Shellfish currency
Natural seashells
From the 21st century BC to the 2nd century BC, it was mainly used in the Central Plains area, and was gradually replaced by metal currency. The unit is "peng", and every picked up coin is "one peng". In the pre-Qin period, shells had the dual functions of coins and ornaments. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the minority areas in my country still used shellfish as currency, which was called "ba (left-right structure, left is "bei" and right is "ba")".
Natural seashells
In the 11th century BC, they were produced on the seashore. Because they are strong, beautiful, portable and can be counted, they gradually evolved into physical currency.
Natural sea shells
Around 618-1368 AD, they were produced on the seashore. Because they were strong, beautiful, easy to carry, and could be counted, they gradually evolved into physical currency.
Artificial shellfish (stone shellfish)
From the 16th century BC to the 2nd century BC during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the commodity economy continued to develop and the demand for currency continued to increase. In order to compensate for the natural Imitation of jade shells, bone shells, pottery shells, stone shells, etc. due to insufficient currency circulation is collectively referred to as artificial shellfish currency. Their shape is roughly modeled on natural sea shells, and their exchange value is approximately equal to or slightly lower than natural shells.
Artificial shellfish (bone shell)
16th century BC - 2nd century BC
Artificial shellfish (jade shell)
16th century BC - 2nd century BC
Artificial shellfish (copper shell)
16th century BC - 2nd century BC
Copper shell
11th century BC
Gold-coated shells
In the 11th century BC, in the middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the development of society, humans mastered the smelting technology, so Metal shellfish currency appeared. The shape imitates natural sea shells. There are gold shells, silver shells, copper shells, etc. Unwritten copper shells cast in bronze are the earliest metal coins in my country.
Pre-Qin currency
Flat shoulders, curved feet, empty head cloth
Performance period: early to mid-Spring and Autumn Period Shape features: flat shoulders, curved crotch, shank ( (yinqian) is long and has perforations, and there is usually cold inside the penis. The facial expressions include stems and branches, numbers, celestial phenomena, place names, things, yin and yang, five elements, directions, auspicious words, etc. The coin material is mostly bronze.
Pingthou cloth with pointed feet
Performance period: Early Spring and Autumn Period. Zhao minted coins during the Warring States Period. Shrugging shoulders, square or curved crotch, pointed feet. The two grades of Yijin (left and right structure, the left is 'jin', the right is 'jin') and half-jin (same as before) are called "flat-headed and pointed-footed big cloth" and "flat-headed and pointed-footed small cloth" respectively. . The inscription on the cover is the name of the city, and some of the small inscriptions on the cover have the character "half". The text on the back is usually numbers. Light and thin body. The currency is bronze.
Three-hole cloth
Performance period: Late Warring States Period Coins of the late Warring States Period. According to the back text, it is divided into two types: large and small. It has a round head, round shoulders, round crotch, and round feet. The head and two feet each have a circular hole. Most of the inscriptions on the face are place names, and the inscriptions on the back include Ji Zhong and Ji Zhi. The larger one has the inscription "One Liang" on its back, while the smaller one has the inscription "Twelve Baht" (half a Liang).
Sharp Knife
Performance period: Late Spring and Autumn Period. Also called needle-shou knife. It is a special form of pointed-headed knife. The head is as thin as a needle, and the money inscriptions are mostly abstract symbols.
Cut-off sword
Performance period: Early Warring States Period. It is made by cutting off the head with a jian-shou knife, which is basically the same as the jian-shou knife.
Straight knife
Performance period: the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The coins minted by Zhongshan and Zhao in the middle and late Warring States Period are also called Yuanshou Dao or Pingshou Dao. The blade is straight or slightly curved, with a rounded head. There are usually two straight lines on the handle surface, and the body is light and thin. Among them, the "yan" (internal and external structure, the outside is 'men', and the inside is 'yan') Yang" (today's Shaanxi) small straight knife Especially thin. Except for "Gandan", "White Man" and "Chengbo" which have inscriptions on their backs, the others are mostly plain.
