Etiquette, music (poetry), shooting, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics.
Translated as etiquette, music, archery, horse riding, calligraphy, and mathematics.
The Six Arts require students to master six basic talents: etiquette, music (poetry), archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and mathematics. "Explanation of the Five Classics": "Several masters of the six arts may use poetry to replace music. Those who combine music with poetry from the ancients are the authentic music." All these six arts were the talents that the aristocracy at that time had to practice in their daily affairs. . Therefore, handsome nobles and common people must first learn these six arts so that they can serve in the aristocratic circle.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were two types of schools: Chinese studies and rural studies, which were the places where Chinese students received education. The former was located in the capital of the Zhou Dynasty and the capitals of princes, and its teaching targets were the children of the great nobles. The latter is located in various places and is a school for ordinary noble children. At that time, non-noble people did not have the opportunity to receive education. The main teaching content at that time was the Six Arts.
1. Etiquette: Etiquette. Five etiquette: auspicious etiquette, unlucky etiquette, military etiquette, guest etiquette, and honorable etiquette.
2. Music: It is the six kinds of music. Six music: refers to the six music and dance sets of "Yunmen Dajuan", "Xianchi", "Dashao", "Daxia", "Da_" and "Dawu". The earliest ceremonial music and dance in ancient times is "Yunmen Dajuan". There was "Xianchi" in Yao's time. In the time of Shun, there was "Da Shao". Confucius claimed that he had heard Shao music and praised it greatly, saying that the music and dance were perfect.
Yu Shi published "Da Xia". There was "Da_" in Shang Dynasty. There was "Dawu" in Zhou Dynasty. These are all famous ceremonial music and dances in ancient times. In the Zhou Dynasty, these six sets of music and dance were completely preserved and became the Six Music, which were used in major sacrificial activities: "Yunmen Dajuan" was used to worship the gods; "Xianchi" was used to worship the earth gods; "Da Shao" worships Siwang; "Da Xia" worships mountains and rivers; "Da_" worships Jiang_, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty; "Da Wu" worships ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty. Among the six kinds of music that were passed down to the Han Dynasty, there were only two, namely "Da Shao" and "Da Wu".
3. Shooting: The five shooting techniques of military archery: Bai Ya, Shen Lian, Yan Zhu, Xiang Chi, and Jing Yi. White arrow, the arrow pierces the target and the arrowhead turns white, indicating that the arrow is accurate and powerful; Shenlian, one arrow is fired in front, and the three arrows in the back are continuous, and the arrows belong to each other, like connecting beads; Yanzhu, it means the speed of arrow movement ; Xiangchi, the minister and the king shoot, the minister and the king stand side by side, allowing the king to retreat by one foot; Jingyi, the four arrows are consistent and all hit the target.
4. Yu: The technique of driving chariots and chariots. Five Yus: Ming Heluan, Chasing Water Song, Guojunbiao, Wujiaoqu, Chasing Birds Left. "Zhou Li·Di Guan·Bao Shi": "What are the six skills taught? The fourth is the Five Controls."
Zheng Xuan's note: "The Five Controls: singing and luan, chasing the water, passing the king's watch, dancing and making love." Qu, chasing birds to the left. "It means that when driving, it corresponds to the sound of the Luan; the car speeds along the curved bank without falling into the water; it passes the emperor's position with etiquette; it drives freely through the passage; when hunting, it chases animals and shoots them from the left."
5. Calligraphy: calligraphy (writing, literacy, writing) Six books (Zhou Li did not explain it, but it may be the guess of later generations): pictogram, referring to things, understanding, pictophonetic, transferred annotation, and borrowed. (Note: Annotation and borrowing are methods of literacy, while pictograms, meanings, meanings, and pictographs are methods of character creation, of which pictophonetic characters account for about 90%.)
6. Numbers: Numbers are also It is called arithmetic, which is a technique of calculation and mathematics. There are nine chapters on arithmetic.
Extended information:
Evolution
Six arts professors can be divided into primary schools and universities. Primary schools focus on books and mathematics, and universities focus on etiquette, music, archery, The emperor is the master. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was respected, the central government established imperial schools, and local governments also began to establish county schools, state schools, government schools, and county schools. In the second year of Xianning (AD 276), Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Guozixue was established, which stood side by side with Taixue. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, either Guozixue, Taixue, or both were established.
