Author: Zuo Si
The bottom of the gloomy ravine is loose, leaving seedlings on the mountain.
With an inch in diameter and a rhizome, you can cover the hundred feet.
The world is tall and handsome.
Because of the terrain, the origin is not once.
Borrowed his old job and that seven-leaf Korean mink.
Feng Gong is not Wei, and Bai Shou does not move.
Precautions:
1, melancholy: tight, thick and green. Stream: Between two mountains. Pine trees at the bottom of the canyon: a metaphor for scholars with high status and low status.
2, separation: drooping. Miao: New vegetation. Mountain seedlings: small trees on the mountain.
3. Peter: refers to the seedlings on the mountain. Diameter: diameter. Inch in diameter: one inch in diameter. Inch diameter stem: that is, an inch thick stem.
4, shading: shading. This refers to the pine trees at the bottom of the stream. Strip: branch, here refers to the tree.
5. Yu: the eldest son. Zhoushi: A noble family. Nie (Nie): Step and climb.
6. Xialiao: junior officials, that is, members. Fall into a subordinate position
7. Terrain means that this situation, like pine trees at the bottom of a stream and seedlings on a mountain, is caused by topography and never lasts long.
8. Jin: refers to the Han Dynasty, whose family lived from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty, and was a maid of honor for seven generations. Zhang: It refers to Zhang Tang in the Han Dynasty. Since Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, there are more than ten people in his family, all of whom have served in vocational schools and served in them regularly. "The Biography of Han Zhang Tang" says: In the heroic world, compared with consorts, only Jin and Zhang are your close pets. Seven leaves: seven generations. Er (ear): Insert. Erhan mink: In the Han Dynasty, the mink tail was inserted into the hats of Chinese and Chinese attendants. The meaning of these two sentences is that the children of Jin and Zhang became your seven generations of officials in the Han Dynasty, relying on their ancestral businesses.
9. Feng Gong: Han Fengtang. He once accused Wendi of not being able to employ people, and he was still a junior official of the corps commander when he was old. Woman: Strange. Zhao Jian: Zhao Jian. Nothing: no need. The meaning of these two sentences is that Feng Tang is not so good, and it is no longer used in old age. The historical facts quoted in the above four sentences show that the world has long had a history of handsome men.
Translation:
Lush pine trees grow at the bottom of the mountain stream.
The seedlings swaying in the wind grow on the hills.
With little seedlings,
But it can cover a hundred feet of pine trees.
Children of aristocratic families can rise to high positions and gain power.
Talented people are buried in low-level posts.
This is because their status is different,
This situation has a long history and was not caused overnight.
Jin Ridi and Zhang Anshi in the Han Dynasty relied on the heritage of their ancestors.
Seven generations of descendants became senior officials.
Isn't Feng Tang a great genius?
But just because I was born in a slight cold,
White hair is still not reused.
Appreciate:
This poem was written under the gate valve system. Talented people are suppressed because of their humble origins, and aristocratic children occupy important positions regardless of whether they have talents or not, resulting in the uneven phenomenon of no poverty in the top grade and no potential in the bottom grade (Liu Yichuan in the Book of Jin). There are four sentences at the bottom of the gloomy ravine, which show the injustice of the world at that time in a comparative way. Compare the pine tree at the bottom of the ravine to a poor scholar, and compare the seedlings on the mountain to the children of a large family. Only an inch thick saplings on the mountain actually cover a hundred feet long trees at the bottom of the canyon. On the surface, this is a natural scene. In fact, the poet regards this as a metaphor for human injustice, which contains specific social content. Vivid image, implicit performance. China's classical poems often use Song to describe people. Before this poem, such as Serina Liu's "To My Brother"; After this poem, such as To Wang Guiyang by Wu Jun, it is a loose metaphor for people's noble character, with rich connotations.