Round hole coin
Performance period: middle and late Warring States Period. Coins minted in the middle and late Warring States Period have round outer surfaces, round holes, and plain backs. There is a draft slope between the faces and backs. Therefore, the back diameter is larger than the face diameter, the back holes are smaller than the face diameters, and burn holes often remain on the edges. Most have no outline on the front and back, and a few categories have outline on the front. The large seal script is written in an extensive manner. Made of bronze. Mainly circulated in the hometown of Qin, Zhao and Wei.
Square hole round coin
Era of fineness: late Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, Qin, Qi, Yan and other countries minted coins. The outer round hole is square, with or without outline, and is the ancestor of later round coins with square holes. Contains "Ban Liang", "Liang Ste", "Wen Xin", "Chang'an", "yi (left and right structure, left is 'Bei', right is 'Yi'), yi (same as before) Sihua, yi ( Same as above) "Liuhua", "Yidao, Hedao, Hesi" and other categories.
Qin and Han coins
Qin Banliang
Performance period: 336-221 BC. After Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, Qin coins were used as the national currency, and Qin banliang became the lower coins symmetrical with the gold of the upper coins, which were minted throughout the country. Compared with the aforementioned pre-Qin Banliang, Qin Banliang has a tall, narrow and slightly curved face. The shape is round with a square hole on the outside, no outline on the face and back, and the shape and the money are neatly arranged.
Half liang of elm pods
Performance period: early Western Han Dynasty. Because it looks like an elm pod, it is called "pod money". "Pod money" is generally very frivolous and varies in severity.
Three baht
Performance year: the first year of Jianyuan. Emperor Wu made it in the first year of Jianyuan and stopped in the fifth year of Jianyuan. The three-baht coin has an outline on its face, as heavy as its text, and its back is plain. Three Baht is the first round coin with a square hole named "Baht" in the history of ancient currency.
Wudi Wu Baht
Performance period: 118 BC, the fifth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (118 BC). Shanglin has three officials and five baht. There are different forms of facial inscriptions such as half-star, horizontal outline, and four-point inscriptions. The outline is deep and the text is exquisite. Emperor Wu's Five Baht created a history of minting "five baht" coins in 739 years, and became the mainstream of ancient China's "two baht systems" coinage.
One sword equals five thousand
Perfect year: AD 7. That is "wrong knife", also known as "gold wrong knife". It was cast in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (7 AD). "The ring is like money, and the body is like a sword." The ring surface "一刀" reads directly, the Yin characters are mixed with gold, and the three characters "平五千" on the knife surface are Yang characters and seal script. One is worth five thousand and five baht. "One knife equals five thousand" is exquisitely cast and has been valued by "collectors" of all ages.
Five hundred knives
Perfect year: 7 AD. It was cast in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (7 AD). "The ring is like a big coin, the body is like a knife", the ring surface is cast with the Chinese character "攔刀" in Yang script, and the knife surface is cast with the Chinese character "五百" in Yang script, seal script. "攔" can connect with "Qi". One is worth five hundred and five baht. "Wubai Dao" has a deep outline and exquisite inscriptions.
Five baht in the early Eastern Han Dynasty
Performance period: In the 16th year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 40), Ma Yuan's suggestion was adopted to start the large-scale casting industry. The characteristics of the facial writing are that the prefix of the character "金" is larger, the cross strokes of the character "五" are more curved, the prefix of the character "Zhu" is rounded, and the ends of the vertical strokes are thinner. The casting is relatively regular.
Trimmed edge five baht
Performance period: Late Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as "chisel edge" five baht or "shearing wheel" five baht, which means that the edge and part of the money and flesh have been cut off Or a chiseled five-baht coin. There is no outline, and the radical of the word "five baht" remains.
Dong Zhuo's five baht
Perfect year: 190 AD. Cast by Dong Zhuo in the first year of Chuping (AD 190), the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has no inner and outer outlines, and the two characters "五铢" are incomplete and difficult to identify. The world ridiculed it as "no writing". This money can be called the most inferior and cheap money in the history of our country's currency.
