lychee
Litchi is an evergreen tree. Also known as branching. There are two species of this genus, which are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions with 20 ~ 28 north latitude. Originated in China. Litchi was transplanted in the period of Emperor Ding Yuan (1 1 1). The cultivation history has reached more than 2000 years. Litchi Book written by Cai Xiang (1509) in Song Dynasty is the earliest litchi monograph. /kloc-was introduced to India 0/0 century ago, and/kloc-was introduced to Malaya Peninsula and Myanmar from Vietnam after 0/7 century. Since then, many tropical and subtropical countries have competed to introduce them. At present, countries that are economically cultivated include the United States, India, South Africa, Thailand, Madagascar, the Philippines, Vietnam, Mauritius, Australia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The main producing areas in China are Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces (autonomous regions), with a small amount of cultivation in Yunnan, Guizhou and Zhejiang.
The height of the shape and variety tree can reach 20 meters. Strong roots. The seedlings propagated by layering have no main roots, and gradually form deep and wide root groups in adulthood; The main roots of grafted seedlings are deep and developed, and gradually differentiate into lateral roots after entering the fruiting stage. There are mycorrhizal fungi on the fibrous roots. The crown is wide, and the crown width can reach 30 ~ 40 meters. The bark is brownish gray, and the branches are bent and drooping. Pinnate compound leaves alternate or opposite, leathery, dark green, oblong or oblanceolate, 6 ~ 12 cm long. Panicle terminal, small and mixed flowers. Drupe-shaped fruit is round, oval or heart-shaped, with a diameter of 2.5 ~ 4.5 cm, and it is dark red when it matures. Exocarp is leathery with tumor-like protrusions (lobes are the main basis for variety classification). Edible part is aril, milky white or waxy yellow, translucent. The seeds are mostly oval, brown and red, and shiny. There are more than 0/00 main varieties/kloc-,which can be divided into three types: early maturity, middle maturity and late maturity. Among them, Li Xiang, a sweet and small seed medium-maturity variety such as glutinous rice paste, Guiwei and Feizixiao, is the most valuable.
◇ Biological characteristics Litchi likes light and needs long sunshine. 23 ~ 26℃ is the optimum temperature for growth. When the daily average temperature was above 17℃, the new leaves began to elongate, but when it was below 10℃, the growth basically stopped, and freezing injury occurred at -4℃. Anthers will not crack when the flowering temperature is lower than 8℃, but 65,438+05℃ is the key season for flower bud differentiation. Generally speaking, more water is needed during growth and fruiting. Acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter (pH 4.5 ~ 6) is suitable. In the prime of life, branches are pumped 3-4 times a year to form a shady leaf layer, and flower buds are formed in axillary buds at the top of new branches in early spring, and the male and female flowers are different from each other. The fruit ripens about 70 ~ 90 days after pollination and fertilization of female flowers.
The traditional propagation method of cultivation adopts high branch layering or high grafting. After 1970s, more seedlings with 1 ~ 2 years old and trunk diameter of about 0.8 cm or more were used for bud grafting or grafting. The method is simple and can save scions. Cutting off the mother branches before heading is beneficial to accumulate nutrients and improve the survival rate. When planting seedlings, bring soil as much as possible to reduce root damage. Spring sowing should be from February to May, and autumn sowing should be from September to 65438+1October. The plant spacing is generally 5 ~ 6 meters. Planting 5 ~ 10% pollinated trees with similar flowering period in the main varieties can improve the fruit setting rate. In addition to general fertilizer and water management, it is also necessary to reapply organic fertilizer before and after fruit picking. Plowing and harrowing in winter is beneficial to root regeneration and inhibits winter bud germination. Pruning period is generally carried out within one month after fruit picking, with ventilation and light transmission as the degree. When picking fruits, we should properly protect the bud eyes at the junction of fruiting mother branches and fruiting branches to promote the germination of spring shoots. The main pests and diseases are late blight, anthracnose, litchi stinkbug and Lepidoptera.
