Who invented money? Thank you.

The origin of money Money is the medium of commodity exchange and the inevitable product of the development of commodity production. The well-documented origin of China's currency is the "copper shell" in Shang Tang period, and before that, Xia, Shang, ancient, stone and pottery shells had already begun to circulate. The development of shells from decorations to money can be traced back to the period of the Yellow Emperor. Since the use of shells, the history of money civilization in China has been four or five thousand years. The origin of metal currency should be after Yin Shang and Chinese ancestors mastered the technology of smelting metal. Copper blocks were unearthed in some tombs of the Shang Dynasty, which may be the earliest metal currency. After a long-term barter trade, China produced an early copy currency. With the difference of regional economy, different tribes use different early currencies. Some controversial bronzes unearthed today, such as axes, jasmine, fish, nets, etc., are similar to practical vessels but smaller in size, and some are unearthed in small batches. The unearthed tombs all appeared in the tombs of Yin and Shang Dynasties before Qin Dynasty. Therefore, many ancient coin collectors regard these objects as the currency in the early Shang Dynasty. Qin unified China's pre-Qin currency in the pre-Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Dynasties. Due to the different living environment of each tribe (country), its coinage began after an uncertain period and was based on its main production tools. According to research, there are four main sources: knife, axe, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife, knife. Tribes living in areas with plenty of water in the lake make a living by fishing. Their coins are like totems, names, weights and so on. In some areas with developed handicrafts, the currencies of the same period were square or round currencies adapted to their civilization. Whether this currency is like a spindle or jade is still a mystery. But what is certain is that tribes that use circular currency are more civilized and developed. Currency in Qin and Han Dynasties During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period before Qin unified China, China's ancestors created and cast a square-hole round weighing coin, whose shape implied the concept of heaven and earth. The writing is simple, the book uses big seal script, and the half-two currencies of different sizes are now commonly known as the first Qin half-two or the Warring States half-two. After Qin Shihuang unified China. On the basis of the unified balance of power system, it is the basis of unifying Qin and Ban Liang. But soon, due to tyranny and huge military expenditure, the minted currency kept losing weight and became lighter. At the beginning of the founding of the army, Liu Bang paid for the army himself. Qian Wen adopted the old name of Qin Banliang. But the actual weight is only about three baht. Allow people to make their own castings. Therefore, most of the small seal characters, light, light, small and shallow, are all Han and half beams. Because the government and the people are casting the same money, it varies from time to time, so the varieties are complex and it is impossible to collect them all. Due to repeated weightlessness and low credit, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was militaristic and the country was short of money, so he issued all the money to pass on the economic crisis. First, it ordered to stop casting three baht in half-paper, and at the same time issued white deerskin coins (worth 400 thousand) in China, and issued three kinds of gold, which were cast with silver and tin respectively. These three kinds of dragons, horses and turtles are worth three thousand, five hundred and three hundred respectively. In the 5th year of founding ceremony in Han and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 18), it began to cast five baht, and in the 4th year of Wude in Tang Gaozu (A.D. 62 1 year), it lasted for nearly 700 to 800 years. It is the currency with the longest casting cycle in China. The number of people left behind is huge and the categories are complex. During the period of Wang Mang, since the second year of Wang Mang's reign (AD 7), three monetary reforms have been carried out successively, and exquisite currencies attracted worldwide attention have been minted. Wang Mang changed the currency for the first time, and mainly minted three kinds of high-value counterfeit money, namely "Daquan 50", "Qidao" and "Wrong Dao". The second time (AD 9), the knife and money were abolished, and five baht was banned, and Koizumi, The Complete Collection of Fifty, and Koizumi Neiyi were promoted. So these two coins have been widely circulated so far. The third reform began in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (A.D. 10), and the valuables system was implemented. Five products (gold, silver, copper, turtle and shellfish), six products (Zhu goods, shellfish goods, cloth goods, turtle treasures, silver goods and gold) * * * 28 products. Although the money system is chaotic, the quality of casting money is the peak of a generation, so Wang Mang is known as the first master of casting money. Wang Mang and Shufa Qian used hanging money to seal and cast money, whether it was round money, cloth money or knife money, which was very high-profile, thus protecting the characters well and making the money handed down from generation to generation very popular. The