During this period, the tile was beautifully made, and a new tile decorated with seal script appeared. Most of these tiles are seal script, with harmonious arrangement and exquisite layout, which shows the simple and rich artistic style of Han Dynasty.
Most of the characters are auspicious words, and artistic appreciation can be compared with exquisite seals.
A giant tile with a diameter of 6 1 cm was unearthed in the underground soil of the palace site north of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
Of all the tiles found in China, this one is the largest.
People call it "the king of tiles".
It is now on display in Shaanxi History Museum.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, calligraphy was widely used in architecture.
Tiles are the drooping parts of building roof tiles, which are used to cover the rafters and avoid wind and rain erosion.
During the Warring States Period, especially during the Qin and Han Dynasties, ceramic tiles were decorated with patterns or characters, which reflected that the social and economic development promoted the progress of China's architectural art and also brought social and cultural prosperity.
Shaanxi is the old capital of Qin and Han Dynasties. After liberation, the number of Qin bricks and Han tiles unearthed from the ruins of Qin and Han palaces ranks first in the country.
From Baoji to Tongguan, from northern Shaanxi to southern Shaanxi, including Qin Dou Yongcheng, Xianyang, Lintong of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, Western Han Cang, Chang 'an of Han Dynasty, Changling of Han Dynasty, Ganquan Palace and other sites, all have been unearthed in Qin and Han Dynasties.
The tiles in Qin and Han Dynasties were round or semi-circular, which were divided into two types: text tiles and pattern tiles.
The surface diameter is generally between 15 ~ 18cm, and the largest ceramic tile found at present is 48 cm high and 60 cm wide.
Pattern tiles include animal patterns, plant patterns, geometric figures and so on. Most of them were made from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty, and also in the Han Dynasty, such as the "Four Lingwa" symbolizing the four directions of Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu.
In Han dynasty, tiled characters were the main characters.
Word tile is the development of pattern tile, and its appearance is bound to be related to the evolution of Chinese characters.
Word tiles are divided into two categories: nominal category and auspicious category.
Nominal class is to indicate the names of buildings on tiles, that is, the names of palaces, yamen and cemeteries.
Such as Shang Lin, Gong Nian Gong Dang, Zong Gong Zheng Dang, Eight Wind Millennium, Pingle Gong Jia, West Dang of Changling, Shi Jing Cang Dang and Qi Yuan Gong Dang.
Auspicious tiles are used to express people's wishes for good luck, such as "long life", "Changle Wuji", "Yongwang Wuji", "Long live the Millennium", "Good luck begins to decline", "Long life without borders" and "Long life without borders".
In addition, memorable ones, such as "Korea and the World"; Express nostalgia, such as "not forgetting each other for a long time."
Used in private houses, ancestral temples and tombs, such as "Diandang", "Li" tile, "Jin" tile, "Tomb" tile, "Yin Family Property", "Juyang Tomb" and "Da Tomb".
There are many four-character words, and there are also many words, single words, or two words.
Such as Wei, Le, Gong, Bian and Shang; Ganlin, Huangshan, Yannian, Huazang, Shanglin, Dukong, Zuo Yi and Youjiang.
Multi-word tiles, such as "being integrated with people and the world, Yong 'an is in the right position", "Changle can't live forever", "Long live the earth in a thousand years" and "the world is better in ten thousand years".
Tiles in Qin and Han dynasties, especially word tiles, are very important historical material evidence materials, which have high academic value for studying the history of architecture and the evolution of characters.
From the perspective of calligraphy, it shows that Chinese characters have the meaning of artistic appreciation more than two thousand years ago, so they have been used to beautify people's living environment.
The modeling characteristics of the tile in Qin and Han Dynasties are: dignified and beautiful layout, proper commercial positioning and prominent ideological connotation, which is a highly unified and perfect combination of form and content; The glyph structure is a perfect combination of inheriting tradition and developing innovation without losing its ancient meaning. Calligraphy strokes are vivid, changeable, agile and elegant, which enriches the artistic language of China's calligraphy.
Shan Yu Tian Jiang Wa Dang Wa Dang is the decoration of the eaves of ancient buildings in China, with various patterns and patterns engraved on the front and some words expressing good luck.
At first, the tile was semi-circular, called semi-tile, which began to appear in Qin and Han dynasties and has continued ever since.
As a unique part of the ancient architectural system in China, the tile has a long history, which embodies the distinctive spirit of the times, aesthetic taste and certain cultural characteristics. It is a cultural relic with strong characteristics of the times and regions.
Nanjing, the ancient capital, was the political, economic and cultural center of the Six Dynasties. With the in-depth development of urban archaeology in Nanjing, many underground buildings of the Six Dynasties have been discovered continuously, and a large number of bricks and tiles of the Six Dynasties have been unearthed one after another, which provides valuable information for a comprehensive study of the culture of the Six Dynasties.
The most unearthed animal face patterns, lotus patterns and moire tiles are as follows:
The animal face brick (figure 1) has a diameter of13cm, a width of 0.9cm and a height of 0.9cm. ..