Nie's "Four High Sentences" wrote that the aristocratic men were in the position of high officials at that time, while the scholars from humble origins were in the position of low officials. This phenomenon is like pine trees at the bottom of ravines and seedlings on mountains. It's the terrain that makes them so. It has a long history, and it will not happen overnight. At this point, poetry becomes clearer from hidden to obvious. Here, with vivid language, the unreasonable phenomenon caused by gate valve system is strongly exposed. Historically, the gate valve system developed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Cao Wei carried out the nine-product Zheng Zhi system and consolidated the gate valve system. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the rule of gate valves was further strengthened due to the continued implementation of the nine-product Zheng Zhi system, and its disadvantages became increasingly obvious. Duan Zhuo said: Today's Taige election is a slap in the face; The interviewer only asked Chiang Kai-shek, so according to the top grade, he was either the son of a prince or the brother of Kun in Dangtu. If they weren't, they would be very handsome, without Lu Chen! ("The Book of Jin Duan Zhuochuan") At that time, the imperial court only used genuine products. As a result, the children of the powerful are among the best, and the career of the poor is blocked. Liu Yi's famous "Eight Losses" severely condemned Chiang Kai-shek's injustice: nowadays, it depends on the interests of the party to seek practicality instead of goodness; If you don't weigh evenly, you must follow love and hate. If you want what you want, you will get what you want. If you want what you want, you will find fault and be competitive. Is this right or wrong? The rise and fall of the world, regardless of the actual situation, the decline will be broken, and the rise will be removed. A person's health will be different after more than ten days. Either he is self-sufficient in goods or plans to promote it. Those who are attached get it, and those who keep it are tired. If you don't report to your body, you will see it cut. If you are selfish, you will get what you want. That is, the above products are not poor, and the inferior products have no potential. Sometimes, all songs have a reason, which is the root of chaos and a way to damage politics. ("Jin Shu Liu Yichuan") These remarks all reflected the corruption in employing people at that time. This poem by Zuo Si, based on his own experience, made a fierce attack on the current disadvantages, which is of great political significance.
Zhang Jin borrowed four sentences from his old job, which he inherited for a short time. Content from general to individual, more specific. Gold, refers to the Jin Ridi family. According to the biography of Han Jin Ridi, there were seven generations of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, namely, Emperor Zhao, Emperor Yu, Emperor Ai, Emperor Ping, and the Jin family all had on-the-job attendants. Zhang, refers to the Zhang Tang family. According to Zhang Han's Biography of the Tang Dynasty, since Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, more than ten members of the Zhang family have been riding horses in the middle and regular places and listed as a captain. In the world of heroes, only Jin and Zhang are close relatives, more precious than consorts. This is one aspect. On the other hand, Feng Gong, namely Feng Tang. He was born during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. He was very talented, but he was old and only became a small official like Director Zhong Lang. Here, by means of comparison, the specific content of the resignation of the world's top handsome man is displayed. And it is closely related to the poem "Yong Shi". He Chao has long been uneasy, and Zuo Si's "Ode to History" is actually a chant for the bosom. Poets only use history to express their weapons and mercilessly expose and attack unreasonable social phenomena.
This poem is not only four sentences of Zhang Jin in his old work, but also uses contrast throughout, so it is very vivid and vivid. Plus the content from hidden to obvious, layer by layer concrete, good artistic effect.
Write poems about history
Li Shangyin sang history.
Looking at the countries and families of former sages, they became thrifty and extravagant.
Why amber is a pillow, and real pearls are cars.
If you don't meet Qinghai horse, it's hard to pull out the snake in Shushan.
Several people sang songs in the south in advance, and finally Cangwu cried for Cui Hua.
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Li Shangyin's epic eulogizes both the past and the present, which fully embodies his progressive view of history and implicitly expresses his realistic tendency to satirize the present through the past. At the same time, he also euphemistically expressed his frustration with his talent. Compared with the deep feeling of current politics, the expressive ability of epic has been expanded.
