The life of the characters in Liu Gongquan's works is magnificent, magnificent and famous. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were Europe, Henan, Chu and Xue. Zhang Xu, Yan Zhenqing and Huai Su were in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There were Liu Gongquan and Shen Chuanshi in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Liu Gongquan took the banner of regular script from Yan Zhenqing and created it himself? Liu ti? Climb another peak. What will happen to future generations? Yan Liu? He also said that he has become a model of calligraphy in past dynasties.
Royal librarian occupation
In 778 AD, in the thirteenth year of Dali, Tang Daizong, Liu Gongquan was born in Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). His ancestor Liu was Cao Congjun, a scholar in Taizhou, Tang Dynasty. His father was a Danzhou secretariat, and his brother Liu Gongzhuo was a famous minister in Tang Dynasty.
In the third year of Xian Zongyuan (808), Liu Gongquan, 3 1 year-old, was a Jinshi, and Hongci was admitted to the Jinshi that year. From then on, Liu Gongquan began a long career and even lived in seven dynasties: Xianzong, Mu Zong, Jing Zong, Wenzong, Wuzong, Xuanzong and Zong Yi.
During the reign of Xian Zong, Liu Gongquan was the secretary of the provincial school. ? Li Tingzhen Zhou Xia became the minister in charge of the seal? (Old Tang Book). Li Ting and Liu have this friendship, so Liu also set up a monument for his book in his later years.
Mu Zong acceded to the throne, Liu Gongquan into the play. Mu Zong summoned Liu Gongquan and said? I saw your handwriting in the Buddhist temple and thought about it for a long time. ? On this day, I paid homage to the right gleaning, filled the post of Hanlin bachelor, moved to the right to fill the vacancy, and sealed Yuan Wailang. Since then, he has been working in Mu Zong, Jing Zong and Wenzong Dynasty. The emperor's lucky and rich life did not bring joy to Liu Gongquan. However, there is an inescapable depression and faint shame in his heart. He loves the art of calligraphy, but he doesn't want to take it as his whole life; The enterprising spirit of making contributions is always beating in the chest. And after the emperor's book, its status is only with? Palace master? A kind of equality. So, his brother Liu Gongzhuo wrote a letter to Prime Minister Li Zongqi, saying:? My brother took pains to make a speech, looking forward to serving books first. He was grateful and ashamed of his work and asked for a change. ? So he changed the right doctor, and changed the Seal Department, the Ministry of War Jiro, and the Bachelor's Hong Wen Pavilion.
Tang Wenzong loved Liu Gongquan's calligraphy very much. He was also called to be a calligrapher, tried to persuade the doctor, and later turned to be a calligrapher in China, becoming a bachelor of calligraphy in Hanlin. Three years later, he was transferred to assistant minister of industry, and he transferred to bachelor's degree.
Wu Zongchao resigned from his post and authorized him to ride a regular waiter. Prime Minister Cui Xun regards it as a bachelor's degree and a court judge.
When Xuanzong proclaimed himself emperor, Zuo granted the eldest son the post, changed the guest, moved Dr. Ziguanglu, went to Zhu State, and was the founding father of Hedong County. When he returned to Zuochang, Guo Zi offered wine and looked up the history of the Ministry of Industry.
During the Zong Yi period, in the early years of Xian Tong, Liu Gongquan was changed to Prince Shaofu and Shao Shi; He died in Xian Tong for six years (865) and was given to the Prince at the age of eighty-eight.
Liu Gongquan had a successful career, but at the age of eighty-two, his reaction was a little slow because of his age. When he was decorated, he accidentally made a mistake and was impeached by Yushi. As a result, he was fined a season's salary. Emperors of all dynasties loved his calligraphy and his poetic talent, and even accepted his suggestions. Liu's life, except for a little time when he was an official outside, was basically in the capital, in the palace and beside the emperor. Throughout his life, he has been writing for the royal family, ministers and relatives and friends. Liu Gongquan is like a canary in a forbidden cage. This kind of life makes him lack of magnanimity, broad vision and broad sources of life. Yan style has been changing from monument to monument, and Liu style has become less after maturity. Yan Zhenqing is like a roaring torrent, but Liu Gongquan is like a cave water flowing in the mountains and forests. These are two different perceptions of life.
Noble character cultivation
Liu Gongquan accepted Liu's family instructions from an early age. Virtue? Therefore, the root of life-long behavior teaching? Guanbo Jing Shu? . He has a Confucian style in life and calligraphy, but what about Liu Gongquan? Pen suggestion? Become a kind of later literati? Models? ：
Mu Zongzheng is retiring from politics. What's the use of asking the public for power, right? Use a pen in your heart, your heart is regular, and your pen is correct. ? You can change your capacity and know the advice of your pen. (Old Tang Book)
Mu Zong was lazy in politics, and Liu Gongquan used books as a metaphor for politics and made clever suggestions. From now on? Be honest with your heart? Said it had been passed down to later generations. Is Liu Gongquan there? Forbidden in the book? This can be seen from your daring to speak frankly or politely.
