During the Western Han Dynasty, many great poets and excellent works appeared in China. Han Fu, Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Parallel Prose of the Six Dynasties, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing novels are juxtaposed to form a generation of literature. Cifu in the Western Han Dynasty is the most representative literary style in the Han Dynasty. Between poetry and prose, there are both verse and prose, which can be said to be the prose of poetry and the poeticization of prose. Ci and Fu in the Western Han Dynasty are eclectic and self-contained. It draws lessons from Chu Ci, the question-and-answer form of essays in the Warring States, the extravagant style of writing, and the narrative techniques of pre-Qin historical biography literature, and often incorporates poetry into it. Judging from the poetic forms adopted, there are traditional four-character poems, as well as new five-character poems and seven-character poems. The stylistic sources of Ci and Fu in the Western Han Dynasty are various, which is a comprehensive literary style, and its huge capacity and strong expressive ability benefit from it to a great extent. Mei Cheng's "Seven Hair" marks the formal formation of new style fu, and his works represent the highest achievement of new style fu. Yang Xiong is the main writer of new style Fu in the late Western Han Dynasty. The representative writers of Ci and Fu in the Western Han Dynasty are Lu Jia, Jia Yi, Mei Cheng, Sima Xiangru, Dong Fangshuo, Gao Mei, Liu Che, Wang Bo and Yang Xiong.
(1) Lu Jia (about 240 BC-65438 BC+070 BC) was a politician, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. The first is the Chu people. When Liu Bang started an uprising, Liu Jia was eloquent and was often sent to vassal states. The world was not yet stable in the early Han Dynasty, and the rulers represented by Liu Bang lacked a deep understanding of the significance of cultural construction. Liu Bang once made it clear that he didn't like poetry and books. Lu Jia first pointed out the importance of cultural construction, and inspired and guided the supreme rulers to sum up the experiences and lessons of the rise and fall of the previous dynasties with excellent political papers. At the same time, Lu Jia also used fu to express his feelings, which opened the prelude to literary creation in Han Dynasty. Ban Gu's Hanshu is divided into four schools of Han Fu, one of which is headed by Lu Jia, and 265, 438+0 and 274 works by Gao Mei, Zhu Maichen, Sima Qian and Yang Xiong are all included in Lu Fu. "Wen Xin Diao Long Cai lue" says: "Lu Jia of the Han Dynasty made a good start and chose the imperial edict for Meng Chun, with rich arguments." It can be seen that his poems also had considerable influence at that time, but they did not spread. He is the author of twelve new words, which have survived to this day. There are nine articles in the Spring and Autumn Period of Chu and Han Dynasties, and three articles are assigned.
⑵ Jia Yi (200 BC-65438 BC+068 BC), Han nationality, was born in Luoyang (now east of Luoyang City, Henan Province). A famous political commentator and writer in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. 18 years old, famous. When he was young, he was recommended by Wu Gong, the prefect of Henan Province. In his twenties, Emperor Wen called him a doctor. In less than a year, he was promoted to be a loyal doctor. But at the age of 23, because of the jealousy of ministers, he was removed from the teacher of Changsha Wang. Later, he was recalled to Chang 'an and became the teacher of Liang Huaiwang. After the death of King Huai of Liang, Jia Yi felt deeply sorry for himself until he died of grief at the age of 33. His works mainly include prose and ci fu. Political paper: On public security policy, on connecting Qin, on sparse storage. Cifu: Ode to Diaoqu Yuan, Ode to Catching Birds, Poems of Xi, Ode to Ganyun and Xufu. Among them, Diaoqu Yuan Fu and Bird-catching Fu are the most famous.