Historical poems are based on historical stories or legends, which are closely related to the poet's view of history. Li Shangyin's epic is well written because he analyzes social changes with the historical view of development and change, and attributes the rise and fall of the country to man-made. In Visit to the Ancient, he linked the vertical history with the horizontal view, and pointed out that it is peaceful without golden soup, and the frost in the grass reveals the ancient and modern feelings, which profoundly warned the ruling group in the late Tang Dynasty that everything changed, and Jincheng Tang Chi could not make the country last forever. According to the historical facts of the rise and fall, he also summarized it as a review of sages and families, and the success was due to thrift and extravagance (Yong Shi). He pointed out that the key to the success or failure of all political power lies in his fundamental understanding of history: there is both rationality and chaos, and people are not bound to the sky. On the question of who he was bound to, although limited by the times, he could only tie the lifeline of chaos to the emperor, but in his poems, he mostly accused them of defeating the country. Therefore, this disclosure is more progressive. The thought that man is not bound to heaven runs through all Li Shangyin's epics. The most noteworthy is a poem "Ode to History" (there is endless water in the forests of northern Hunan), which says that there is a way to rise and fall, not destiny. He added: Naturally, Emperor Tiandi was drunk at that time, and Qin ("Xianyang") had mountains and rivers. Qin and the world are not bound, and the risks are mountains and rivers. Since he thinks that there are clues to the rise and fall of chaos and the ambition of a desolate man to settle down and love men (the harem of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he still feels that he has done something despite the metabolism of personnel. Not pessimistic. While emphasizing man-made, the poet also criticized the feudal rulers who took regional conditions and fate as their spiritual pillars and enjoyed themselves without restraint. For example, "Southern Dynasties": the land is long and the Jinling is full of jade. Don't boast that this place is divided into the world, so Xu Fei has to wear half makeup. Throughout the Southern Dynasties, this poem skillfully links the half-face makeup with the distribution of the world, satirizing the decadent and groggy rulers who are superstitious about the king, relying on natural hazards, trying not to advance and eating the fruits of national subjugation. These clear attitudes of learning from the past contain profound intentions and are more conscious and complete than previous people's understanding.
Secondly, poets often use the past to satirize the present, and intensively expose some historical phenomena of the national subjugation caused by the indulgence of women and extravagance. He satirized Zhou Muwang, Chen Houzhu, Yang Di, Tang Xuanzong and other famous immortals, dissolute emperors and decadent and shameless monarchs to varying degrees, thus directly or indirectly expressing his realistic tendency and playing a certain role in irony and exhortation. For example, in the Southern Dynasties, who said that Joan's book was not as good as Jinlian's treading on thin ice? In "Qi Gong Ci", Liang Tai sings and dances at night, and the wandering wind rings nine bells. In Sui Palace, Spring Breeze people cut palace brocade all over the country, half as a barrier and half as sails. Poems with such content and style account for the vast majority of his epics. This shows that from the observation of real life, the poet saw that some emperors of that era had made mistakes in the previous dynasty and were bound to go to the abyss of extinction. Just because I dare not expose it directly, I satirize it by reciting history. However, in many epics, Li Shangyin regards the obsession with women as the biggest cause of national subjugation, and ignores more important factors such as politics, economy and class contradictions, which are caused by his class background and historical limitations. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the poet's exposition on the separatist regime of the buffer region, the eunuch's autocratic power, the struggle between the ox and the Li, and the acceleration of the country's demise, although standing on the standpoint of safeguarding the interests of the Tang Dynasty, is tortuous in his poems, but it also slightly reveals his own views and anger at the current situation. Hanbei expresses the author's political attitude of persisting in unity and opposing separatism by praising the novel Pinghuai Xibei written by Han Yu in Tang Xianzong. Of course, Li Shangyin's epic has a realistic background and is closely related to reality. Xianzong named then as the birthday star, but he died suddenly and was buried in Jingling. For this reason, he wrote a poem "Passing the Mausoleum": Huang Wu's spirit is immortal for a long time, and the shed is desolate and foggy, but the people can't stay. Dinghu is different from Wei Xiling. Besides Xian Zong and Li Shangyin's dynasty, Mu Zong and Wu Zong were also good immortals. Since then, Wu Zong became ill, so he wrote many epics satirizing the emperor's quest for immortality. Such as "Hua Yue Xiati Xiwangmu Temple". Jing Zong succeeded to the throne at a young age, so Li Shangyin used the folk name Gao Wei, Queen of the Northern Qi Dynasty, to wake him up in his poems. Such as "The Duke of Chen" and "The Duke of Fu", coldly satirized that the supreme ruler did not care about the country and the people, and lived a life of drunkenness all day.
