Special clues to the development of ancient culture in China
First, the pre-Qin culture
(A) Lao Zi and Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn Period
Axis era: the awakening of man and nature, man and man, and man himself. At the same time, great breakthroughs have been made in the economic and political systems. )
1, Laozi's proposition: simple development view and dialectics; Advocate "inaction" in social development.
2. The core ideas advocated by Confucius are "benevolence" and "courtesy". The so-called benevolent people love others, maintain the "ceremony" of the Zhou Dynasty, and advocate the "order" of nobility and inferiority.
Confucius' educational achievements: "teaching without class", setting up private schools to promote the development of ancient culture and education; Editing and sorting out the Five Classics, the Book of Songs, Shangshu, Li, Yi, Chunqiu)
(2) A hundred schools of thought contend
1, historical background and conditions:
Socio-economic development: The use and popularization of ironware and Niu Geng have made the productivity develop unprecedentedly.
Social and political changes: slavery further collapsed, feudalism gradually formed, and history changed epoch-making.
Social upheaval: vassal States carried out various political changes; Social thought is free and loose, and private learning flourishes; The change of class relations is complicated, and the struggle between the emerging landlord class and the slave owner class is fierce.
2. On behalf of:
Mozi advocated "universal love", "non-aggression" and "Shang Xian".
Mencius called for "benevolent government", "people are more important than kings", "government for the people" and "be lenient with others".
Xunzi: He advocated that "Heaven has laws" and "Destiny is accused of being used".
Zhuangzi: Advocating "Caution" and "Forgetting". Despise wealth and hate the unfair social phenomenon that "those who steal hooks are punished and those who steal countries are princes"
Han Feizi: Representing the emerging landlord class. I believe that history is constantly moving forward, and the present will inevitably surpass the ancient times. We should carry out political reform according to actual needs and advocate "rule of law".
(3) literature and art:
1. Literature: The Book of Songs, Qu Yuan's Songs of the South, and various schools of prose.
2. Painting: The female phoenix and the dragon are the oldest silk paintings in China.
3. Bronzes: At that time, the decoration of bronzes developed from the past patterns to complete pictures, and the representative works were bronze pots unearthed in Sichuan.
4. Music: A complete set of bronze bells of the Warring States Period in Suizhou, Hubei;
(4) astronomy, physics and medicine
1. astronomy: in 6 13 BC, the exact record of Halley's comet recognized in the world in Spring and Autumn Annals was more than 600 years earlier than that in Europe; In the Spring and Autumn Period, it formed its own fixed calendar system, the "19-year seven-leap" method, which was earlier than the West 160 years; The earliest astronomical work in the world, Shi Gan Xing Jing in the Warring States Period.
2. Physics: The Book of Mohism records the knowledge of lever, buoyancy, acoustics and optics. Among them, Mo Jing's Eight Optics reflects the great achievements of China's physics during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
3. Medicine: Bian Que adopts "looking, smelling, asking and feeling". Among them, pulse-taking is Bian Que's main achievement, and he is praised as the "master of pulse science" by later physicians.
Second, Qin and Han culture
(1) Philosophy and Religion:
1, the core of Dong Zhongshu's proposition is "the unity of heaven and man" and "the divine right of monarch", and he also advocates "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". It played a positive role in consolidating political power and national unity and stability at that time. It was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and became the orthodox thought of feudal society.
2. Wang Chong, a materialist thinker, wrote Lun Heng to expound atheism.
3. Buddhism was introduced into Central Asia in the late Western Han Dynasty.
4. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism was formed. Taiping Jing is a classic.
(2) history and literature:
1, Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, the first biography in ancient China.
2. Ban Gu wrote Han Shu, which recorded the history of the Western Han Dynasty and was the first dynastic history book in China.
(3) Sculpture and painting:
1. Sculpture: The most prominent is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which is a treasure of China sculpture art. The rap figurines in Chengdu and the acrobatic figurines in Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty are all vivid. Bricks and tiles in Qin and Han dynasties also have high artistic value.
2. Painting: Colored silk paintings unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha.
(4) Science and technology:
1, astronomical calendar: taichu calendar; Zhang Heng Seismograph in Eastern Han Dynasty.