Liu Gongquan showed his calligraphy in front of the emperor and courtiers. Is it him again? Serving books? The other side of life. His gift for poetry and books made him an emperor? Cherish? .
Despite this, Liu Gongquan's mind is not biased towards this. External glory can't dispel inner anguish. Him? A thorough understanding of Confucian classics is particularly profound in poems, books, Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Mandarin and Zhuang Zhou. How many words does it take to explain a meaning? (New Tang Book). It is worth noting here that he studied Zhuangzi as well as Confucianism, and it was very subtle. At the same time, Liu Gongquan absorbed the nourishment of the soul from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, sought complementarity and balance, and sought some detachment. He is interested in Buddhism,
Diamond Sutra
There are many contacts with Taoism and various calligraphy creations. He wrote the Diamond Sutra many times, but now he only sees Dunhuang rubbings, but many people in Liushu recorded the Diamond Sutra. In addition, there are preface to Yin Fu Jing, Book of Songs, Du Fu and so on. He wrote many inscriptions and pagodas of monks in the Tang Dynasty, the most famous of which is his Mysterious Pagodas in exorcist. There are also many books and historical sites in Liuyu-Buddhist Temple, among which the famous ones, such as "Hui Yuan Guanzhong Louming" and "Fortoringi Monument" are outstanding. Liu Gongquan has both Buddhism and Taoism to comfort his soul, so he is quite detached in the rolling world of mortals. He even disdains money. He writes monuments to people and earns a lot of money every year. Domestic slaves seagull and Long An often steal their money and things, and he takes them lightly.
Besides, is Liu Gongquan still there? Sexual rhythm? , but? It's hard to play music? Chang Yun:? Hearing music is arrogance. ? Liu Gongquan has a lot of knowledge and cultivation, so the calligraphy art nourished by his mind is also swaying. Its fortitude and integrity, as well as its extraordinary Buddhist and Taoist demeanor, are all cast in Liu Shu's character. Liutizhi road
In front of Liu Gongquan, there are many famous artists. How to surpass predecessors and create a new calligraphy style in the new historical time and space is a severe challenge for Liu Gongquan. He didn't flinch, but after decades of unremitting tempering and extensive casting, he finally created his own novel? Liu ti? In the middle and late Tang dynasty, it took on a new look and showed its elegance.
Liu Gongquan's growth experience in Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is by no means overnight. We can roughly scan his four stages (this is only about his regular script, see the cursive script? Close? Part).
early stage
This period is from twenty to sixty. In the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mingcheng's "Jin Shi Lu" contained: In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), when Liu Gongquan was twenty-four, he had written the tablet "Hedong Sacrifice to Li Shuo"; This monument was written by Zheng Fei. The original stone was lost in Luoyang, but it is a young book of glory. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, at the age of 43, Liu Shu wrote "Zuo Changshi Xue Ping Monument"; In the fourth year of Changqing (824), at the age of 47, he wrote Da Jue Zen Master Taming and so on. Although these books have disappeared, it can be seen that his calligraphy skills in his twenties are still valued by the society, otherwise it will not be favored by these dignitaries. Before the age of 50, Liu's only works were Postscript to the Thirteen Lines of Luo Shenfu and Engraving the Diamond Sutra (Dunhuang edition) (see the introduction below). Thus, he learned the calligraphy styles of Hammer Cave and Wang Xizhi, and imitated the brushwork of Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang and Lu Jianzhi.
According to Records of Jinshilu, Liu Gongquan's works after the age of 50 are: Nirvana and the Monk's Monument (5 1 year old), Li Sheng Monument (52 years old), Wang Bo Monument (53 years old), Epitaph of the Director-General (54 years old) and Bells in the Taiqing Palace (. After Liu was fifty years old, only the Li Sheng Monument, The Bell Tower in Hui Yuan of Datang and the Postscript of Moli were left, which showed the general situation of Liu Jieshu. Although he can see it and enter the country, it has not yet succeeded. Kang Youwei said: Liu Cheng hangs on the tablet of the king of the day to study the Yi Que Stone Temple, but his spirit is not strong and his physique is immature. At that time, Gong Liu was over forty years old, and the book was like this. We can know that it is not easy for ancient masters, and later generations call this monument, but those who don't understand books also. ? If Liu Gongquan can't live to be a hundred years old, he won't become a giant in the book world before he is 60, although he has a good reputation.
Peak period
Ten years after the age of 60, Liu Shu entered its heyday, just like a sunny day. There are nearly twenty monuments in the literature of this period, such as Su Feng Monument, Cui E Monument in Jinbulang, Jiao Jian, Su Yuan Monument in Wei Jianjun, Huainan and Phosphorus Monument in Wangfu, Yiyang County. Among them, the mysterious pagoda monument and the Shence military monument are typical of Liu Ti, with the most prominent reputation.