Face-to-face decorative animal face, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, looks like a tiger face, with long vertical eyes and a vertical nose, which is gallbladder-shaped. The upper part of the bridge of the nose reaches the forehead, and three lines protrude to both sides, making a tree shape.
The mouth is wide, there are two contours outside the mouth, and two long hairs are exposed inside the mouth.
There is a small ear on the left and right sides of the head, and both sides of the face and mouth are decorated with hard and straight bristles.
Drill a hole with a diameter of 0.8 cm between the nose and forehead.
Animal-faced tiles (Figure 2) have a diameter of 13.7 cm, a side wheel width of 1. 1 cm and a height of 1. 1 cm.
Face-to-face decorative animal faces are wide and narrow, showing a tiger shape. Droplet-shaped eyes are slightly curved and oblique, with double-line frames and eyebrows like lying silkworms.
The nose is small and convex, and the forehead is decorated with a trident dendritic pattern.
Wide mouth, upturned mouth, showing upper and lower rows of front teeth and fangs, sticking out your tongue. There is a contour outside the mouth, and the lower nose wing and the upper lip are connected by a double line.
There are small ears on both sides of the top of the head, and a beard is decorated on the periphery of the animal's face. Drill a hole in the upper part of the nose with the aperture of 1 cm.
Animal face tiles (Figure 3) have a diameter of 14.4cm, a width of 1.2cm and a height of 1cm.
The upper part of the animal face is slightly wider than the lower part, and the outline of the animal face is more free, and the lines are not closed up and down.
Oval eyes protrude slightly.
The nose is probably a regular triangle, and the line at the root of the nose reaches the forehead. The lines on both sides of the nose and between the eyes outline an ellipse, and a small circle is dotted inside the circle.
Expose a rectangular mouth with two rows of fine teeth.
A small amount of beard is decorated on both sides of the face and under the chin.
Drill a hole with a diameter of 0.9 cm in the upper part of the bridge of the nose.
The animal face brick (Figure 4) has a diameter of13.8cm, a width of 0.8cm and a height of 0.8cm.. ..
Simplifies the outline of animal faces.
Droplet-shaped eyes stand obliquely, with thin curved eyebrows, high nose bridge and triangular protrusions on both sides of the lower part of the nose.
Inverted trapezoidal mouth, two rows of teeth and fangs on both sides are exposed in the mouth, and the tongue spits.
There are long beards on both sides of the mouth.
There are five erect grass-like lines on the forehead, and there is an oval pattern on each side of the lines.
Drill a hole with a diameter of 0.8 cm in the upper part of the nose.
The animal face brick (Figure 5) has a diameter of14cm, a width of1.3cm and a height of1.5cm.. ..
Simplifies the outline of animal faces.
Droplet-shaped eyes stand obliquely, nose is very high, mouth is inverted trapezoid, and two rows of fine teeth are exposed in mouth.
Beards grow on both sides of the nose, under the mouth and on both sides of the face.
Drill a hole with a diameter of 0.5 cm in the upper part of the bridge of the nose.
Lotus tile (Figure 6) has a diameter of 1 1.7 cm, a width of side wheel of 1 cm and a height of 0.8 cm.
Decorate 9 lotus petals on the surface, with three-pointed lotus buds at both ends of the separation line between the petals and a raised lotus room in the middle, decorated with 7 lotus seeds.
There are raised chords around the face.
A hole with a diameter of 0.6 cm was drilled in the middle of the lotus house.
Lotus-patterned tiles (Figure 7) have slightly deformed faces and are oval, with a diameter of 1.3cm, a width of 0.9cm and a height of 1. 1cm.
Surface decoration 16 lotus petals. There is a separation line between lotus petals, and the top of the line protrudes like an arrow. The arrows are connected by short lines, so that the face is divided into 16 fan-shaped frames, and each frame has a lotus petal.
The central lotus room is large and tall, decorated with 19 lotus seeds, arranged in two circles.
There is a hole in the middle of the lotus house with a diameter of 0.55 cm.
Lotus tile (Figure 8) has a diameter of 1 .2cm, a width of1.2cm and a height of1cm.
Surface decoration 16 lotus petals. There is a separation line between lotus petals, and the top of the line protrudes like an arrow. The arrows are connected by short lines, so that the face is divided into 16 fan-shaped frames, and each frame has a lotus petal.
The central lotus room is large and convex, decorated with 7 lotus seeds, and a hole with a diameter of 0.9 cm is drilled on the outside of the lotus room.
Lotus tiles (Figure 9) are decorated with 12 lotus petals. There is a separation line between lotus petals, and the top of the line is projected like an arrow. The arrows are connected by short lines, so that the face is divided into 12 fan-shaped frames, and each frame has a lotus petal.
The central lotus room rises high and is decorated with 9 lotus seeds. There is a hole with a diameter of 0.8 cm in the middle of the lotus room.
Lotus-patterned tiles (figure 10) are broken, and the wheels are endless.
The diameter is about 14.4 cm.
Decorate your face with 8 lotus petals, but only 3 petals are left.
Petals are wide and fat, and triangular lines with inverted arc edges are decorated between petals.
The lotus room in the center is very big, decorated with 10 lotus seeds. The lotus room is on the same plane as the surface, and there are convex chords around the lotus room.