(3) Mei Cheng? -Before 140), Zi Shu, a ci fu writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Qin Jianzhi was born in Huaiyin (now He Xia Town, Chuzhou District, Huai 'an City). He was a courtier of Liu Bi, the king of Wu, and Liu Wu, the king of Liang. Before the Seven Kingdoms Uprising, he wrote a letter to protest the rise of the king of Wu. In the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, the letter exhorted the prince of Wu not to fight again. The prince of Wu wouldn't listen. After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms was pacified, Meicheng became famous. When he was Emperor Jing, he was worshipped as a captain of Hongnong. Because it didn't suit him, he went to the office because of illness. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he was levied as "Che Anpulun" and died on the way because of old age. Mei Cheng's main achievement in literature is Ci Fu. His Seven Hairs is colorful and magnificent. Among them, the section of "Watching Taos" promotes festivals in a complicated way, which is full of vitality, shocking and impressive. The appearance of Qi Fa marks the formal formation of three-body doctors in Han Dynasty. It also influenced the creation of later generations, and formed the "seven-body" style of subject-object question and answer in Fu. Mei Cheng's nine poems are recorded in the History of Han Art and Literature. At present, there are only three articles left: Seven Hair, Poems of Damon Liangtuyuan and Poems on the Willow in the Pavilion of Forget Worry. The last two are suspected forgeries. There is a collection of Uncle Mei.
④ Sima Xiangru (about 179-? ), the word evergreen, Han nationality, Shujun (now Chengdu, Sichuan) people. Everyone in the western han dynasty. Sima Xiangru's literary achievements are mainly reflected in his ci and fu. Fu is the most important style in Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru is recognized as a representative writer and master of Fu theory in Han Dynasty, and also a master of literature and aesthetics. He was the founder of Han Fu, and Yang Xiong appreciated his Fu very much. He said, "Evergreen Fu doesn't come from the world, but it is deified into evil." Lu Xun introduced Sima Xiangru and Sima Qian together in the Outline of China Literature History, and pointed out: "When Emperor Wu was studying, he endowed Mo Ruo Sima Xiangru and Wen Ruo Sima Qian". His masterpiece is Zi Xu Fu. His works are rich in words and grand in structure, and he is a representative writer of Han Fu, later known as "Fu Sheng". The story of his elopement with Zhuo Wenjun is also widely circulated. There are 29 essays on Sima Xiangru recorded in Hanshu. There are six articles, including Zixu Fu, Tian Zi's safari Fu (that is, Shang Fulin), Renda Fu, Changmen Fu, Beauty Fu and Mourning Qin Ershi Fu, as well as Li Fu and Yu□ Fu. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has 1 Volume Sima Xiangru Collection, which has been lost. The Collection of Sima Wenyuan compiled by Amin Zhang Yan is included in the Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
5] Dong Fangshuo (162- 93 years ago) was born in Pingyuan County (now Shentou Town, Ling County, Shandong Province, Qingfeng Street, Hefang Township, Huimin County, Shandong Province). Writers of ci and fu in the western han dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty acceded to the throne and recruited wise men. I wrote a letter of recommendation and worshipped him as a lang. Later, he served as a regular assistant minister and doctor in Taizhong. He is witty, witty, witty and clever, and he often laughs and laughs in front of Emperor Wu. He "observes the color at any time and bluntly remonstrates" (Biography of Han Dong Fang Shuo). Emperor Wu was so extravagant that he went to the forest garden. Dong Fangshuo bluntly protested that this is "taking fertile land for the people, lacking the use of the country, taking the industry of agriculture and mulberry, abandoning success and losing things" (The Biography of Han Dong Fangshuo). He once said that political gains and losses were Chen Nong's plan to strive for a strong country, but Emperor Wu always regarded him as a superior and could not be reused, so he wrote Difficult to Answer a Guest and On No Gentleman to express his dissatisfaction with Chen Zhi.