Currency of the Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties
One Hundred and Five Baht
Performance Year: AD 214, the 19th year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (AD 214), after Liu Bei entered Shu Chengdu. The first coins were large and heavy, but later they gradually lost weight. The thinnest coins were less than 0.8 grams. The seal script on the face reads "Zhi Bai Wu Baht", which means it is worth "one hundred five baht coins". Yin characters and ornaments are often cast or engraved on the back, and Yang characters are also cast on the back, such as the character "WE" or the four characters.
Shu Five Baht
Performance period: 214-263 AD. It was cast after Liu Bei entered Shu, about 214-263 AD. The shape is smaller than the five baht of the Han Dynasty, thicker, with outlines on the face and back, the strokes are fatter, and the copper is dull.
Dingping 100
Performance period: Three Kingdoms period. It is not recorded in historical records, but according to research, it is more appropriate to classify it as Shu Han money. The money body of "Dingping 100" is thin and small, and the seal script of the money is unclear.
The shape is slightly the same as that of Zhibai
Wei Wuzhu
The period of its development: the Three Kingdoms period. Emperor Wen of Wei and Emperor Ming both cast five baht, and the shape of the new coin imitated the five baht made in Han Dynasty, so it was called "Wei five baht". The five baht coins from Wei Dynasty have clear outlines, thick coin shapes, and gold-plated edges.
Daquan Dangqian
Performance period: 239-246 AD. The Wu money of the Three Kingdoms was a large coin made by Sun Quan from the first to the ninth year of Chiwu (238-246 AD). The four characters "Da Quan Deng Qian" in seal script are read convolutedly, and one piece is worth five thousand baht. It is the largest false value after Wang Mang. There are also two thousand Daquan and five thousand Daquan, which are less handed down from generation to generation.
Liangzao Xinquan
Performance period: 317--376 AD. Cast by the Zhang Dynasty of Qianliang (AD 317--376), it is the first round coin with a square hole named after the country. There are two styles of seal script: dual reading and direct reading. The fonts of Qian characters are also different. The shape can be divided into two styles: light and small, and thick and heavy.
Shen Chong Wu Baht
Performance period: 318-321 AD. During the Taixing period of Emperor Xiaoyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (318-321 AD), Shen Chong of Wuxing cast large holes and small coins. The money is written as "five Zhu" and "hardware", with a vague outline and a light and small body. It seems to be an imitation of the Eastern Han Dynasty's "shearing wheel" style money.
Fenghuo
Perfect age: 319 AD. It was cast in the first year of Zhao Shile (AD 319) after the Sixteenth Kingdom of the Western Jin Dynasty. The inscription on the face is "Fenghuo". There are two types of seal script and official script, both of which can be read horizontally. The money face of the seal script has a good outline, but the money face of the official script has no good outline. The money backs all have inner and outer contours.
Han Xing
Performance period: 338-343 AD. It was minted during the Hanxing period (AD 338-343) by Li Shou, Emperor Zhaowen of the Cheng Han Dynasty. It is the earliest year-name coin in the history of Chinese coins. Qian inscriptions can be divided into official script and seal script, which can be divided into direct reading and horizontal reading. They are exquisitely made, with shallow characters and thin characters. There are not many handed down from generation to generation, especially horizontal reading.
Currency of the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Xiaojian Si Baht
It was minted during the Xiaojian period (454-456 AD) of Liu Jun, Emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty. The inscription "Xiao Jian" on the front is made of Liuye seal script, and the inscription "Si Baht" on the back has the meaning of seal script. The same as Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty's "Four Baht", the text on the front and back can be read horizontally. Xiaojian's four bahts were poorly made, with flat edges and unclear characters. "There are a lot of people stealing coins among the people". Later, "four baht" was omitted and the "Xiaojian" inscription was reserved exclusively. The inscriptions became thinner and smaller, with many types and different sizes.
Yongguang
It was cast in the first year of Yongguang (AD 465) by Liu Ziye, the deposed emperor of the former Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The shape is similar to the four bahts built by Emperor Wen Xiaojian, with outlines inside and outside, and the inscription "Yongguang" on the face. Two-character seal script, read horizontally, weighs two baht. Because it was changed to "Jinghe" in the Yuan Dynasty after only a few months of casting, it is extremely rare in the world.