2. Mathematics: Nine chapters of arithmetic.
3. Medicine: Huangdi Neijing was written in the Warring States and compiled in the Western Han Dynasty; Shennong Herbal Classic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Hua Tuo, the "imperial doctor", and Zhang Zhongjing, the "medical sage".
4. Papermaking: Paper appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty. 105, Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since the 4th century, papermaking has spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan. It spread to Central Asia in the 8th century, and then to Africa and Europe through Arabia, making great contributions to the development of human culture and becoming one of the most influential inventions in the world.
Third, the culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(1) Science and technology
1. Mathematics: Liu Hui put forward the correct method of calculating pi in Wei and Jin Dynasties; In the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi calculated pi to the seventh place after the decimal point and wrote a mathematical monograph "Composition".
2. Agronomy: Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasty wrote Qi Yao Min Shu, which is the earliest and most complete agronomy work in China.
3. Geography: Pei Xiu of the Western Jin Dynasty drew a map of Gong Yu and put forward the principle of drawing a map; Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive geographical work with high historical, geographical and literary value.
(2) Philosophical thoughts
1, Wei and Jin metaphysics
2. Taoism and Buddhism
Development of Taoism: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ge Hong combined Confucianism to transform Taoism, making it a religion serving feudal rule. Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties absorbed Buddhist teachings and feudal hierarchical concepts, and established a Taoist immortal system.
Buddhism prevails: social unrest, ethnic division, corruption in official management, and people's lives are difficult; Buddhist thought is easy for people in troubled times to accept, and it also meets the needs of rulers to strengthen ideological control;
3. The materialist thinker Fan Zhen:
Fan Zhen, a thinker of Fan Zhen during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, wrote The Theory of Deification, which dealt a heavy blow to Buddhism in theory and raised the banner of atheism, which was a significant development of ancient naive materialism in China.
(3) Literature and art
1, Poetry: The emergence of seven-character poems: the transition from four-character poems, five-character poems, Sao-style poems to seven-character poems was completed; Jian 'an Literature: Good Li Xing by Cao Cao, Seven Wounded Poems by RoyceWong, Poems for the Past by Cai Wenji; Pastoral Poetry: Tao Yuanming's Poems of Returning to the Garden and Peach Blossom Garden.
2. Folk songs: the masterpiece of southern folk songs, Caisangdu; The representative works of northern folk songs are Chile Song and Mulan Ci.
3. Calligraphy: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art form; Cai Yong was a famous calligrapher at that time; Zhong You of Cao Wei transformed official script into regular script; Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were called "book saints" and "little saints" respectively.
4. Painting: the rise of religious painting, and Cao Buxing in the Three Kingdoms period was the ancestor of Buddhist painting in China; Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was good at figure painting. Representative works include A History of Women, A Picture of Luoshen, etc.
5. Sculpture: Grottoes are exquisite in artistic skills and magnificent in momentum, such as Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.
Fourth, Sui and Tang culture.
(1) Science and technology
1. Block printing: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were block-printed Buddhist scriptures, calendars and books. The Diamond Sutra is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world.
2. Invention of gunpowder: In the mid-Tang Dynasty, there was a recipe for making gunpowder. In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was used in the military.
3. Achievements of astronomical calendar: The Dayan Calendar, which was formulated by the astronomer monk and his party in the Tang Dynasty, accurately reflected the movement law of the sun and showed the maturity of the ancient calendar system in China; He is the first person in the world to measure the meridian length by scientific method.
4. Medical progress: Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang; Four medical codes of Yuan Dan Kampot, a famous Tubo doctor; Herbal Medicine of Tang Dynasty edited by Tang Gaozong.
5. Maturity of architecture: representative works of architectural technology: Chang 'an City: Zhao Zhouqiao.
(2) Literature and art
1. Poetry: Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty was a pioneer in the innovation of Tang poetry. A large number of famous poets appeared: Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Cen Can, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin and so on.
2. Art: Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is the largest art treasure house in the world. Reflected the prosperity of society and religion in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Painting: Outstanding painters include Yan and Wu Daozi; Calligraphy: Ou Yangxun and other three masters in the early Tang Dynasty during the Sui and Tang Dynasties; Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan; In cursive script, everyone has Zhang Xu. Music and dance: Sui nine songs, Tang ten songs; Famous songs include "Qin Wang Broken Array"; Xuanzong created "Dancing in Dresses and Feathers";
(C) the reasons and characteristics of cultural prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Reason:
1, national unity and prosperity, economic prosperity, laid the foundation for cultural prosperity.
