The formation process of paper-cutting was earlier than that of Tang Dynasty.
Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty (6th century BC). Before that, there could be no paper-cutting art. But at that time, people used very thin materials to make handicrafts by hollowing out and carving, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, patterns were cut on gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves by carving, carving, picking, carving and cutting. According to historical records, Jian Tong's younger brother described it. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang cut it with buttonwood leaves. Gui？ Give it to your brother and seal it as Tang Hou. During the Warring States period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from the Warring States site in Guwei Village, Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting.
Are there any Mulan words in the Southern and Northern Dynasties? Yellow decal on the mirror? This poem. China's earliest paper-cut works are found in five paper-cuts of the Northern Dynasty (AD 386-58 1 year) unearthed near the Flame Mountain in Turpan, Xinjiang. These paper-cuts are folded repeatedly, and the images are not covered with each other.
the Tang Dynasty
Paper-cutting has been in a period of great development in the Tang Dynasty. Is there anything in Du Fu's poem Peng ADB? Warm soup is enough for me to drink and paper is enough for my soul? The custom of paper-cutting evocation has been circulating among the people at that time. The paper-cut in the Tang Dynasty, which is now in the British Museum, shows that the paper-cut at that time had a high level of manual art and a complete picture composition, expressing an ideal realm between heaven and earth. Popular in the Tang Dynasty, its carved flower and tree patterns have the characteristics of paper-cutting, such as paper-cutting in Masakura, Japan. To sheep? The pattern of its sheep is a typical paper-cut manual artistic expression. In the Tang dynasty, there was also block printing made of paper-cutting. People carved it into wax paper with thick paper, and then printed the dye on the cloth to form beautiful patterns. In addition, the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes also unearthed paper-cuts from the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, such as the Twin Deer Pagoda, Pagoda, Deer Pagoda and Pagoda. Merit flower paper? One is mainly used to worship Buddha statues and decorate temples and Dojo. Its picture composition is complex and its content is specific, and there are ink paintings such as "Bodhisattva" and "Embracing Bodhisattva", which are works of paper-cutting and painting.
Song dynasty
During the Southern Song Dynasty, professional artists took paper-cutting as their profession. According to the song dynasty's careful "Wulin old story", Hangzhou at this time? Small economy? As many as hundreds. Among them, are there any special ones? Cut the pattern? Who is good at cutting? What are the calligraphy characters of each family? Some specialize in cutting? Various colors and patterns? .
In Song Dynasty, the paper industry was mature and there were many kinds of paper products, which provided conditions for the popularization of paper-cutting. Like being a folk gift? Fireworks? Stick it on the window? Window grilles? , or used to decorate lanterns and teacups. The application scope of folk paper-cutting in Song Dynasty gradually expanded. Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln uses paper-cut as the pattern of ceramics, and makes the ceramics more exquisite by glazing and firing. Folk also use paper-cutting to carve figures in shadow play with the skins of animals such as donkeys, cows, horses and sheep. The engraved version made by the blue printed cloth technology is carved into patterns with oil cardboard, and the scratched patterns are made by paper-cutting technology, which is divided into yin and yang engraving. Long queues should be cut off to distinguish facts from truth.
Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper-cut handicraft art matured and reached its peak. Folk paper-cut handicraft art has a wider range of applications, such as flower decorations on folk lanterns, decorative patterns on fans and embroidery patterns, all of which are reprocessed with paper-cut as decoration. More people in China often use paper-cutting as decorations to decorate their homes and beautify their home environment. For example, door battlements, window grilles, cabinet flowers, wedding flowers and ceiling flowers are all used to decorate doors, windows and rooms.
Although the art of paper-cutting came from the people, it became a national art in the Qing Dynasty, and even the royal family and the country at that time could not do without paper-cutting. The Kunning Palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing is the wedding bridal chamber of the Qing emperor. According to Manchu custom, the window paper of the front and rear windows of the palace is pasted outside. There are black wallpaper on the four corners of the wall? Hey? Word paper-cut corner flowers, the center of the ceiling is black dragon and phoenix flower paper-cut. Paper-cuts are also posted on the walls of the aisles on both sides of the palace. Judging from the pattern, material and color of paper-cutting, compared with the ceiling flowers and wall flowers of ordinary farmers, there is basically no difference except that the pattern of paper-cutting is slightly larger.
