. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, he was highly skilled in martial arts. He was good at naval warfare, hunting down pirates, and resisting Japanese pirates. He was promoted to the admiral of Guangdong for his merit. Sun Yat-sen's family in Guangdong is also a Hakka. Sun Yat-sen said that he is a Dongjiang Hakka, and his hometown is originally from Zijin County, Guangdong. Another example is the list of Hakka surnames contained in Volume 8 of Fujian's "Shanghang County Chronicles", "Clan Chronicles", which includes the "Sun" surname, and its county names are "Taiyuan" and "Le'an".
The Dai people are mainly distributed in the Pingba area of ????the valley in Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Gengma and Menglian, Yunnan. The "Lin'an Prefecture Chronicles" written by Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty was compiled by Jiang Junyuan, the prefect at that time. Volume 18 of the "Chieftains Chronicles" records that in the early Ming Dynasty, most of the chieftains and village chiefs of the ethnic minorities in this area were given Han surnames by the court. For example, p "Kurongdian", "In the fifteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain Apuna gave him the surname Sun and the title of chief official." The imperial court granted the chieftain of Quirongdian, Lin'an Prefecture, Yunnan, the surname Sun and the title of chief officer. title. The chieftain was proud of giving him his surname, and his descendants continued to use the surname Sun until modern times. The name of Apu's son is brief, and the lineage passed down later is: Sun Lue - Sun Fan - Sun Wu, Sun Qirong - Sun Yingshou - Sun Chengzu - Sun Jingyuan - Sun Dachang - Sun Yongzuo - Sun Shiji - Sun Shiye (brother) - Sun Rong - Sun Tingdui - Sun Han - Sun Anguo-Sun Yinzong.
From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, his position as chief officer was changed to deputy chief until 1923, when Sun Yinzong ascended the throne. The chieftain of this tribe is from the Dai ethnic group, and most of the people in the tribe are Hani, followed by Yi and Dai. At that time, tribesmen often had the custom of following the leader's surname, so this surname grant would have an impact on the Hani and other people. "New General Chronicles of Yunnan·Tusi Test IV·Lin'an Prefecture" contains the name of the local official "Sun Binyuan, the Secretary of Shanghe Deficiency". Quirongdian is Xiaqurong in the southeast of present-day Honghe County.
6 Five major sources of the surname Sun (zt)
Li nationality, living in Hainan Island. There is a list of Li people's surnames in Chapter 7 "Li Nationality of the Ming Dynasty" in Wu Yongzhang's "History of the Li Nationality". There are 183 people with names of the Li people in the Ming Dynasty. "Sun Endi", the head of Li in Ding'an, appears in "The Monument of Li Shanhou", but this is only one case among 183 people, and the frequency of occurrence is very low. The Li people in Hainan can be divided into born Li and mature Li. The mature Li have a higher degree of Chineseization, and a considerable number of them are from Han immigrants. Zhou Qufei of the Southern Song Dynasty said in "Lingwai Daida": "There are many treacherous Li people in Fujian, Hu, and Guangzhou." It is estimated that Sun Endi, the head of Li in Ding'an in the Ming Dynasty, was a Shu Li among Han immigrants.
The Miao nationality is distributed in Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places. Shi Qigui's "Field Investigation Report on the Miao People in Western Hunan", through on-the-spot investigation of the life of the Miao people in western Hunan, pointed out that the Miao people have five major surnames: Wu, Long, Liao, Shi, and Ma, and there are dozens of minor surnames, including Sun. . The "Investigation Report on the Miao Nationality in Western Hunan" by Ling Chunsheng and others also pointed out that the pure Miao people have five surnames, and other surnames such as Yang, Shi, Peng, Zhang, and Hong are those with foreign surnames who were married to the Miao and adopted their customs. The surname Sun naturally belongs to the latter. In the 27th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1847), Sun Wenming, one of the leaders of the Miao people's uprising in Qianzhou (now Jishou, Hunan, which belongs to western Hunan), rebelled against Shi Guanbao, Yang Zhengfu and others. He was later surrounded and killed by officers and soldiers.
The Tujia people are distributed in western Hunan and eastern Henan, and live together with the Han and Miao people. The Tujia people in Hunan were deeply influenced by Han culture in the Song Dynasty. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many Chinese writings by Tujia Tujia officials. Under this premise, it is natural for Tujia people to use Han surnames, and some gradually adopt Sun surnames.
The Jingpo people are mainly distributed in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan and surrounding areas. Among the 26 surnames of this tribe, the surname Geliang originated the earliest, and many other surnames evolved from him. In modern times, under the influence of Han culture, the Han surname of Geliang changed its code and became Sun. There are also Duyin, Muru, Lason and other minor surnames, whose Han surname is also Sun. For example, "Jingpo Social Survey (1)" records that Jingpo Village, the capital of Bangjiao Township, Lianghe County, Yunnan, is a large village with 42 households and more than 200 people. Due to the influence of the surrounding Han culture, each Jingpo village has In addition to the inherent clan names of the clan, they all have Han surnames. The "Duyin" clan has the Han surname as Sun.