A hole was drilled in the center of the lotus house, which was residual and left some hole walls.
Moire tiles (Figure 1 1) have a diameter of 13.8 cm, a width of 0.8 ~ 1 cm and a height of 0.9 cm.
The center of the face is a tripod pattern, which is divided into four symmetrical sectors by three parallel lines outside the tripod pattern, and each sector is decorated with simplified mushroom moire.
A serrated belt is decorated between the moire and the side wheel.
A hole with a diameter of 0.9 cm was drilled on one side of the central T-shape, and the wall of the hole was smooth, but the peripheral part of the hole was damaged.
Moire tiles are generally found at the bottom of the Six Dynasties and should be relics from Wudong to the Western Jin Dynasty in the early Six Dynasties. In terms of modeling and decoration, it still retains some legacy of moire tiles in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The moire tiles of the Six Dynasties unearthed in Nanjing are basically similar in shape and have little change. Generally, they are high-sided wheels with a T-shape in the center of the face and convex chords on the outside. Four groups of three parallel lines protrude outward and are divided into four areas, each of which is decorated with moire.
The edge of the face is decorated with a decorative belt consisting of a raised triangle or short straight radiation.
Animal face bricks were generally unearthed in the strata in the middle and late Six Dynasties, which was about equivalent to the period from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties. Their external characteristics are also high side wheels, which are obviously lower than those facing each other. Most animals' faces are outlined with raised lines, and there are many changes in animal faces, some of which have a face outline with a wide top and a narrow bottom, and some have no outline. Eyes are generally oblique drops of water, with double or single edges, and some have no chance; The bridge of the nose is short and convex, the eyebrows are centered, the mouth is wide open, the fangs are exposed, and the expression is quite fierce; Hair is represented by short radial lines around the face.
In the middle and late Six Dynasties, the animal face brick with southern modeling style and China's traditional thought occupied an important position. Together with the lotus-shaped tile at that time, it created tile patterns with distinctive times style, and its shape and animal face brick modeling had new times style.
Wadang (Figure 1, 2) was in the early and middle period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wadang's animal face design is rigorous and regular, and the composition lines are tough and straight. Animal face brick (Figure 3) Middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty; Ceramic tiles with animal face patterns (Figure 4 and Figure 5) not only retain the basic style of early animal face modeling, but also have some changes. The outline of the animal face, which is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, becomes free and loose, the outline is no longer closed up and down, and the lines around the animal face change from hard to soft and straight.
Lotus tile is one of the most abundant tiles in the Six Dynasties, with the most abundant modeling and decorative features and the most extensive distribution. Its overall feature is a high-sided wheel, with lotus petals in the center of the face and different decorative figures around it, but the details are rich, such as the area occupied by the central lotus, and the number of lotus seeds decorated varies from 5 to 7, with 7 being the most common. Some lotus petals are thin, some are wide and fat, and some are upturned. The number of lotus petals varies from 8 petals, 9 petals, 10 petals and 16 petals, with 8 petals being the most. The separation line between lotus petals and the decoration of the outer edge of lotus petals are also different.
Lotus tiles (Figure 6) are from Liu and Song Dynasties in the early Southern Dynasties. Lotus tiles (Figures 7, 8 and 9) in the middle and late Southern Dynasties (approximately equivalent to Qi, Liang and Chen); The tile with lotus pattern (Figure 10) is the only tile without edge wheels. The shape is special, the lotus petals are large, and the petals are decorated with triangular patterns with inverted arc edges. The characteristics of the times are late, and the southern dynasties are left and right.
Although there were lotus patterns as decorative patterns of ceramic tiles in Qin dynasty, the number was small and did not form the mainstream. Undoubtedly, their rapid popularity and long-term historical influence in the Six Dynasties were closely related to the widespread influence of Buddhism in China at that time.
In Buddhist art, lotus stands for "pure land", which means auspiciousness and symbolizes "self-purification".
Long before Buddhism was introduced into China, Lotus was highly respected in India, and became popular with the spread of Buddhist culture after its introduction.
According to the Indian epic Mahabharata, at the beginning of heaven and earth, Vishnu gave birth to a lotus in his navel, and Brahma sat in it to create everything, so the lotus is a symbol of the complete achievement of Buddhist practice.
Therefore, from the early Six Dynasties, with the spread of Buddhist thought and the progress of Buddhism in China, lotus gradually combined with people's daily life.
In the Southern Liang Dynasty, Buddhism prevailed unprecedentedly, and all the people from the emperor to the people were Buddhist believers.
Under the vigorous advocacy of Liang Wudi, Buddhism became the "state religion" and got greater development.
Lotus is a token respected by Buddhism, so lotus tiles are popular all over the country, and lotus patterns appeared in all aspects of people's lives at that time, from daily utensils to Buddhist temple offerings, and lotus patterns can be seen everywhere.
The most valuable tile is the surface tile unearthed in Nanjing. This kind of tile is rarely unearthed in other areas. It only appeared in Dongwu and Eastern Jin Dynasties, and disappeared for some reason in the later period, because it was rare and precious.