currencies of Wei, Shu and Wu are called the Three Kingdoms Currency. During this period, the monetary system was complicated, wars continued and historical records were unknown. Now it has been broken into the currency of the Three Kingdoms period, and it is difficult to separate the casting place and casting time. During the Three Kingdoms period, the monetary systems in different places were different. Wei won five baht, Shu invested five baht, and there was another 150 baht. Wu has five hundred big springs, one thousand big springs, two thousand big springs, five thousand big springs and so on. In addition, when Taiping Hundred Money and Dingping Hundred Money were returned to the Three Kingdoms, Taiping Hundred Money was cast by Yizhou secretariat, and Dingping Hundred Money may also be cast by Shu. The currency history books of the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties made no mention of casting money in the Western Jin Dynasty. Five baht was mainly used at that time. When the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, the national treasury was enriched and the national strength was strong. Therefore, in addition to using the old money of the Han dynasty, it should also be cast by itself. Today, it is not easy to distinguish the differences between Wei and Jin dynasties. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, after the Eight Kings Rebellion, all ethnic minorities went their separate ways, and many of them made their own money. Te Li and Li Liu, leaders of the Ba people, founded the Han Dynasty in Sichuan, and created "Hanxing", the first currency named after the year in China history. Schleswig replaced the Huns to establish the pre-Zhao, and became king on its own, which was called the post-Zhao in history, casting "abundant goods". Before cooling, stretch the track and cast "Cooling to Create a New Spring". During the Southern Dynasties, the old five baht in the Han Dynasty was cut into small coins, which was popular for a while and was privately cast into the wind. Song Wendi Yuanjia seven years (AD 430) cast four baht. It was rarely circulated, and later it was changed to build four baht to show filial piety. This spring, the style of writing is beautiful, and its seal script moves like a dancing sleeve, which is very beautiful. In 465, Yong Guang was cast. A few months later, he changed Jinghe, and he voted Jinghe again. It is extremely rare for two yuan to survive in the world. During Liang Wudi's period, there were two main types of five baht, one was with wheels and the other was without wheels, and the one without wheels was called "female money". After Emperor Yuan of Liang moved the capital to Jiangling, it was changed to "two pillars and five baht" in ten years, and Emperor Jing of Liang changed it to "four pillars and five baht" in the second year of Taiping, and it was used for twenty years. Both of them are rare now. During the Tianjia period, five baht was cast on a large scale to resist small money, and one was ten, and Chen Zhutai was five baht. This kind of spring seal is magnificent in symmetry and wonderful in production, ranking first in the Southern Dynasties. The Western Wei Dynasty cast five baht in Yong 'an, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty cast various countries, five elements of cloth and cloth springs. These three spring products, commonly known as the "Three Products of Northern Zhou Dynasty", have exquisite calligraphy and excellent casting, which is another peak of money casting after Wang Mang. After the currency of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Sui five baht was the unified legal tender, and the word "five" in the Sui five baht had the word "fierce" on the left and the word "fierce" on the vertical, and small samples were common. In the early Tang Dynasty, the old coins of Sui Dynasty were still used. Tang Gaozu Wude four years (AD 62 1 year), ordered the abolition of five baht, casting Kaiyuan Bao Tong, ending the history of two currencies in China and entering Bowen currency. Qian Wen, the four-character "Kaiyuan Bao Tong", was written by Ou Yangxun, a calligrapher. His words are dignified and dignified, showing the prosperous and peaceful style of the Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan Bao Tong was cast in the Tang Dynasty for more than 200 years, and its price remained stable with little change. It is still used by merchants and folk music, and it is also one of the longevity stars of coins in the late Qing Dynasty. The casting volume of Kaiyuan money is huge, which has been widely circulated so far, and there are many versions. In Tang Gaozong (the first year of Ganfeng (AD 666)), due to the increasing extravagance and waste, the military expenditure surged, and it was rejected by the merchants. After a year, he was forced to stop casting, so it was handed down less. During the Anshi Rebellion, Shi Siming got a lot of money according to the East Capital. As the saying goes, "it is easy to get heaven, but difficult to get land." After the Anshi Rebellion, the economy of the Tang Dynasty was severely damaged. In order to pay the military expenses, in the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong made another new treasure of Gan Yuan, then made ten, five, three and finally one, and walked with Kaiyuan. This is the beginning of Qian Wenzhong's emphasis on money. The casting of dry yuan money has been cast from the early years of Su Zong to the end of Tang Dynasty, so it is widely spread and the format is very