Thirdly, what is more valuable to Li Shangyin is that he realized that all the bane of his downfall lies in the supreme ruler-the emperor. He doesn't distinguish between virtuous and foolish, doesn't pay attention to talents, is arrogant and extravagant, likes women, and likes seeking immortality. Therefore, there are two typical types of emperors in his poems. In his poems such as Yaochi and Jia Sheng, he satirized the vanity and futility of the emperor in seeking immortality, and the ignorance of loving talents and loving the people less than good immortals. The vain desire of emperors for immortals is a common theme in the past poetry circles. However, Li Shangyin wrote profound thoughts that are less common than others.
Niaomingjian
Wangweiniao Mingxi
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty.
When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream.
Translation and annotation
One,
The night in spring is very quiet, and you can hear the sound of osmanthus falling.
When the moon comes out, it wakes the birds, sometimes singing in the mountains.
Second,
Spring is silent, and osmanthus falls unconsciously. Silence makes the mountains in spring night more empty. When the moon came out, the bird was startled by the moonlight. From time to time, there were waves of clear birdsong in the mountain stream.
1, birdsong creek: birds are singing in the mountains.
2. Stream: A stream between two mountains.
3, leisure: quiet, leisurely, meaning silence.
4, empty: empty, empty. Empty. At this time, Shan Ye was described as silent, as if there was nothing.
5. The moon rises: The moon comes out.
6. Time: Time, from time to time. Crows from time to time.
7. Time: Sometimes, occasionally.
8. Osmanthus fragrans: The general term for Oleaceae plants. Some flowers bloom in spring, others in autumn.
9. Surprise: panic and anxiety.
10, leisure: quiet.
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This poem is about the tranquility of spring mountain. The poet felt peace strongly. Why? It is because people are idle that people are quiet. Because people are peaceful and quiet, they perceive the falling flowers of osmanthus.
Flowers fall on the moon and birds sing, setting off the tranquility of the spring stream.
Niaomingxi is a place with extremely beautiful scenery. A stream is a mountain stream, running water sandwiched between two mountains. This poem describes the unusually quiet scene at night in Chunshan. The main idea of the poem is that in the silent environment without human voice, osmanthus flowers bloom and fall, as if we can feel the sound of osmanthus flowers falling. When the night is still deeper, the spring mountain with various scenery seems to be empty. As soon as the moon came out, light appeared, which alarmed the birds staying in the tree. They sang some songs by the spring.
This poem is mainly about a quiet night in spring. Flowers fall, the moon rises and birds sing, all moving. The author uses the method of moving to compare the static state, and receives a more quiet artistic effect from Tonamiyama.
Leisure means that there is no human disturbance around, which shows the poet's inner leisure. On this premise, the delicate osmanthus fell from the branches before being noticed. Poets can find this kind of falling through the touch caused by flowers falling on their skirts, or through the sound, or through the slightest fragrance of petals falling. In short, the factors that fall can affect people are very subtle. When this subtle factor can be clearly felt from the surrounding world, the poet can't help but marvel at the silence of the night and the special emptiness shown by this silence. Here, the poet's mood and the environmental atmosphere of Chunshan blend and influence each other.
Write an ethereal and quiet environment and state of mind. The protagonist listens to the birds and flowers with all his mind, and his heart is quiet and indifferent, but full of elegance and affection. The quiet nature is vivid and colorful in the poet's pen, and the business is full. The moon rises silently and the birds fly in surprise, which is an artistic scene of dynamic and static contrast. "Two Tang Poems": You Chengshan Zen, and his poems are all in line with the holy religion. Notes on Tang Poetry: It's wonderful to spend this leisure time with idle people. A brief record of poetry changes: birds sing, and the motivation is also; This stream is very narrow. And one, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty; The first five words, and then point out the birdsong stream, you will feel an empty scene, which is more and more obvious because of birdsong, and is exposed outside the pen and ink. The slicer can be reached without manpower.