Jinghe
It was cast in the first year of Jinghe (AD 465) by Liu Ziye, the deposed emperor of the former Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. The two characters "Jinghe" are written on the face and are written in seal script. The horizontal script is perforated on both sides and the strokes are clear. The official form of the money is promulgated by the government, and it is handed over to the people to be cast according to the pattern. It is then handed over to the officials for acceptance and acceptance. It is strictly forbidden to steal the money and trim the edges. Therefore, the text outline is more refined than that of Yongguang. He was killed in March after the emperor was abolished and changed to the Yuan Dynasty. The old scene and its survival are extremely rare.
Formula Women's Money
Made during the reign of Xiao Yantianjian (AD 502-519), Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, "Formula Women's Money" actually has no outer outline but only inner Guo. Five baht" small money. Because it is small and weak, it is also called "female money" and "male money" (big money) are symmetrical. About two to three baht.
Liang Tie Wu Baht
It was cast in the fourth year of Emperor Xiao Yan of the Liang Dynasty (AD 523). The iron "five baht" is slightly smaller in shape and has four lines on its back. It is the first iron coin cast in large quantities in my country.
Taihuo Six Baht
A six-baht coin cast by Emperor Chen Xuan of the Southern Dynasty in the 11th year of Taijian (579 AD), with the inscription "Taihuo Six Baht" on the face and jade rib chopsticks The body of the seal script is well-proportioned, strong and stretched, the inner and outer contours of the face and back are neat and straight, and well-made.
Yongtong Wanguo
It was first cast in the first year of the Elephant Period (AD 579) by Yuwen Chan, Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The inscription on the face is "Yongtong Wanguo", with jade tendons and seal characters. "Yongtong" means eternal access, and "Wanguo" means that it can be used by all countries in the world. The outline of the characters is deep and steep, the shape is thick, and the inscriptions on the money and the casters are both exquisite. It can be called the first among the "Northern Zhou Dynasty".
Five Elements Great Cloth
In the third year of Jiande (AD 574), Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, one was used as ten, along with cloth springs and five bahts. The face inscription "Five Elements Big Cloth", jade tendon seal script, money inscription and production are all extremely exquisite, and it is one of the famous "Northern Zhou Dynasty Products".
Changping Five Baht
It was cast in the fourth year of Gaoyang Tianbao (AD 550), Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty. It is well made and has beautiful coin text. The four-character "Chang Ping Wu Baht" jade tendon seal can be read directly. The structure is well-proportioned and the strokes are round. The upper horizontal line of "Ping" is integrated with the face and lower outline. It is a spring product with extremely exquisite design and casting.
Currency of Sui and Tang Dynasties
Five Baht of Sui Dynasty
Emperor Yang Jian of Sui Dynasty began to cast it in the first year of Kaihuang (AD 581), also called "Five Baht of Kaihuang". It is also called "Five Baht for Setting Samples". The seal script of the two characters "五铢" written on the money has neat strokes, wide edges and no good outline. There are vertical lines on the upper, lower and left ends of the word "五", and the back of the money has good outlines. The five baht in the Sui Dynasty was the end of my country's "two baht system".
Kaiyuan Tongbao
In the fourth year of Wude (621 AD), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty Li Yuan abolished the five baht and recast it as "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin. The Tongbao coin system was used after replacing the five baht coin system. In the past 1300 years, it is another great achievement in the history of ancient Chinese money since the Qin and Han Dynasties money system. There are several main aspects: "1. Created the first currency and decimal system. 2. Created an era when Qian writing was written in eight-point official script, regular script and even cursive script, changing the previous large seal and small seal forms. 3. No longer named by weight. Qian was changed to "Bao" or "Tongbao" or "Yuanbao". The Qianwen of Kaiyuan Tongbao was written and written by the great calligrapher Ouyang Xun. It can be read directly as "Kaiyuan Tongbao" or as "Kaiyuan Yuanbao" in a spiral way. The style of Qianwen is the famous one. The eight-cent book has a diameter of eight cents and weighs two baht and four lei (up and down structure, with three characters in the shape of "pin" on the top and three characters in the shape of "Xie" on the bottom). Each ten-note book weighs one tael, and each of the early Kaiyuan Tongbao weighs one coin. The outline of the character "Yuan" is deep and steep, and the characters are exquisite. The character "Yuan" was cast later and has a moon pattern on the back. In the middle period, the character "Yuan" is left, right or double. Moon pattern, star pattern or star-moon pattern; in the later period, the outline was wider, the casting was poor, the size was different, and the standard was often wrong.