The Northern Qi Dynasty changed its name to Guozi Temple. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Guozi Temple took charge of Guozi, Taixue, Simen and other schools. During the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, Guozi Temple was renamed Guozi Prison. The Tang Dynasty followed the old system and established Guozixue, Taixue, Four Schools, Legal Studies, Calligraphy and Arithmetic under the Imperial Academy, which were called the "Six Studies".
Among the six studies, Guozixue has the highest status and can admit the children of officials of third rank or above. Taixue admits the children of officials of fifth rank or above. The others can admit the children of low-level officials and can also absorb a certain number of children of common people. There are also foreign students from Japan and the Korean Peninsula coming to study.
The use of books to select people began in the Han Dynasty, the appointment of doctors of calligraphy began in the Jin Dynasty, and the establishment of a special calligraphy department began in the Tang Dynasty. The textbooks of the Imperial College of Calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty include "The Stone Classic", "Shuowen", "Zi Lin", etc., which specialize in teaching calligraphy.
The textbooks in the Arithmetic School include "Nine Chapters", "Island", "Sun Tzu", "Five Cao", "Zhang Qiujian", "Xia Houyang", "Zhou Bi", "Zhu Shu" "etc. The Imperial College students could only play the piano and practice archery. Because music and shooting belong to the "six arts" of Confucianism, not only cannot they be banned, but they should also be vigorously promoted. In the Tang Dynasty, the Imperial College was once renamed Sicheng Hall and Chengjun Hall, and later its original name was restored.
In the early Song Dynasty, the academic system still followed the old Tang system and inherited the spirit of the temple academic system. However, in Guozijian, there were only Guozixue and Taixue. In the early years of Hongwu, it was stipulated that the students should be specialized in one discipline, and the teaching should be divided into subjects such as etiquette, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics. In the second year of Hongwu's reign, the regulations were re-established, and the four subjects of etiquette, archery, calligraphy, and mathematics were divided into four subjects. Books on classics, history, etiquette, etc. were issued. Students were required to be familiar with and proficient in archery. They were also required to learn archery in the archery garden every day and study 500 words and mathematics every day. Must master "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic".
In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang instructed that "all the students of the Imperial College and the county students should learn archery? He ordered the Imperial Academy to set up an archery garden and give bows and arrows to all the students." In the 23rd year of Hongwu, the Imperial College built an archery garden and distributed bows and arrows to the students for them to practice martial arts and archery. There is an open space on the west side of the Confucius Temple and the Imperial College, which is used as a shooting garden to assess the students' shooting skills. In addition, government schools and county schools also built shooting gardens.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was an archery garden to the east of the Confucian Temple in Hangzhou, which was used to teach students to practice archery and martial arts. The students in the Confucian Temple are divided into civil and military students, and the shooting garden is the place where the military students practice martial arts. The military students are under the management of instructors. In addition to riding and shooting, they are taught the Seven Books of the Five Classics, the Morning General's Biography and the Four Books of Filial Piety, so as to understand the great principles. In the shooting garden, bows and arrows are prepared, and the instructors lead the martial arts students to shoot.
Martial arts in the Ming Dynasty was founded in the Hongwu period. At first, martial arts subjects were only set up in Daning and other Confucian schools to teach the children of military attachés. During the Zhengtong period of Yingzong, two martial arts schools in Beijing were formally established, with one professor and six trainers respectively. They were to teach young officials and their disciples who had not yet taken up their posts, and to reserve and train them for appointment.
In the Suzhou Fuxue founded by Fan Zhongyan in the Northern Song Dynasty, Bishop Hu Yuan advocated that all students should practice archery while traveling, and once held local archery. Hu Yuan, a Confucian scholar of the Song Dynasty, and Yan Yuan, a Confucian scholar of the Ming Dynasty, promoted Six Arts education in the academies they presided over, and both made obvious achievements. In view of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism's educational methods that were divorced from reality, Yan Yuan advocated the "Six Arts".
Education, as the foundation of the entire education, is committed to cultivating all-round talents with real skills and practical skills. He advocated the restoration of "Zhou Kong Zheng Xue" and advocated "teaching his disciples the six virtues, the six elements, the six arts, as well as soldiers, farmers, money, grains, water, fire, engineering, and fish", with special emphasis on the six arts.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Six Arts