First, the emperor's words may also be rejected.
The imperial edict of the monarch usually needs to go through very strict procedures from drafting to taking effect. Let's take the Song Dynasty as an example to see the process of issuing the so-called "imperial edict" under normal circumstances. All the imperial edicts were issued in the name of the monarch. Of course, the monarch has the right to issue imperial edicts directly, but more commonly, the prime minister's agency first wrote an opinion in Zagreb, presented it to the emperor, and then issued a draft imperial edict.
No matter whether this will comes from the emperor himself or the organization when the prime minister was in power, according to the system of the Song Dynasty, when entering the curse procedure, it was generally drafted by officials of Zhongshu Province, which does not mean that the emperor can designate a trusted eunuch with a stroke of a pen.
After the reorganization of Yuanfeng, the responsibility of bookkeepers in China District is twofold. One is "creating characters", that is, drafting letters according to the emperor's will. However, Mr. Scheeren in the Song Dynasty also had a privilege: if he felt that the prefix was inappropriate, he could refuse Cao Zhao, whether he was an emperor or a prime minister. This is called "sealing the prefix", which is the power given to Mr. Scheeren by the law of the Song Dynasty: "If something goes wrong, the prefix will be returned."
If Mr. Zhongsheren in the book "seals the prefix" and the emperor insists on sending a letter, Mr. Tsering can write a ghost letter, and Mr. Tsering can also "seal the prefix". Theoretically, an inappropriate imperial edict can be "nipped in the bud" as long as China calligraphers reach the knowledge of "refusing to write imperial edicts".
In the third year of Xining in Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi, who participated in politics, wanted to promote Li Ding, his confidant and supporter of the new law, to "supervise the country", and the emperor agreed. However, Li Ding has a bad personality and a bad reputation. Knowing Song's patent, he refused to draft the letter of appointment, sealed the prefix and resigned three days later. His two successors, Su Song and Li Dalin, also gave titles again on the grounds of "cherishing the legal system of the imperial court". In order to make Li Ding pass the appointment smoothly, Zong Shen and Wang Anshi dismissed Su Song and Li Dalin, appointed obedient people as letters patent, and finally got Li Ding into the court as an imperial envoy.
If Mr. Scheeren, who is in charge of Cao Cao's imperial edict, thinks that there is no problem with the prefix, or he is too lazy to mind his own business, in short, the imperial edict is well drafted and beautifully written, which can be presented to the emperor's "imperial paintings" and "Yellow Records". But this does not mean that the imperial edict can be issued smoothly, and it has to be "announced and implemented" by the director of Han Mo, which involves another function of the director of Han Mo in Song Dynasty: "the director of imperial edict announces and implements the imperial edict".
Because the Scheler in Cao Chuan's book and the Scheler in the brochure are not necessarily the same person, if the Scheler in the brochure thinks the imperial edict is improper, he has the right to refuse to sign the imperial edict, that is, to refuse to sign the imperial edict, which is actually to refuse to sign the imperial edict. On July 29th, the first year of Yuan You, Su Shi, then the director of China Library, rejected a plan of "donating money to scattered young crops": "All previous works were recorded in yellow pen, but I dare not write a book name. I am willing to record the news and wait for the decree. "
If the director in charge of publicity in the Chinese book has no objection, he can sign it. This is called "Shuxing", which was signed by the governor of Zhongshu Province and sent to the provincial government for review.
The provincial organization responsible for recording the Yellow River is responsible for this matter. If you think this letter is inappropriate, you have the right to refute it. In the Song Dynasty, the power to refute the imperial edict was also legal: "If the imperial edict is
If you don't have any complaints about pornographic records, sign your name to show that it has been approved. This is called "reading". If you don't "study", it is "counter-measure" to sign by the governor first. Obviously, bookkeepers in China don't "read" or "read" things, which is a legitimate refutation of the imperial edict: "Everything in books should be read by books, and books should be read by bookkeepers. After the book is completed, it should be recorded and recorded, and then the book will be put into practice by Shangshu Province. If it is not feasible, it is called refusing to write a book. "
Second, the emperor can't be willful.
An imperial edict, after three stages of word-making, book-writing and book-reading, can become a formal imperial edict and be executed by Shangshu Province, a branch of the prime minister's organization. However, it should be added here that as a formal decree, the imperial edict must be countersigned by the prime minister. Without the countersignature of the Prime Minister, the imperial edict will not take effect. In 964, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Ju and other three prime ministers resigned at the same time and appointed Zhao Pu as prime minister. However, when the letter of appointment was issued, there was a great procedural trouble: this letter had no legal effect without the countersignature of the Prime Minister; Fan Ju and other prime ministers have resigned. Mao wanted to exercise his power and said to Zhao Pu, "How can I be a secretary?" Zhao Pu replied to the emperor, "It's a minister, not an imperial envoy." Finally, it was signed by Zhao of Kaifeng Prefecture, with the title "Tongping".
What should I do if I find something wrong after the law comes into effect? There is also the last level-persuasion. Taiwan remonstrance has the legal power to discuss the gains and losses of government decrees, examine them and even change them.
Here, I would like to add the example of Li Ding mentioned earlier: Song Shenzong and Wang Anshi finally appointed Li Ding as the "Imperial History" by amending the Letters Patent, but we should not be too happy. Chen Jian, Darlene and others later impeached Li Ding on the grounds that she refused to be her mother's confidant, and finally forced Li Ding to resign awkwardly.
Now, we can sum up the procedure of issuing the imperial edict in the Song Dynasty: the emperor instructed the first word-drafting; The word imperial edict is given by the word imperial edict; The word imperial edict is given by the word imperial edict; The word imperial edict is given by the word imperial edict; The second word of the imperial edict was written by the Prime Minister; In the second sentence, in the whole process, all links constitute the institutional supervision and checks and balances of sovereign power. The emperor thought he could have a constitution of China, but it was just an imagination created by dog blood TV series and the historical narrative of "feudal autocracy"
Of course, the monarch of the Song Dynasty can also bypass legal procedures such as cursing in Chinese books and auditing matters. Issue a document directly without the countersignature of the Prime Minister. This is the so-called "hand-sent letter", "internal retreat" and "internal approval". It is not uncommon in history. But this private purpose is illegal in jurisprudence. The so-called "decree can't cover Fengge, Fengtai" also; The government can also refuse to implement it completely. "Anything that is not implemented by the three provinces is called' oblique ink printing', which is invalid." When Song Renzong was in power, Prime Minister Du Yan refused to publish the "calligraphy letters" privately issued by the emperor, saying that "every time ten o'clock arrives, it will be sealed and face back". The emperor was helpless and praised him for "helping me a lot".
Judging from the issuing procedure of the imperial edict, it can be said that in normal political period, the monarchical power of the Song Dynasty was restricted by multiple systems, and it was unlikely that the emperor would "have the right to be willful".