Qianfeng Quanbao
Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, made it to the Qianfeng Yuan Dynasty. It was cast in 666 A.D. and is considered to be Kaiyuan Tongbao Ten. The shape is neat and the outline is intact. The four characters of the coin are read in a convolution. Due to the short casting time, there are few surviving coins. It is the first example in the history of ancient coins with the word "spring". It is also the first "treasure coin" named after an era name.
Qianyuan Chongbao
It was first minted in the first year of Qianyuan (758 AD) by Li Heng, Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty. One is the Kaiyuan Tongbao ten, the Qianyuan Zhongbao, the four-character official script is read directly, the outline is deep and steep at first, and lighter and smaller in the later period. Small coins made after the first year of Baoying have stars, moons, auspicious clouds, and auspicious patterns on the back, including white copper mother. This coin is the earliest copper mother coin ever seen.
Get Yi Yuan Bao
Shi Siming cast it in Luoyang in the second year of Emperor Suzong Li Heng's reign (AD 759). , dark red in copper color, neatly made, the official script "De Yi Yuan Bao" is read in convolution, simple and clear, there are many moon patterns, or star patterns and auspicious clouds on the back. Due to the short casting period, it is relatively rare, so it has "Shun Tianyi" It is said that one is hard to find.
Dali Yuanbao
During the Dali period (766--779 AD) of Emperor Li Yu of the Tang Dynasty, local coins were minted in the northwest region. They were crudely made and made of copper. The color is turbid, the official script "Dali Yuanbao" is read in a convolutional manner, the calligraphy is simple and powerful, and there are two styles: Jianzhong Tongbao
During the Jianzhong period of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 780). --788) The local coins of the northwest region are thin and small, with obscure characters and sloppy minting. The four-character official script "Jianzhong Tongbao" has two styles: Huichang Kaiyuan Tongbao
p>In the fifth year of Huichang (AD 845) of Li Yan, Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty, bronze Buddha bells and chimes from various places were used as currency materials to mint coins. Each state minted coins with the name of the state on the back, and later cast the word "Chang" to mark the year. There are as many as 23 kinds of coins found today. The coin is sloppily cast and the writing is obscure. The text on the coin follows the old system of Ouyang Xun.
Xiantong XI of Emperor Yizong of the Tang Dynasty. It was cast under the supervision of Guiyang in 870 AD. The four-character official script of Qianwen contains the style of the Wei stele. It can be read directly, and the composition is well-proportioned and powerful. Because it was not cast, it is rarely handed down to the world. It is one of the treasures of ancient springs.
Currencies of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Kaiping Tongbao and Kaiping Yuanbao
They were cast during the Kaiping period (907-910 AD) of Zhu Wen, Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, and their shapes were imitated. Kaiyuan, rough in production, Tongbao's back is flat and shallow, Yuanbao's outline is fine. Qian Wen's four-character official script is read in a convolutional manner. Very rare.
Han Yuan Tongbao
It was cast in the first year of the Han Dynasty (AD 947-950) by Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin of the Five Dynasties. It is well made and has intact edges. The four-character Qian script can be read directly in official script. There are many star and moon patterns on the back of the coin.
Tongzheng Yuanbao
It was cast in the first year of Tongzheng (916 AD) by Wang Jian, the ancestor of the former Shu Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms. The money text and system are all imitated from Kaiyuan coins, but the production is rough. There are stars and moon patterns on the back.
Tianhan Yuanbao
It was cast in the first year of Tianhan (917 AD) by Wang Jian, the ancestor of Shu in the Ten Kingdoms period. The shape is relatively neat, the inner and outer outlines are slightly flat, the four characters of the money are read in the official script, and the writing is correct. It is the most elegant among Wang Jian's five coins.