[6] Gao Mei (former 156-? ) is the greatest writer in the literary world of Han Dynasty. He is Mei Cheng's illegitimate child, and Emperor Wu worships him as Lang. He doesn't know the classics, but also laughs and advocates to praise the drama. However, his mind is flexible, and from the services around him, Emperor Wu feels something that needs to be given to him. The Prince's visit to where will you go in Ganquan Palace, the closing ceremony of Mount Tai and other important events, such as hunting and shooting, controlling dogs and horses, cuju and so on. , are involved in this work. Gao was endowed by the imperial edict, so he contributed more than others. According to history, his works can be read as 120 and 10. Ban Gu said that he was "literate, and when he got a letter, he became a hero, so he endowed many people." His works don't aim at satire, showing different aesthetic tastes and literary views from the traditional ones. However, his works are hasty and lack of tempering, so they are rarely spread to later generations and are all lost.
(7) Liu Che (156-87 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the tenth son of Emperor Gaozu Liu Qi, the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Liu Heng, the nephew of Emperor Gaozu Liu Ying (Liu Ying is the son of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang) and the great grandson of Emperor Gaozu. Liu Che is not only a brilliant politician, but also a poet who loves literature and advocates ci-fu. Wang Shizhen, a poet, thinks that his achievement lies in "being a son" (in other words), and other poems such as Song of Praise, Song of Horse Day and Mourning are also "magnificent" (Xu Zhenqing Tan Yi Lu), which are highly praised by poetic critics. His beautiful, meaningful and fluent Autumn Poem has always been praised by people. Although this poem is an improvisation, it is full of twists and turns. Shen Deqian's Ancient Poetry Source Volume II: Legacy of Lisao. The neutron in the article says that joy is extremely sad and regret is budding? "Judging from the Legacy of Li Sao, Shen Deqian's evaluation is very practical in terms of diction and sentence making. Lu Xun called this poem "touching and beautiful, although the poet can't live." "
By Wang Bao (BC? -6 1 years ago), Zi Ziyuan, a native of Shu in the Western Han Dynasty, was a poet in the Western Han Dynasty. He has a smooth melody and is good at ci-fu. There are 16 pieces of ci-fu in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. The Supplement to Wang Xianqian quoted Wang Yinglin as saying: "There are Ganquan, Fu, Chu Ci and Jiuhuai in this biography, and A Bi Ji Fu is annotated in the selected works." There are Dong Xiao Fu and Ganquan Fu. Wang Bao was a court fu writer during the period of prosperity and decline in Han Dynasty. His fu works can be read by the harem nobles, so there are many elements of political preaching in the subject matter, but his style pays attention to colorful words and vivid images, so his works have a strong entertainment color. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has five volumes of Wang Bao Ji, which has been lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian compiled One Episode of Wang Jian, which was included in Records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
(9) Yang Xiong (53 BC-A.D. 18) was born in Chengdu (now Youai Town, Pixian County, Sichuan Province). Scholars, Ci Fu writers and linguists in the Western Han Dynasty. In his early years, Yang Xiong worshipped Sima Xiangru very much. He imitated Sima Xiangru's Zi Xufu and Shang, and wrote Ganquan Fu, Hunting Feather Fu, Changyang Fu and other works praising peace and the eve of the collapse of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, later generations have the name of Ma Yang. In his later years, he had a new understanding of Fu. In Fa Wu Yan Zi, he thought that Fu was "a small skill in carving insects" and "a strong man does not do it". He thinks that his early fu is as ironic and practical as his early fu. This understanding had a certain influence on Fu's literary criticism in later generations. Yang Xiong can also be called Taskmaster in prose. For example, he imitated the Book of Changes as Tai Xuan and the Analects as Fa Yan. In Fa Yan, he advocated that literature should be based on Confucian classics and take Confucian works as models, which had a great influence on Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. Yang Xiong also wrote a linguistic work Dialect, which is an important material for studying the language of the Western Han Dynasty. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has five volumes of Yang Xiongji, which has been lost. Zhang Pu compiled The Collection of Young Assistant Ministers in Ming Dynasty.
There were no famous thinkers in the Eastern Han Dynasty!