Modern Times
Early 20th century? May 4th Movement? Under the advocacy of advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Bannong and Zhou Zuoren, the New Culture Movement laid the embryonic form of China folklore. They widely collect folk literature and materials, and also try to collect folk art works, including folk paper-cutting. In 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong started the research and creation of folk paper-cutting in Beijing. In the form of sketches and silhouettes, he described a large number of local conditions and customs in old Beijing, such as street vendors, workshop craftsmen, food stalls and tea pickers, fairs and temple fairs, and idle people in markets.
In the 1940s, paper-cutting with real life as its theme began to appear. 1942, Mao Zedong pointed out in his speech at the Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art? Literature and art serve workers, peasants and soldiers? Literary policy. Since then, artists from Lu Yi, Yan 'an, such as Chen Shuliang, Zhang Ding, Li Qun, Gu Yuan, Xia Feng, etc., began to learn local folk paper-cuts with a deep mass base, collected, excavated, sorted out and studied folk paper-cuts, and created a large number of new paper-cuts reflecting the production, life and fighting of the people in the border areas. The works adopt the traditional folk style and describe the new contents of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the border area construction. It promoted the emergence and development of mass paper-cutting and innovated the traditional folk paper-cutting. During the period of 1944, the northwest folk new paper-cut works were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region for the first time, which opened the prelude to the development of paper-cut art after the founding of New China. It can be said that Yan 'an paper-cutting has created a new era of Chinese paper-cutting.
After the founding of New China, in? Let a hundred flowers blossom and bring forth the new? Under the guidance of literature and art policy, artists have created a large number of new paper-cuts that express new socialist people and new things, which has opened up the way for paper-cutting creation and enriched the forms and contents of China folk decorative arts. In the creation of new paper-cutting, children, sports, acrobatics, singing and dancing have also become the most common themes of paper-cutting.
Paper-cut art has never been interrupted in the history of China since its birth. It is rich in various folk activities, and it is one of the richest art forms in China folk history and culture.
The use forms of paper-cutting can be roughly divided into four categories from the specific purposes:
One is for posting, that is, directly sticking on doors, windows, walls, lanterns and ribbons for decoration. Such as window grilles, wall flowers, ceiling flowers, cigarette lattices, lantern flowers, paper-tied flowers, and door stickers;
Second, it is used for decoration, that is, for decorating gifts, dowries, sacrifices and offerings. Such as flowers, flowers, fireworks, candlestick flowers, fragrant flowers, Chongyang flag;
Thirdly, embroidery patterns are used in clothing, shoes, hats and pillows. Such as shoe flower, pillow flower, hat flower, bib flower, sleeve flower and suspender flower;
Fourth, printing and dyeing, that is, as a printing plate for blue printed cloth, used for clothing, quilts, curtains, bags, bibs, headscarves, etc.
Paper-cut for window decoration
Decorative paper-cuts are pasted on the windows. Generally speaking, in the north, most farmers' windows in the north are wooden windows, with vertical grids, squares or geometric grids, and a layer of white paste on them? Leather paper? On holidays, we will change the window paper and put on new window grilles to say goodbye to the old and welcome the new. The forms of window grilles are various freely adaptable patterns such as corner flowers, folding flowers, animals, flowers and figures at the four corners of the decorative pane, as well as continuous sets of opera or legendary story window grilles. In short, panes of different shapes are arranged in different ways. There is a special arrangement, that is, window grilles across panes, called? The more windows? .
Xihua
Wedding and festive fashion point all kinds of utensils and supplies and paper-cut indoor furnishings. Paper-cutting is generally placed on daily necessities such as tea sets, soap boxes and pots. Some are posted on the toilet mirror. Most of the themes of love flower patterns emphasize the meaning of auspiciousness and happiness. The color is bright red, and the appearance styles are round, square, diamond, peach and pomegranate. Decorated with various auspicious patterns such as dragons and phoenixes, mandarin ducks, magpies, flowers and peonies. What is the composition and layout? A flower in a flower? The method.
Fireworks, fireworks
Paper-cuts are pasted on cakes, noodles, eggs and other gifts. In Chaozhou, Guangdong, it is called. Cake, flowers and flowers? What's the name of Pingyang area in Zhejiang? Circle potted flowers? . The theme of fireworks mostly adopts auspicious and festive patterns. Celebrating the birth of a child in Shandong? Happy egg? Stick the paper-cut on it, or dye the egg red to reveal the white pattern. In rural areas of Fujian, tortoise patterns are given to each other as a symbol of longevity. There are turtle-shaped cakes and turtle-shaped paper cuts.