Guangtian Yuanbao
It was cast in the first year of Guangtian (918 AD), the founder of the former Shu Dynasty, Wang Jianguangtian. This coin is poorly made and has sloppy writing. The word "Guang" is written in running script, and the other three characters are written in official script. There are moon patterns on the back, and there is also an iron coin, which is rare.
Xiankang Yuanbao
It was cast in the first year of Xiankang (925 AD) by Yan, the former Shu king of the Ten Kingdoms. The production is rough, the writing is uneven, and it is written in eight-point script and running script. Moon and star patterns are commonly seen on the back.
Qianfeng Quanbao
Made by Ma Yin, King of Chu of the Ten Kingdoms. The four characters of Qian Wen are read in official script with regular script, and there are many inscriptions on the back, both of copper and iron.
Tang Guotong Bao
Li Jing, Emperor Yuanzong of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms (left-right structure, with the word "王" on the left and the word "京" on the right.) In the sixth year of Xiande (959 AD) cast. Qian script has three styles: seal script, official script, and regular script. The seal script and regular script are paired together, which is the ancestor of "Dui Qian". One is worth two Kaiyuan coins, and another seal script is worth five or ten coins. There may be star patterns on the back. Very fine casting.
Yonglong Tongbao
It was cast in the first year of Yonglong (939 AD) by Yanxi, King of Fujian of the Ten Kingdoms. Qianwen's four-character calligraphy is between Xing and Li. The material is either copper, iron, or lead. Copper is rare, and lead is even rarer.
Currency of the Song, Liao, Jin and Xia
Tongbao of the Song and Yuan Dynasties
It was minted in the first year of Jianlong (960 AD) by Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty, and was the founding coin of the Song Dynasty. Qian's text imitates the eight-cent book, and its shape imitates Tang Kaiyuan. There are two kinds of copper and iron, with stars and moon patterns on the back. Ten iron coins are worth one copper coin.
Jiayou Yuanbao
It was cast during the Jiayou reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty (1056-1063 AD). Qian Wenkai and Zhuan are in two styles, with spiral reading and bare back. Made for Xiao Ping, the production is inferior, the size and thickness vary, and the matching is not good.
Jingkang Yuanbao
It was cast during the Jingkang reign of Emperor Qinzong Zhao Huan of the Song Dynasty (1126-1127 AD). The money inscriptions are in seal script and official script, and can be read in a convolutional manner. There are pairs of coins in Xiaoping, Zheer, and Zhesan. This kind of money is rare and hard to find, and Xiaoping is especially precious.
Shaoxing Yuanbao
It was cast during the Shaoxing period of Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty (1131-1162 AD). Qian Wenkai and Zhuan are two-body, and they are read in a convolutional manner. Most of them are bare-backed and facing the money; there are Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhesan, etc. Because the "Shaoxing" reign was 32 years old, the amount of coins minted was large and miscellaneous, but Xiaoping coins were rare.
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Qingyuan Tongbao
It was cast during the Qingyuan reign of Emperor Ningzong of the Song Dynasty (1195-1200 AD). Qian Wen's regular script, rotated reading. There are Xiaoping, Zheer, and Sanzhen coins. The inscriptions on the back are "Yuan" to "Seven"; "Chuan", "Li" and other chronological places; "Tong", "Chun" and other disciplinary supervisors; "┴" chronological value, "Xiyi" chronological furnace, "五五" Wait for discipline.
Kaiqing Tongbao
It was cast in the first year of Kaiqing (AD 1259) by Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty. Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, and there are two types: Xiaoping and Zheer. The chronological character "Yuan" is written on the back.
Zhenyou Tongbao
It was cast during the reign of Zhenyou (1213-1217) by Wanyan Xun, Emperor Xuanzong of the Jin Dynasty. Qian Wenkai collects and reads directly, and there are three types: flat money, two-fold, and five-fold. There is no text on the back.
Taihe Chongbao
It was cast in the fourth year of Taihe by Wanyan Jing of Jin Zhangzong (AD 1204). Qian Wen's seal script can be read directly, and there are two major and minor styles. Qian Wen is handwritten by Dang Huaiying, a master of literature and calligraphy. The font is pure and elegant.