2. The rulers of Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially the rulers of Tang Dynasty, implemented enlightened and compatible cultural policies, which created a good atmosphere for cultural development.
3. The close contacts between various ethnic groups in China and the integration of cultural exchanges have added multi-ethnic color to China culture.
4, frequent foreign exchanges, culturally able to absorb foreign excellent ingredients.
5. Sui and Tang Dynasties inherited and carried forward the traditional culture of past dynasties, especially the culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Features:
1. All-round prosperity: the prosperity of science and technology, education, literature, art, religion and philosophy.
2. eclecticism: It not only accepts the cultures of all ethnic groups in China, but also integrates the excellent elements of foreign cultures.
3. World-leading: printing, gunpowder, meridian measurement, Tang herbal medicine, etc.
4. Far-reaching influence: The culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties was the peak of feudal culture in China, and it was also the peak of world culture at that time, which had an important influence on China culture and the history of world civilization.
Five Dynasties Song (Liao, Xia, Jin) Meta-culture
(1) Science and technology
1, the invention of printing: Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Use of compass: It was widely used in navigation traffic in Song Dynasty and spread to Europe through Arabs. It has greatly promoted the exchange and development of world economy and culture.
3. Invention of gunpowder: It was invented by an ancient alchemist when refining Dan medicine. It began to be used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty. A special manufacturing organization was established in the Northern Song Dynasty. The tubular firearm flash gun was invented in the Southern Song Dynasty. /kloc-In the 3rd century, gunpowder and firearms were introduced to Europe by Arabs.
4. Shen Kuo and Meng Xi Bitan: Summarized many scientific and technological achievements in ancient China, mainly in the Northern Song Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of science and technology in China and the world.
5. Calendar of Yuan Dynasty and astronomer Guo Shoujing: At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Taishi Bureau was established to compile a new calendar. Guo Shoujing created astronomical observation instruments such as simple instrument and altimeter, presided over national astronomical survey and presided over the compilation of time calendar.
(2) Neo-Confucianism
1, Neo-Confucianism is the philosophical thought of Song Dynasty, which is a new Confucianism based on Confucianism and absorbed Buddhism and Taoism. It is the new development of Confucianism by the feudal rulers in Song Dynasty under the situation of sharp national contradictions and class contradictions.
2. Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty is a master of the development of science of philosophy. He believes that "reason" is the origin of all things in the universe and is the first; "Qi" is only the substance that constitutes everything in the universe, and it is secondary. He opposed "righteousness" and "human desire" and thought that human desire was the root of all evil. He put forward "preserving righteousness and destroying human desire", which actually defended the feudal hierarchy, and his view was objective idealism. Neo-Confucianism is more conducive to maintaining feudal rule.
(3) Literature
1, Southern Tang Dynasty: Li Yu was the most outstanding poet in the Five Dynasties.
2. Prosperity of Song Ci: There were many outstanding poets in Song Dynasty. Bold Su Shi, graceful Xin Qiji, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao in Song Dynasty.
3. Song Poetry: Land Travel in Southern Song Dynasty.
4. Textbook: a new form of citizen literature in Song Dynasty.
5. Yuanqu: Yuanqu is a general term for Yuan Zaju and Sanqu. Guan Hanqing's masterpiece Dou Eyuan.
Intransitive verbs: Ming and Qing cultures
(a) Science and technology: the emergence of summative classic scientific and technological masterpieces:
1, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica: A comprehensive summary of China's medicine before16th century, known as the "Grand Ceremony of Oriental Medicine".
2. Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration: It introduces the achievements of traditional agronomy, establishes a relatively complete agronomy system, and introduces advanced European water conservancy technologies and tools.
3. Xu Xiake's Travels: a masterpiece of geography.
4. "Heavenly Creations" in Song Dynasty: A comprehensive summary of the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts in Ming Dynasty.
(2) Progressive thinkers
1, Li Zhi: regarded himself as a heresy, denied Confucius as a natural saint, and opposed "taking the right and wrong of Confucius as right and wrong".
2. Huang Zongxi: Criticizing feudal autocratic monarchy, advocating "rule of law" and opposing attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce had a certain influence on the rise of democratic thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty.