By the time of Mysterious Tower Monument and Shence Army Monument, Liu Ti had achieved great success. It changed the fat style in the middle Tang Dynasty, and it was deeply rooted, refreshing, fast and healthy, square and round, showing thin, hard and stiff lines between squats and exhibitions. so this is it？ Willow bone? (explained later). Between strokes, each has its own characteristics. The horizontal elders are thin and stretched, and the horizontal ones are short and strong. Vertical painting is thicker than horizontal painting, and it is the main pen, seeking its change; Its skimming, the elderly are light, while the short ones are heavy; Its stress must be heavy and show vigorous strength; Its hook, kick and pick must stop, and then quickly return to the front. Liu Ti's words are similar to those in Yan Zhenqing's book, balanced left and right, but long and powerful, with dense in the middle and sparse outside. In the overall book style, Liu Tiru? Yuanmen as a soldier, new sanitation? (Book Review by Cen Zongdan):? The calligrapher said that he was frightened, avoided Yi, and was hungry under the eagle (Wei Biao). It is not enough to say that he is anxious. (Wang Shizhen's "I Talk about Ikebukuro"). Liu's body is strict and his face is fat again. In order to be fresh, to be strong and straight, to be thin and hard, he learned the spirit. In the late Tang Dynasty, people appreciated Liu Ti with a new calligraphy style and its charming beauty.
middle period
Ten years after the age of seventy, Liu Gongquan entered a new development period. At this stage, there are many books and monuments, namely, according to epigraphy, there are 70-year-old Shang Yuji, Shannan West Road, our envoy Bei, etc., 7 1 year-old books include Niu Sen Rubei, Prince Taifu Liu Mianbei, and 73-year-old books include Puguang Wang Temple Monument. There are only Liu Mian Monument, Taifu Prince Monument, Xianci Monument and Yu Monument.
As can be seen from the above monuments, Liu Gongquan seems to want to create a new realm after the Mysterious Tower Monument and the Shence Army Monument vividly reveal Liu's style. I want to use simple infiltration brushwork, simple infiltration structure and elegant infiltration charm. Therefore, in the middle period, the pen cast in steel was cut, and the structure of hidden ribs and exposed bones was tightened and steep. Yang Shoujing in Qing Dynasty was particularly aware of this. He said: Wei Gong Temple Monument, Wei Gong Temple Monument, Liu Mian and Su Feng are obedient and elegant after all. ? ("Learn from You") He even thinks? Is the tall monument particularly perfect? . Although Monument to Man (6 1 year old) and Monument to Su Feng (60 years old) were written before the age of 70, the ideological roots of the changes after the age of 70 have long been lurking there. But? Willow bone? After decades of painstaking efforts, Liu Gongquan finally failed to take on a new look. During this period, I only saw the charm of Liu Shu in the sunset in Ran Ran.
later stage
In the eight years after the age of eighty, Liu Gongquan entered the later period of his life and calligraphy creation. He still nourishes life and calligraphy: life moves forward in the creation of calligraphy, and calligraphy adds luster to life. At the age of eighty-seven, he also wrote the Taibao Prince Monument for the late Wei Dynasty (contained in Bao Bian). From his masterpiece Fudonglin Monument, we can see that he reflected the last sunset glow in his life between the lines of the monument. That kind of elegant demeanour is no longer the vibrant brilliance like the morning sun, nor the scorching sun like the midday sun, but the brilliant sunset; The benefits of a stroke are transferred into it, and the charm is close to nature. The theme and affinity of the whole article are caused by the master's mind and old pen in his later years. Liu Gongquan, like an awakened person, went to the depths of Qingshan, climbed to the top of the mountain, and finally disappeared in Alishan, carving the soul of calligraphy into the peak of calligraphy.
Brief introduction of Liu Gongquan Liu Gongquan is studious, good at ci and fu, and knows rhythm. He used to be a Bachelor of Calligraphy in the Imperial Academy, a calligrapher in China, a Bachelor of Calligraphy in the Imperial Academy, a Prince of Taibao and a Duke of Hedong. Honest and frank temperament, dare to speak out. He was good at regular script, and widely studied the philosophers in Wei, Jin and early Tang Dynasties, which was greatly influenced by Yan Zhenqing.
The structure of his book is rigorous, the brushwork is sharp and sharp, and the strength is emphasized. The style of writing is attractive and vigorous, which can be compared with Yan Zhenqing's vigorous and graceful style, and is praised by later generations as Yan Gu. It has a great influence in the history of calligraphy. Liu Gongquan's ink handed down from ancient times includes "Send a Pear with an Inscription and Postscript", with inscriptions such as Diamond Sutra Monument, Mysterious Pagoda Monument, Shence Army Ji Shengde Monument, Pingxi County King Monument, Xiyang County King Yi Monument, Wei Gongxian Temple Monument, Plateau Jade Monument and Su Feng Monument.