Hanshan private schools in this period can be divided into three types according to the form of setting up libraries: one is that teachers recruit their children to teach in their own homes, which is called private schools, or they set up libraries; Second, teachers are employed by rich officials to teach, which is called the left pavilion, also known as the east pavilion, and the hired teachers are called teachers. Third, use public places, such as ancestral temples and temples, to hire teachers to teach. Teaching children in need is called Yi Xue or Yi Xue. According to the teaching content, these schools can be divided into two types, one is Mongolian library and the other is Confucian classics library. The former focuses on teaching literacy and writing skills, and the students are mostly children; The latter mainly teaches poetry, often with the nature of private teaching and academic research, and the students are mostly young people or people with a certain cultural foundation. As far as the overall situation of Hanshan private school in this period is concerned, libraries are the most, followed by East Library, and finally Yi Xuetang. By the early days of liberation, there were 424 private schools with 4782 students in Hanshan. Among these schools, Mongolian library is the most common, and there are few classic libraries. During this period, Hanshan School also appeared a group of knowledgeable and respected school teachers, such as Tang Boxian and Cai.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the early liberation, there were still a certain number of schools and teachers with profound attainments in hanshan county, which made the common school reading materials in this period show the characteristics of large quantity, various categories, high grade and wide spread, and played an important role in the enlightenment education of children in hanshan county, the progress of social civilization and the nurturing and growth of talents.
Generally speaking, the common reading materials of Hanshan books in this period can be divided into three categories: one is centralized literacy; Second, impart knowledge and conduct moral education; The third is reading and writing training. There are three-character classics, hundreds of surnames and thousand-character texts which are mainly literate. Students also need to read "dry books" when they enter school. The word "dry book" is about a foot long and three inches wide. Parents of school children cut bamboo paper into volumes and bound them into volumes, each volume is about 100. After the binding is completed, the teacher will designate a "university president" with good handwriting to help with the writing. Written in block letters, the contents are roughly as follows: 12345, Jin Mu, fire, water, earth, heaven and earth, three talents, upper and lower points, left and right points, etc. Basically, they are commonly used words. There are about 500 new words in each book, of which about three were written by Harle. After reading Zi Gan Shu, read Sheng Amethyst. Three Amethyst was the most common children's literacy book in Hanshan private school at that time, with more than 1000 words, which was compiled by Wang Yinglin in Song Dynasty. The book uses three rhymes to facilitate children to read and recite. Hundred-character surname is also a common literacy book. It is said that it was written by people in the Song Dynasty. There are more than 500 words in the book, with rhyming surnames and more than 500 surnames. Qian Wen Zi, written by Xing Si, consists of more than 1000 words that can express a certain meaning. The four words are clear and charming. The content is very rich, and children love to watch it. There are some other similar books on Hanshan studies, such as common miscellaneous words, miscellaneous words, urgent articles and so on.
The main types of imparting knowledge and moral education are primary school, Zhu Zi's family precepts, Qiu Meng in past dynasties, disciple rules, primary school rhymes, ancient and modern scholars, and studying in Qionglin. Among them, Travel in Qionglin and Disciples Rules are required reading. After reading these two books, you can generally call students "seniors". In the history of hanshan county, all kinds of private school books have played a very important role in education, social progress and development, and training all kinds of talents, and their influence is extensive and lasting. Today, in hanshan county, old people over 60 and over 70 who have studied in private schools can still recite the famous chapters and sentences commonly used in private schools. In people's social communication, some viewpoints, even some words and anecdotes of common reading materials in private schools are still "alive" in people's oral or written, and are relished by many people. In today's children's social education, school education or family education, many famous sayings and excellent stories of traditional private school books are widely quoted, and some excellent essays or famous poems are still selected into primary and secondary school textbooks. There are 39 biographies of Hanshan County Records and Characters. Judging from their biographies, most of them have read private schools and benefited a lot from their reading materials.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, teachers' salaries mainly depended on tuition fees, that is, "whoever studies pays", and some of them were paid to teachers by family property and public rent. The size of private schools is generally one person teaching twenty students. The age and education level of students are extremely irregular, ranging from five or six to twenty years old. Generally, individualized teaching is adopted, focusing on reading and reciting, and the requirements for understanding are not high. Writing Chinese characters is a compulsory course for students in private schools. Write Chinese characters with a brush, starting with tracing red and ending with practicing writing small characters.
1950, the people's government (Baidu) implemented a reform policy for private schools, focusing on public primary schools, and set up a private school counseling group to coach teachers' business and use teaching materials uniformly. 195 1 year, private primary schools in the county developed rapidly, and the number of private schools in the county decreased from 424 to 22 1 school. In September, 1952, private schools were adjusted, and some qualified teachers were turned into public teachers. Private school teaching is over. (Huang Xie Meilin)