3. Gu: emphasizing the practical knowledge of "applying the world"; Attack the monarchy politically. His main works are "Disease Records of Countries and Counties in the World" and "Knowledge Records of Japan".
4. Wang Fuzhi: The materialistic thought of affirming that the objective world is composed of matter.
(C) Ming and Qing novels
1 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, is the earliest historical novel.
2. The Water Margin by Shi Naian at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty is a novel with the theme of peasant uprising.
3. Romance novels of Journey to the West and Wu Ming and Cheng En.
A Dream of Red Mansions is the best novel in ancient China, written by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty and supplemented by Gao E.
5. The Scholars written by Qing Wu Jingzi is a satirical novel.
6. Qing Pu Songling's collection of short stories "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio".
(4) Compilation of books and series.
1, Yongle Dadian, edited in Ming Dynasty, presided over by Jie Jin.
2. The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books compiled in Qing Dynasty is the largest existing collection of ancient and modern books in China.
3. Si Ku Quan Shu compiled by Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty is the largest series in China.
(5) Western learning spread to the east: the climax of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1,1In the late 6th century, Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary, came to China to promote western scientific knowledge. A large geographical map of the world, a musical instrument and a bell were given to the Ming emperors, allowing them to preach in Beijing.
2. Later, many missionaries came to China to introduce China's Confucianism and Taoism to the West, thus strengthening the cultural exchange between China and the West.
(6) The main characteristics of Ming and Qing culture: connecting the past with the future, inheriting the past and bringing forth the new.
1, a number of scientific and technological works have been published one after another, and science and technology have developed to stagnation; 2. The early democratic enlightenment thought with anti-feudal color came into being; 3. With the development of urban economy, citizen literature has flourished, and novels have become the mainstream of literature; 4. Classical culture entered the summary period, and the official organization of large-scale book compilation made outstanding achievements, showing that Chinese culture is profound and profound; 5. Western learning spread to the east, and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries began to enter a new stage.
1, feudal * * * social and economic prosperity and development for the same reason:
(1) Inheritance factor: the inheritance of the economic base of the previous dynasty.
(2) Social environmental factors (political factors): social stability.
(3) Political factors: national unity and political clarity.
(4) Economic policy factors: the rulers adjust economic policies and encourage the development of production.
(5) Economic exchange factors: the economic exchange between ethnic groups and the strengthening of Chinese and foreign exchanges.
(6) The role of the masses: the hard work of the people.
(7) Productivity (science and technology) factor: production technology innovation (production tools are the most active factor in productivity), water conservancy construction.
2. The same is true for the cultural development of * * *:
(1) Inheritance factor: the inheritance of the cultural achievements of the previous generation.
(2) Social environmental factors: whether the society was stable at that time. Social governance (social stability will inevitably lead to cultural prosperity and eclecticism, such as the Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties) or social chaos (social turmoil will inevitably lead to fierce ideological conflicts and changes, such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period)
(3) Political factors: whether the country is unified and whether politics is clear.
(4) Cultural policy factors: Is the ruler's cultural policy conducive to cultural development?
(5) Cultural communication factors: ethnic integration (ethnic integration is the main way of cultural integration); There are frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries (foreign cultures can supplement and promote China's ancient culture).
(6) The role of the masses: the efforts of the people, especially outstanding intellectuals.
(7) Economic factors: economic development and productivity improvement (material conditions)
3. The reason why China ruled the world in ancient times:
(1) policy factor: the role of peasant war (peasant uprising forced rulers to adjust their ruling policies)
(2) Political exchange factors: ethnic integration and the strengthening of Sino-foreign exchanges.
(3) The role of the masses: the hard work of the people.
(4) Personal role: the personal political qualities of outstanding emperors and generals.
4. Reasons for the ancient unification of China:
(1) Economic factors: the development of productive forces and the adjustment of production relations.
(2) Political system factor: The establishment and development of centralization effectively prevented local rebellion.
(3) Cultural factors: China's unified cultural tradition (Confucianism is dominant).
(4) The role of the masses: the national integration has deepened, the national cohesion has been continuously enhanced, and the people are eager for reunification.
(5) Personal role: the personal contribution of a group of outstanding people.
(6) Geographical environment: China's unique relatively independent and concentrated natural geographical environment.