Tianqing Baoqian
It was cast during the Tianqing reign of Zhao Chun, Huanzong of the Western Xia Dynasty (1194-1205 AD). The money is written in the Western Xia script and is flat. It is well made, with strong edges, clear text and well-proportioned strokes.
Currency of the Yuan Dynasty
Dachao Tongbao
The Mongolian Khanate was cast in 1227 AD when it was called the Dachao before it was renamed the Yuan Dynasty. Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, and there is no writing on his back.
Zhongtong Yuanbao
It was cast during the Zhongtong period (1260-1264 AD) of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Qian Wenkai and Zhuan are in two styles, which can be read straight or convoluted. Star patterns can be seen on the back, which is a flat coin.
Zhiyuan Tongbao
Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, cast it from the 22nd to the 31st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1285-1294 AD). Qian Wen has two formats: Chinese and Mongolian. The Chinese regular script can be read directly, including Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhesan, etc., all of which are memorized without text.
Yuanzhen Tongbao
It was cast during the Yuanzhen period of Tiemuer, Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1295-1297 AD). There are two types of money inscriptions, Chinese and Mongolian. Chinese regular script, direct reading, has Xiaoping, Zheerliang, etc., while Mongolian money is in Zhesan type. There is no writing on the back, the production is crude, and the writing is unclear.
Dade Tongbao
It was cast during the Dazuode period of Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1297-1307 AD). Qian Wen has two formats: Chinese and Mongolian. Chinese regular script, direct reading, including flat money, folding two, folding three, etc. The Mongolian script is in the form of three folds. There is no text on the back.
Zhi Datong Bao
It was cast in the third to fourth year of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1310-1311 AD). Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including plain Qian, Zhe Er, Zhe San, etc., with steep and deep outlines and no writing on the bare back.
Yanyou Yuanbao
The small Chinese coins cast during the Yanyou period of Emperor Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1314-1320 AD), the money is written in regular script, is extremely irregular, can be read directly, and has no writing on the back. Poorly made and badly written.
Taiding Tongbao
During the Taiding reign of Emperor Taiding of the Yuan Dynasty (1324-1327 AD), small coins in Chinese were cast. Cast Wen regular script can be read directly, and there are two types: large and small. The large coins are cast with fine workmanship, with complete outlines and clear text. There is no text on the back.
Dayi Tongbao
Made by Chen Youliang, general of the late Yuan uprising, during the Dayi period of the Han regime (1360-1361 AD). Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhesansan, etc. There is no text on the back.
Ming Dynasty currency
Hongwu Tongbao
It was minted during the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang (AD 1368-1398). Qian Wen's regular script, which can be read directly, includes Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhesan, Zhe5, Dangfifteen, etc. There are many ways to memorize values, weights, places, etc.
Yongle Tongbao
It was cast during the Yongle reign of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1403-1424 AD). Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, and only Xiaoping Qian can be seen. It is well made, with regular outlines, beautiful strokes, and no writing on its bare back.
Jiajing Tongbao
Ming Shizong Zhu Dexi (Yin Cong) cast it during the Jiajing period (1522-1566 AD). Qian Wenkai's imitation thin gold script is read directly, including Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhe3, Zhe5, Dangfifteen, etc. The production of this coin is mixed, with various strokes and different sizes. The memorization of the text is heavy or has no text.
Wanli Tongbao
It was cast during the Wanli period (AD 1573-1620) of Zhu Yi, Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty. Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including Xiaoping, Zhesan and so on. The inscriptions on the back include the characters "Gong", "Hu", "Gong", "Li" and "Zheng" or patterns of stars and moons.
Tianqi Tongbao
It was cast during the Tianqi reign of Zhu Youxiao, Emperor Jiazong of the Ming Dynasty (1621-1627 AD). Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including Xiaoping, Zheer, Dangshisan, etc. The memorized text records the value, record of the situation, record of the place, and the reason for the event may have star and moon patterns. There are different sizes and names, and there are many varieties.