complicated. During the Dali period in Tang Daizong (766-779 AD), Dali ingots were cast in the Zhong Jian period in Tang Dezong (780-783 AD). This Er Quan is often unearthed in Xinjiang. In the fifth year of Huichang, Tang Wuzong (in 845, the commons), the number of Buddhist temples on earth decreased, and the copper materials of abandoned temples were used for casting money. Shen Li of Yangzhou added the word "Chang" to the new money as a souvenir. Therefore, the casting furnaces in each state are named after counties, including Chang, Jing, Luo, Yi, Jing, Xiang, Lan, Yue, Xuan, Hong, Tan, Yan, Run, E, Ping, Xing, Liang, Guang, Zi, Fu, Gui, Dan and Yong. In the 11th year of Xian Tong, Tang Yizong (AD 870), Guiyang supervised Wang Tongxin to cast "Xian Tong Xuanbao", but this spring soon stopped using, so it was extremely rare to be handed down and unearthed. Currency of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries 1907 Zhu Wen destroyed the Tang Dynasty and established Hou Liang, which opened the chaotic situation of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries in Chinese history. Zhu Wen destroyed the Tang Dynasty and changed its name to Liang, moved the capital to Bianjing, and built the Yuan Kaiping. Kaiping Yuanbao and Kaiping Bao Tong have been handed down from generation to generation. In Li Siyuan in the late Tang Dynasty, Tiancheng Yuanbao was cast in Tiancheng period (926-930 AD), which was similar to Kaiyuan, but not very beautiful. In the third year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (AD 938), due to the lack of loans and money, Tianfu ingots were used as characters of copper coins, but now Tianfu ingots are mostly privately cast, with poor quality. In the later Han Dynasty, Zhu Qian changed its name to "Hanyuan Bao Tong", which was completely similar in shape to Kaiyuan, but the word "Han" was different. Therefore, it is actually a model currency. Rare in the world. Guang Shun (95 1-953), the founder of Guo Wei, abandoned 3,336 temples in the world in the second year of Xiande, Chai Rong (955) and cast a bronze statue of Zhu Yuanzhang and Bao Tong. During the Five Dynasties War, local provinces and cities set up their own doors one after another, and built their own numbers and cast money to make use of them. Yongping, Zheng Tong, Tianhan, Guangtian, Kande, Xiande, Zheng Guang and Dashu were voted before and after, and many of them were orphans. In 937, Xu Zhihao in the Southern Tang Dynasty established Daqi State, casting "Daqi Bao Tong", only two of which survived in the world, and later renamed as "Datang", casting Baoda and Yongtong Spring Loan, which were rare in Tang State and Datang Bao Tongshi. Chu and Ma Yin occupied the land of Xiang and Chu, and cast copper and iron coins from Fu Bao, Ce Tian, lead and iron coins from Ganfeng, big iron coins from Gan Yuan, small copper coins and Kaiyuan copper coins. During the Southern Han Dynasty, Ganheng heavy treasure lead, iron coins and Ganheng copper coins were all cast, while the latter was extremely rare. During this period, the Fujian royal government minted lead coins the size of Kaiyuan "Fujian" and Yonglong's lead and iron coins. Tiande Chongbao copper and iron coins were also cast by the king of Fujian. Throughout the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, lead and iron were the main currencies, with more bad money and less fine money, reflecting the political turmoil, economic depression and people's poverty at that time. Zhao Kuangyin's "Chen Qiao mutiny" in the Song Dynasty established the Song Dynasty. Since then, China has been basically reunified, the people have been recuperated, and the economy has obviously recovered. The monetary system in Song Dynasty was mainly copper coins, but there were also iron and lead. Silver and silver coins are more important in payment and purchase than previous dynasties. Paper money began to be formally produced and implemented, which was the biggest feature of the monetary system in Song Dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties are obviously different. There are more copper coins than iron coins in the Northern Song Dynasty, and more iron coins than copper coins in the Southern Song Dynasty. The copper coins in the Northern Song Dynasty were small and flat, but large, while those in the Southern Song Dynasty were small and large. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the title was Qian Wen, while in the Southern Song Dynasty, not only the title was Qian Wen, but also the date and discipline. The biggest difference between other currencies in the Song Dynasty is Qian Wen's calligraphy, many of which were written by emperors or calligraphers. It is true that all kinds of herbs are available. It is the pinnacle of China's currency calligraphy art. The Northern Song Dynasty began in Song Taizu, and went through the nine dynasties of Taizu, Taizong, Zhenzong, Renzong, Yingzong, Zongshen, Zhezong, Zong Wei and Qinzong, lasting 168 years, casting Song and Yuan Dynasties, Taiping, Chunhua, Zhidao, Xianping, Tiansheng, Ming Dow, Jingyou and Huangsong. Inheriting the legacy of the Northern Song Dynasty, Qian Wen's calligraphy has several styles, which appear in pairs with money. After that, the style of calligraphy has basically not changed, but the supervision of years and discipline has increased, and the quality of cast money has become lower and lower. The Southern Song Dynasty experienced the dynasties of Gaozong, Xiaozong, Guangzong, Ningzong, Lizong and Duzong, which lasted 153 years. It