1. The sage Confucius
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, he was a native of Zouyi, Lu State (now Qufu, Shandong Province), and his ancestral home was Liyi, Song State (now Xiayi, Henan Province). Confucius was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China. He created the culture of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness. He was the founder of the Confucian school.
Confucius was the first educator in Chinese history to run private schools. Confucius advocated "teaching without distinction". He said: "I have taught more than self-cultivation." No matter what a person's background is, as long as he submits to self-cultivation, he can be his student. Many of his disciples were from "0" and "despicable families".
The purpose of Confucius' education is to cultivate intellectuals who serve the ruling class. He said: "Learning is where salary comes from." He believed that students study for the purpose of "earning salary." He regarded "loyalty in literature and conduct" as the main content of education, and excluded production knowledge and labor skills from teaching. In his long-term educational practice, Confucius gradually formed a set of effective educational methods. He advocated that scholarship must first establish people. He attaches great importance to the role of review and advocates "learning and practicing from time to time" and "reviewing the past to learn the new".
Promote the honest attitude of "knowing what you know, and not knowing what you don't know". In teaching, we pay attention to inspiration, induction, and targeted approach, advocating "no anger, no enlightenment, no anger, no motivation." Pay attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, determine different educational contents according to different objects, pay attention to teaching by example while teaching by words, and ask yourself to be "tireless in learning and tireless in teaching."
2. Sub-sage Mencius
A thinker, politician, and educator during the Warring States Period, a representative of the Confucian School of Simi and Mencius; named Ke, courtesy name Ziyu, from the state of Lu (now Zou) Southeast of Zouxian County, Shandong Province. He is considered the successor of Confucius's teachings and is known as the "Senior Sage".
The words and deeds of Mencius throughout his life were compiled into the book "Mencius" by him and his disciples Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou. The book has 7 chapters, 261 chapters, and about 35,000 words. The book concentrates on Mencius's lobbying with princes from various countries and his answers and debates on relevant academic issues, reflecting Mencius' thoughts on politics, philosophy, and ethics.
In particular, it records Mencius’ educational activities and ideas, including the role and purpose of education, the content and methods of moral education, and the methods of teaching and learning. Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty juxtaposed "Mencius" with "The Analects of Confucius", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean", collectively known as the "Four Books", which became an important teaching material in feudal society and had a broad and far-reaching influence.
3. Calligraphy Sage Wang Xizhi
Yishao, Han nationality, was a famous calligrapher during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was known as the "Sage of Calligraphy". Langya was born in Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong), and later moved to Shanyin, Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and lived in seclusion in Jinting, Shan County in his later years. He successively served as secretary Ying, general Ningyuan, governor of Jiangzhou, and later as internal history of Kuaiji, leading the right general. His calligraphy is good at Li, Cao, Kai, Xing and other styles. He studies the styles carefully, imitates them with his heart and hands, draws on the strengths of others, prepares various styles, and cultivates them in one furnace. He breaks away from the writing style of Han and Wei Dynasties and becomes his own style with far-reaching influence.
The style is peaceful and natural, the writing style is euphemistic and subtle, and it is beautiful and healthy. Li Zhimin commented: "Wang Xizhi's calligraphy not only expresses the simplicity and profoundness based on the philosophy of Lao and Zhuang, but also expresses the harmony based on the Confucian doctrine of the mean." His representative work "Lanting Preface" is known as "the best running script in the world". In the history of calligraphy, he and his son Wang Xianzhi are collectively known as the "Two Kings".
The calligraphy art of Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, reached the "peak" level. The reason for its formation has a lot to do with Wang Xizhi's belief in Taoism and the integration of books and Taoism. Taoism, which was born and raised in China, emerged very early.
4. The patriotic poet Xin Qiji
A native of Licheng County, Jinan Prefecture, Shandong East Road (now Sifengzha Village, Yaoqiang Town, Licheng District, Jinan City). A poet and general of the Bold and Unconstrained School in the Southern Song Dynasty, he is known as the "Dragon of Ci". Together with Su Shi, he is called "Su Xin", and together with Li Qingzhao, he is called "Jinan Er'an". After returning to the south, Xin Qiji no longer had the opportunity to rush to a strong battlefield and serve his country loyally. Since the hero has no use, he is forced to replace the sharp sword in his hand with a soft pen.
The hero complex has been burning in his heart, making him helpless. No matter where he was an official, he kept writing letters to the court and chatting in various WeChat groups about regaining the Central Plains.
He has also been preparing to go to the front line. When he was the pacifier of Hunan, although this position had nothing to do with the army, he still founded the "Flying Tiger Army" of 2,500 people. Armor seems to have returned to the passionate boyhood. In fact, as time flies, he is no longer young and has gray hair. When he was helpless and depressed, he began to write lyrics.
The Song Dynasty already had three giants, Su Shi, Liu Yong, and Li Qingzhao. Writing lyrics was simply asking for death. However, the brave Xin Qiji just smashed a road where there was no way. As later generations commented on him, "a hero among men and a dragon among poets." His free expression greatly expanded the subject matter range of Ci.
5. Sun Wu, the sage of military strategists
Zhangqing, also known as Changqing, was born in Le'an, Qi State (now northern Shandong Province) in the late Spring and Autumn Period. A famous military strategist and statesman in the Spring and Autumn Period of China, he was honored as the Military Sage or Sun Tzu (Sun Wuzi), also known as the "Sage of Military Strategies". He was known as "the Master of Military Strategies for a Century" and "the Originator of Oriental Military Science". As for whether Sun Wu returned to seclusion after the war or was killed in the Battle of Huainan, there is no clear record in history, so it can be seen that people have different opinions.
This war between Wu and Chu ended with Wu winning first and then losing. A few decades later, Yue destroyed Wu, and hundreds of years later, Chu destroyed Yue and incorporated all the former Wu territory into its territory. From then on, the children of Jiangdong all regarded themselves as Chu people, and helped Xiang Yu destroy the powerful Qin. .