Xie Hua
Paper-cut is used as the embroidery pattern of cloth shoe uppers. There are generally three forms. One is cut into small flowers or scattered flowers and embroidered on the toes. Toe flower? Second, cut it into a crescent shape according to the shape of the upper. Flowers? Third, it extends from both ends of the toe flower to the upper. Flowers? . There is another one? Single flower? Used before? Thank you first? . Or embroidered on the bottom of cloth socks. The layout of shoe flowers is generally sparse, and the themes are flowers and birds. Some shoes are partially cut and not hollowed out. What's this called? Dark knife? It is the basis of changing needle color in embroidery.
Door tip
Also called? Hang a note to hang a happy note from Hong Qian. Is Cai Zhai dead? . Generally used on the lintel or the second beam in the hall. Its style is mostly pennant-shaped, with a big head and a wide side and a tassel under it. Most of them are carved with red paper, but there are also other colors or colors. Patterns are mostly geometric patterns or embedded with figures, flowers, dragons and phoenixes and auspicious words, such as? Celebrate the country, celebrate the country, celebrate the people and celebrate peace, and the weather is good year after year. Magpie thrives in five industries: Meifu, Shandong, Shou, Cai? Wait a minute. When posting, whether it is a word or a paragraph, it is hung in sets. Usually put up five. Sticking the doormat not only has the unexpected effect of printing spring and getting rid of the old, but also has the significance of praying for good luck and exorcism.
Bean fragrant flower
A color-matching paper-cut, which is mostly used as decoration in traditional folk activities such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and gods? The themes of paper-cutting are mostly operas, historical stories, folklore, flowers, people and other auspicious patterns. Color matching is generally composed of gold, red, pink, green, blue, orange, light yellow, black and other wax paper, with rich colors and strong effects. Paper-cutting needs seven layers of wax paper and one layer of wrinkled gold paper to carve flowers according to a unified pattern. After carving, according to the inspiration of the paper-cut artist, different parts of each carved flower are pieced together and then pasted on a piece of white paper again. Finally, the white paper is carved into the same pattern. So a set of fragrant flowers can make 8 paper-cuts with the same pattern and different colors.
Paper-cut banner
Paper-cutting is used to cut flags in folk activities. For example, in the folk Double Ninth Festival, colored paper is cut into banners and inserted on the Double Ninth Cake, which is very beautiful. In the Song Dynasty, there was an ancient custom in Zhejiang. If there were patients, witches held paper-cut dragon and tiger flags to ward off evil spirits and eliminate disasters. At the funeral, for the funeral? Flower bud? It can also be cut with ordinary paper. The paper-cut flower banner is related to the banner held by the Buddha who leads the way in Buddhism; In addition, there are paper-cuts in the fast food to commemorate the anniversary of the deceased? Soul paper? , and hanging from the beam? Sparse? (Its shape is also similar to a banner).
Paper-cut mounting style frame type
Generally, it is ok to sell photos and pictures in the market. When installing paper-cut, it is necessary to stick a small amount of white latex around the paper-cut on the supporting paper, otherwise the paper-cut will often fall or move after the hanger, which is uneven. The color choice of paper holder mainly depends on the color of paper-cutting, which plays a role in foil paper-cutting. For example, when paper-cutting is heavy color, the backing paper should be light color, and when paper-cutting is light color or white, the backing paper should be heavy color.
Paper layout
Cardboard installation can be divided into plane installation and vertical installation. When plane mounting, all the transparent latex used for paper-cutting is stuck on the pre-designed cardboard. Three-dimensional mounting is to divide the paper tray into two layers, the middle of paper-cut is fixed with transparent sheet, and the outside is pasted with transparent sheet or cellophane. This mounting gives people a feeling of three-dimensional space.
Scroll type
Scroll is a mounting form of Chinese painting. It is solemn and generous, hanging in the room with great verve and oriental artistic characteristics, which is naturally a superior choice for mounting paper-cuts. If you ask the calligrapher to inscribe and seal the mounted scroll, it can be compared with the central axis painting of China. Mounting scrolls are more expensive than picture frames, and mounting technology is difficult, but the artistic effect is quite good.
Glue pressing type