Chongzhen Tongbao
It was cast during the Chongzhen period (1628-1644 AD) of Emperor Sizong and Zhu Jian of the Ming Dynasty.
Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including Xiaoping, Zheer, Zhe5, Zhe14 and so on. The famous and other coins come in different sizes, with varied characters and a mix of fine and rough ones. They are the most complex and most diverse coins in the Ming Dynasty and the last currency in our history. The text on the back contains patterns such as stars, moon circles, stars within circles, and galloping horses, or several items such as the place, value, and reason for the event.
Chongzhen Tongbao
Dashun Tongbao
Made by Zhang Xianzhong, a rebel army in the late Ming Dynasty, during the Daxi Dashun period (1644-1646 AD). Qian Wen's regular script is straight-reading, flat money, with the words "household", "work" and "yong" on the back. This money has a wide outline and neat characters.
Xuande Tongbao
It was cast during the Xuande reign of Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty (1426-1435 AD). Qian Wen's regular script is read directly, and only Xiaoping Qian can be seen. The production is sloppy and has no text.
Honghua Tongbao
It was cast during the reign of Wu Shifan and Zhou Honghua in the late Ming Dynasty (1678-1681 AD). Qian Wen is written in regular script and has two formats: large and small. For small coins, the text is mostly visible on the back, while for large coins, the characters "work" and "household" can be seen on the back.
Qing Dynasty Currency
Shunzhi Tongbao
It was cast during the Shunzhi period (1644-1661 AD) by Aixinjueluo Fulin, the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Qianwen regular script, direct reading, Xiaoping, Zhe, Zheshi, etc., with Han Wen Ji Bureau, New Manchu Wen Ji Bureau or Manchu and Han Wen Ji Bureau on the back.
Kangxi Tongbao
Made during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1662-1722 AD). Qian Wen's regular script reads directly. There are two types: small ones and discounts of ten bucks. According to the back text, money can be divided into Manchu money and Manchu money.
Yongzheng Tongbao
Made during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty (1923-1735 AD). Qian Wen's regular script reads directly, with the Manchu character "treasure" written on the flat coin and on the left side of the back, and 20 Manchu characters on the right side. Yongzheng's money has neat shapes and uniform specifications, which shows the rigor of Yongzheng's money law.
Qianlong Tongbao
Made during the Qianlong period of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1795 AD). Qian Wen's regular script reads directly, flat money, with the Manchu character "宝" on the left and the name of each bureau on the right.
Jiaqing Tongbao
It was cast during the Jiaqing period of Renzong in the Qing Dynasty (1796-1820 AD). Qian Wen's regular script reads directly. Pingqian, with the Manchu character "宝" on the left and 19 characters of the name of the bureau on the right. A few can see star and moon patterns and Chinese characters for remembering places or auspiciousness.
Daoguang Tongbao
Forged during the Daoguang reign of Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty (1821-1850 AD). Qian Wen's regular script, direct reading. There are many Manchu scripts on the back, or there are stars, moon patterns and Chinese characters to record the place, year and value.
Xianfeng Tongbao
It was cast during the Xianfeng period of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty (1851-1861 AD). The money is written in Song, regular script and Li script. It can be read directly and is flat. The text on the back is the name of each treasure bureau in Manchu. This coin is crudely made and mixed in shape. There are many rough ones and few fine ones.
Tongzhi Chongbao
Made during the Tongzhi period of Muzong of the Qing Dynasty (1862-1874 AD). Qian Wen's regular script can be read directly, including Ping Qian, Dang Si, Dang Wu, Dang Fourteen, etc. The back text is worn on the left and right Manchu scripts, and the upper and lower Chinese characters are used to record the value.
Guangxu Tongbao
Made during the Guangxu period of Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty (1875-1908 AD). Qianwen regular script or regular script combined with official script, regular script combined with Song Dynasty three styles, including Pingqian, Dangwu, Dangshi and so on. There are many forms such as memorizing full text, writing palindrome records, recording years, recording auspicious words, recording batches, etc. Guangxu money is the first batch of Chinese-style (outside round holes with square holes) cast by the introduction of Western coin-making methods in the history of Chinese coinage.