This poem is one of the representative works of Wang Wei's landscape poems. From the perspective of literary creation, the subtlety of this poem lies in the poetry set off by the contrast between dynamic and static. The first sentence, when people are idle, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty, so they write the scenery with sound and skillfully use synaesthesia to combine the dynamic scene of flowers falling with people's leisure. Flowers bloom and fall, all belong to the sound of nature. Only when the heart is really free and the obsession with worldly distractions is put down can the individual spirit be promoted to the ethereal realm. At that time, the background was late at night, and the poet obviously couldn't see the falling scenery of osmanthus, but because the night was quiet and the people watching the scenery were calm, he still felt the process of blooming osmanthus falling from the branches, floating down and falling to the ground. While reading aloud, we seem to have entered a scenic spot with fragrant forests and flowers and rain. The spring mountain here has left us a blank of imagination. Because it is a spring mountain, we can imagine the noisy pictures during the day: beautiful spring, flowers and birds, laughter and laughter. At this time, the night is still, the tourists leave, the noise of the day disappears, and the mountains are idle. In fact, the poet's mood as a Zen master is empty. Only when his mood is free and easy can he capture scenes that others can't feel.
In the last sentence, a bird woke up the mountain in the middle of the month and sang in the spring stream, which seemed to break the silence of the night. In fact, the description of sound is used to contrast the quietness and leisure of the mountain: the moon emerges from the clouds, the quiet moonlight pours down, several birds wake up from their sleep and whisper from time to time, whispering to the thin water flow in the spring stream, which sets off the overall artistic conception of this quiet mountain forest in front of readers.
As the old saying goes, writing is natural and skillful. In ancient times, good poems were all natural and beautiful, and they were all narrated by skillful hands. And when we are whispering, our thoughts seem to follow the poet's words into that beautiful and unique picture.
In this spring mountain, everything is intoxicated with the color and tranquility of the night. Therefore, when the moon rises, bringing bright Yin Hui to this empty valley shrouded in darkness, all the birds in the mountain are startled. Birds are surprised, of course, because they are used to the silence of the valley. It seems that even the moon rises with new excitement. But it is also conceivable that the bright moonlight makes the scene before and after the valley suddenly change. The so-called moon star is rare, and the black magpie flies south (Cao Cao's "Short Songs") can be associated. However, Wang Wei lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which was different from the chaos in Jian 'an period, and even birds and animals were nervous. The background of Wang Wei's Moonrise is a stable, unified and prosperous society in the Tang Dynasty. Although the bird is surprised, it is by no means three turns around the tree, and there is no branch to follow. They don't fly away from the spring stream, or even take off at all, but occasionally make noises in the Woods. In the spring stream, they are not surprised, because they feel fresh about the moon rising. Therefore, if we compare Cao Cao's "A Short Song", in Wang Wei's poems, we can not only see the beautiful environment of spring mountain dotted with bright moon, fallen flowers and birds, but also feel the peaceful and stable social atmosphere in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Wang Wei likes to create a peaceful artistic conception in his landscape poems, and so does this poem. But the poem is about flowers falling, the moon rising and birds singing. These moving scenery, even in poetry, are full of vitality but not lifeless, and at the same time, the tranquility of the spring stream is more prominently expressed through sports. On the contrary, dynamic scene can achieve static effect, because the two sides of contradiction are always interdependent. Under certain conditions, movement can occur or be noticed, which is based on silence. Tonamiyama is secluded, which contains artistic dialectics.
As the old saying goes, writing is natural and skillful. In ancient times, good poems were all natural and beautiful, and they were all narrated by skillful hands. When I was whispering, my mind seemed to follow the poet's words into that beautiful and unique picture.
This poem is currently selected from the weekly poem in Unit 4, Second Term, Grade 6 in the 20xx version of the textbook for nine-year compulsory education. Rowing in Beijian River
Meng Haoran went boating in Beijian River.
Beixi is always full, and righteousness touches the place.
It's fun to follow the whirlpool. Why in the Five Lakes?
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Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His real name is Hao, and the word is awesome. Xiangyang, Xiangzhou, is called Meng Xiangyang. He is also called Monsanto because he has never been an official. In his early years, he was eager to use the world. After his career was difficult and frustrated, he still respected himself and lived a hermit's life. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. Forty years old, traveling in Chang 'an, he should be a scholar. He once wrote a poem named Gong Qing in imperial academy, and he wrote for it. Later, I worked in Jingzhou and got gangrene. I have traveled all over the southeast. Poetry and Wang Wei are also called Wang Meng. His poems are light and good at writing landscapes, reflecting landscapes, seclusion, travel and so on. Most of them are short stories in five words with unique artistic attainments. Meng Haoran collected three volumes, and now he compiled two volumes of poetry.