◇ Uses Litchi is a precious tropical fruit. In addition to fresh food, it can also be made into dried litchi and fruit juice, which can be canned and stored for brewing. Tannin can be extracted from the shell; Roots can be used as medicine. Litchi is a good nectar source plant with many flowers and long flowering period. However, the phenomenon of big and small years is serious. Fruit is not resistant to storage.
■ annona
Annona; sweetsop
Semi-deciduous shrub or small tree of annona of annonaceae. Also known as Fotouguo. With its unique fragrance, it is listed as one of the famous tropical fruits. Originated in tropical America, it was introduced to China in17th century, and now it is cultivated in Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places. In addition to Central and South America, India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand produce more. Reproduce with seeds. You can raise seedlings out of the nursery in one year. It can bloom three times a year, and it takes 60 ~ 70 days from flowering to harvesting. The fruits are the most in early June and the best in late May. Annona is suitable for warm and dry climate, and its cold tolerance is not as good as litchi. If it is below 0℃, it will freeze to death. The choice of soil is not critical. Planting in sandy loam with good drainage will grow faster and bear fruit in 3 ~ 4 years.
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
A family of dicotyledonous plants, Magnolianae. Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Simple leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers are bisexual, sparsely unisexual, usually solitary, born in axils or axils of leaves, opposite to leaves or cauline flowers, and the lower flowers are radially symmetrical. Perianth consists of 3 rounds, 3 pieces in each round. The outer circle forms a calyx, the sepals are free or the lower part is United, and the inner two circles form petals, usually 9, 3 or 4, arranged in a tweezer shape. Stamens are special, filaments are short and thick, there are a pair of extroverted anthers above filaments, and there are connective above anthers. Connectors of different genera are different, and there are usually many anatropous ovules arranged in two rows on the carpel abdominal suture. Fruit is fleshy, forming separated berries, or combining with receptacle to form fleshy spherical berries; Seeds usually have arils. *** 120 about 2 100 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. There are 24 genera 120 species in China, which are distributed from southwest to Taiwan Province Province, mostly in South China and South Yunnan. Born in a hot and humid forest.
In this family, Arcansus, Andromeda, etc. Both are tough. Spearwood produced in South America is famous for its tough and elastic wood, which is used for special purposes such as bow handles and billiards sticks.
The flowers of some plants in this family can extract high-grade essential oil, which is an important daily chemical raw material and has a wide range of uses. Annona fruit is edible and looks like litchi, which is a famous fruit in tropical areas. Bark fiber can be used to make paper, and roots and fruits can be used as medicine.
Annonaceae has relatively primitive characteristics and is called "living fossil" by Darwin. Fossils were found in Cretaceous and Tertiary. This family is closest to Magnoliaceae. The family includes 2 subfamilies and 5 families: annonaceae, carpels arranged spirally and free. Divided into 4 groups: ① Yuzipan family; ② Annona squamosa; ③ Wild Duhuo clan; ④ Tetrafoliaceae. Monocyst subfamily, carpels arranged annularly, connate and placentation of lateral membrane. 1 family: single-pocket family.
Litchi spectrum
China ancient litchi monograph. Written by Cai Xiang, a calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty (10 12 ~ 1067). Written in 1059. This book discusses the cultivation, eating, processing and varieties of litchi in Fujian. This book is divided into the following seven volumes according to the theme. ① It is clarified that litchi is only produced in Fujian, Guangdong, Nanyue and Bashu. Real improved varieties are produced in four counties of Fujian, among which Fuzhou is the most, and Junteqi, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Xinghua are also famous. ② Introduce the customs of Xinghua Army. Only lychees are planted in Yuanchi Resort, among which Chenzi has the best color and fragrance, ranking first in the world. ③ Description Fuzhou has the largest number of lychees, even 10,000 plants in a family. It is a hobby for merchants to transport litchi processed products abroad, to Shi Jing, Beirong and Xixia by land, and to Silla, Japan, Liu Ping and by sea. People think eating lychee is good for people. Some people eat thousands of lychees a day without getting sick. ⑤ Introduce planting techniques. For example, new litchi seedlings are afraid of cold and should be covered in winter; When it grows up, it blooms in spring, the color is white, and it blooms every other year. This is the so-called Xie Zhi. ⑥ Introduce the treatment method. There are red salt method, white sun method and honey frying method. Among them, the white sun-dried products are yellow and delicious, used for tribute and exported abroad. ⑦ List the maturity, fruit size, color, aroma and sweetness of 32 litchi varieties in Fujian. According to the quality, the dominant 12 varieties are,, Fangjiahong, Youjiazi, Chen Xiaozi, Songgong, Lanjiahong, Shajiahong (the first nine are named after the growers' surnames), Fashibai, Lvren and Lilac. The other 20 species are tiger skin, ox heart, hawksbill turtle, sulfur, persimmon, peach blossom, clam shell, dragon tooth, litchi, honey litchi, lilac litchi, big clove, double bun, pearl, eighteen niang, general, pink, Zhongyuan red, volcano and green purse. The book briefly describes the characteristics of each variety.