has made suggestions, Shaoxing, Longxing, Trunk Road, Xichun, Shao Xi, Qingyuan, Jiaqing, Kathy, Jiading, Dasong, Shaoding, Duanping, Jiaxi and Chunchun. When the Mongols ruled China in Yuan Dynasty, it brought a basic change to China's monetary system, that is, China adopted white coins as a measure of value. China's monetary system, if painted with texture, is the dividing line of copper coins in the Tang Dynasty, and Thai baht is the two currencies above the Tang Dynasty. In the past nomadic period, Mongolians mainly bartered things, and the use of white currency system was mainly influenced by foreigners in neighboring Central Asia, and it was also the product of foreign trade. Before the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia began to cast China currency, such as "Bao Tong in the Great Dynasty" and copper coins. After China gained sovereignty, it mainly used paper money, but also minted a lot of copper coins and silver coins. After the Yuan Dynasty, many copper coins from China, Mongolia or Mongolia were cast. There are gold ingots and Bao Tong copper coins, such as Zhiyuan, Yuanzhen, Dade, Zhida, Huang Qing, Yanyou, Ye Zhi, Dingyi, Shunzhi, Yuan Zhong and Zheng Zhi. Except for Zhida, Zheng Zhi and Mongolian Dayuan, there are few other coins, which are hard to meet. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, the currency rose together, and they were independent and made their own money, which seemed to be a once-in-a-lifetime government. However, these governments are short-lived, and the money cast has also appeared for some time. Later, they all surrendered to Zhu Daming. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Shicheng, according to Gaoyou, was called Da Zhou. Since the thirteenth year, it has been changed to God Blessing, and the bronze Buddha was destroyed to cast God Blessing. Xu Shouhui cast the apocalypse, and the sky set two dollars. Except the friend who dared to kill Xu Shouhui, he changed his sense of justice and cast a righteous treasure. After Zhu Yuanzhang's departure, he cast large and medium-sized Bao Tong. The above money, except for large and medium-sized ones, is rare. The monetary system in the Ming Dynasty was dominated by paper money, but a large number of copper coins were also cast, with complex types. Zhu Zhu coinage began with arrogance and memorization of Historical Records, which was a major feature of copper coins in Ming Dynasty and influenced the coinage in late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, the coins of the Ming Dynasty, once turned to North Korea, were all Bao Tong, not ingots, mainly to avoid Zhu Yuanzhang's "Yuan" taboo. Since Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande, Hongzhi, Jiajing, Qin Long, Wanli, Chang Xun, Apocalypse, Chongzhen and other currencies have been successively minted. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the princes were crowned kings, each independent, making their own money, showing a long-lasting scene. Lu Wang Zhu Daming and Axe King made Hong Guang in Nanking. According to Fuzhou's records, the Tang King cast longwu, and the Yongming King changed the Yuan Dynasty to Li Yong in Zhaoqing and cast Bao Tong in Li Yong. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng and Zhang unified the north and south, which accelerated the demise of the Ming Dynasty. When Li Zicheng was king in Ann, he cast Yongchang, and Zhang acceded to the throne in Chengdu, and changed his name to Dashun, casting Dashun. Zhang's adopted son, who was sent to Yungui, was named King Dongping, cast and promoted. 1674, Wu Sangui voted and Geng voted for Yumin in Fujian; 1678 Bao Tong, Zhaowu, Wu Sangui; Wu Shifan casts Bao Tong safflower. Currency in Qing Dynasty The monetary system in Qing Dynasty is generally based on Qian Qian's parallel behavior. Large numbers use money, decimal numbers use money, and the price of silver and copper is generally maintained at around 1000 yuan. Manchu began to cast money before entering the customs. Nurhachi was founded as emperor in the forty-fourth year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong (A.D. 16 16). Year number destiny, casting China and Manchu destiny currency. Later, money was cast in the name of Chang, and Shunzhi, Tangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and hundreds of millions of money were cast. Another feature of Qing Qian is that although the front of Qian Wen is the same, the back is different from the local casting bureau of Manchu. Because of the different time, place, copper material and technology, the quantity is different and the version is complicated. The third feature of clearing money is that it is relatively new and less buried. However, after decades of dissolution and sales, the number is decreasing, unlike money in the Tang and Song Dynasties, which is sometimes unearthed. In recent years, Money Clearing Day has attracted the attention of collectors. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the corruption of the Qing court, the Taiping Rebellion broke out, and coins minted by the Taiping Army can be seen from time to time. However, due to different periods and different casting locations, many rare versions can only look at the ocean and sigh. The remarkable feature of coins in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is that (1) coins are called "sacred treasures", which are different from coins in previous dynasties. (2) There is no sign of discipline, no value and no weight on coins. Qian Wen divided the book into two parts.