■ How to eat litchi?
Because the wine brewed from litchi and sorghum is golden in color, adding ice cubes is a great way to drink, and the cold and sweet fragrance has become the favorite of many female friends, so it also has a romantic nickname-Lengjinxiang, which is an alternative vodka specially made for women.
In addition, according to the ancient secret recipe, litchi tea made by boiling litchi shells with water can achieve the effect of reducing internal heat and nosebleeds for people who are easy to eat litchi; I didn't expect abandoned litchi shells to be so useful!
Litchi tea tastes like herbal tea. Although a little bitter, it will become very delicious after adding honey. For example, when lying-in women are confinement after childbirth, many cold foods can't be eaten. If there is a fire in the moon, they can drink a cup of litchi tea, and the whole person will feel comfortable immediately. Now, who dares to wronged litchi is not a good fruit!
◆ Lengjinxiang
Materials: litchi 1 kg, 3 bottles of sorghum, and five or six magnolia flowers.
* Practice:
1, litchi peeled and seeded, soaked in sorghum wine and Flos Magnoliae, and sealed.
2. Seal for 3 months before opening.
Admonish:
1, the longer the soaking time, the smoother the taste.
2. Bathing with the magnolia in the cold golden fragrance can not only eliminate fatigue, but also make the fragrance of magnolia spread all over the body.
3. Don't throw away the cold, golden and fragrant litchi pulp. When cooking, whether stewed or braised, put a little cold golden flavor instead of cooking wine, and the taste of the dish will be different immediately, and there will be a faint fragrance.
◆ Litchi tea
Ingredients: about 10 litchi shell, 300㏄ water and 1 teaspoon honey.
* Practice:
1, litchi shell is washed with clear water, and then boiled in water.
2. Boil the water for 10 minute.
3. After cooling, mix in honey.
Admonish:
Enzymes in honey will be destroyed by heat and become ordinary sugar water, so honey can't be added with hot water.
■ "Over Huaqing Palace"
Chang 'an looked back and embroidered.
Thousands of doors on the top of the mountain were opened for the first time.
As soon as I ride the world of mortals and laugh,
No one knows it's litchi.
■ "Litchi Tan" Su Shi
Ten miles of flying dust,
A foot soldier in five miles hastens the fire.
Inverted, servant, valley, pillow,
I know it's litchi and longan.
Flying over mountains and seas,
The branches and leaves of the wind are fresh as new.
As soon as the beauty in the palace broke her face,
There was a lot of blood in court.
Yongyuan is determined to come to Jiaozhou,
Tianbao old tribute, taken from Luo.
I still want to eat meat from Fu Lin.
No one is going to travel.
I hope god will have mercy on this child,
Don't get sore stunners.
Golden, where the rain is suitable,
People are not hungry or cold.
You didn't see the grain buds by Wuyi stream,
Ding Qian Houcai Lane Cage Plus.
Strive for new things, buy pets, come up with different ideas,
This year, combat products were used as official tea.
What does my king lack?
What's wrong with keeping a mouth?
Luoyang Xiang Jun is loyal and filial,
Pity also entered Yao Huanghua.