In the Tang Dynasty, * * * existed for 289 years from the establishment of 6 18 to the extinction of Zhu Wen in 907. The Tang Dynasty was divided into early and late periods, with the Anshi Rebellion as the boundary. Prosperity in the early stage and decline in the later stage. Tang Gaozu established the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin led the troops to complete the great cause of reunification in ten years. After Li Shimin ascended the throne successfully through the change of Xuanwu Gate, he made great efforts to make the Tang Dynasty prosperous in the feudal society of China, and a "Zhenguan rule" emerged, which was ahead of the world in politics, economy and culture. Since then, in the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty, "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" has appeared again, and the world of strengthening the country, enriching the people and maintaining peace has once again appeared. However, it was also during the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty that the Anshi Rebellion took place and the Tang Dynasty went into decline.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many achievements in laws and regulations, such as the system of three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system and the two tax laws, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. The imperial examination system sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and really took shape in the Tang Dynasty.
Sui and Tang Dynasties adopted a relatively open policy and frequent economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Tang poetry is the greatest achievement in literature. Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty, Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty are outstanding representatives. The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan had a great influence on later generations. Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy, Yan, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei's paintings, music and dances such as "Dancing in Dress and Feather", and numerous grotto arts are all passed down to later generations. In terms of science and technology, printing and gunpowder, two of China's four great inventions, appeared in this period.
Political chaos in the late Tang Dynasty, from the dispute between Niu and Li to the eunuch's autocracy. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Huang Chao Uprising broke out. Zhu Wen was one of the leaders of the uprising. He began to rebel against the Tang Dynasty, and later replaced the Tang Dynasty as emperor, establishing the first dynasty of the Five Dynasties-Hou Liang.
Emperor Yangdi and Tang Taizong Li Yuan are both grandchildren of Du in the Western Wei Dynasty, that is, the queen of Emperor Wendi and Li Bing (the father of Li Yuan) are two sisters. Therefore, many historians refer to Yang Sui and Li Tang as Sui and Tang Dynasties. The picture on the right shows the famous families in Sui and Tang Dynasties, all of which are related. Less obviously, Princess Linchuan of Li Shimin is the daughter-in-law of Sun Shang of Fa Zhou. The Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty in 577, and the national strength reached its peak after the unification of North China. Yu Wenyun, Emperor Xuandi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was extravagant, extravagant, debauched, politically corrupt and had five queens. The consort Emperor Wendi took the opportunity to send the etiquette of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the state affairs gradually became his master. On June 8th, 580, the Northern Zhou Emperor Xuan Di died of illness. Emperor Wendi of Sui supported Yu Wenchan, the young emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and assisted the government as the prime minister. On March 4th, 58 1 year, Emperor Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty abdicated in the Sui Wendi, who proclaimed himself Emperor, and died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wanted to destroy Chen in the Southern Dynasties and adopted Gao Jiong's strategy: he interfered with Chen's agricultural production in the Southern Dynasties and destroyed Chen's military storage, which made Chen suffer heavy losses and was exhausted. After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty won the battle between Sui and Turks, Xiao Yan, the queen of Xiliang, was abolished on 65438,5871October 26th, and Xiliang died. The following year, the Sui Dynasty launched a battle to destroy Chen, and Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty appointed, and as the March Marshal. But in fact, Gao Jiong was in command, and the three armed forces decided to attack Chen in the eight-way route after deliberation.
On February 6th, 589, the Allies entered Jiankang City and occupied Chen Houzhu. Soon, Chen's local troops were either ordered to surrender or resisted and were wiped out. Only the Lingnan area is protected by Mrs. Xian. In September, 590, the Sui envoys and others appeased Lingnan, and Mrs. Xian led the crowd to meet the Sui envoys. The Lingnan states were called Sui land.
At this point, the Sui Dynasty ended the 280-year-long north-south division since the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, and completed the reunification of China. In order to consolidate the political power, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Six Departments of Northern Zhou Dynasty politically and formally established the system of three provinces and six departments. The local system removes the county level and forms a state-county two-level system. After the pacification of the Southern Dynasties, the local system was reorganized, the weapons in the world were confiscated, and the local power was weakened, thus consolidating the autocratic monarchy of centralization of authority. Although the sui dynasty abolished the nine-product system since Wei and Jin dynasties, it still implemented the procuratorial system. Relocate the clan of Guandong and the clan of Jiangnan to Daxing City to strengthen control. Economically, reduce penalties and taxes, implement the system of land equalization, rent adjustment and population survey, master tax sources, unify currency and weights and measures, and rectify the trade environment. The equal land system and the law of losing land made farmers get rid of the control of landlords and become state-owned households, which became the reason for the agricultural growth in Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen advocated frugality and did not allow his prince to spend too much. All these formed a social atmosphere, which made the wealth accumulate rapidly in the early Sui Dynasty. Due to the large increase in cultivated land area, crop yield has increased. There are tens of millions, or at least millions, of stones stored in official warehouses in Chang 'an and Luoyang. At the same time, the handicraft industry has made new progress, and the shipbuilding technology has reached a high level, which can build a magnificent warship with five floors. Luoyang's commerce was once prosperous, with tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen and a prosperous economy.
Huang Kai's rule and the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty gradually declined in the late period of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty (from the first year of Renshou in 600 AD to the seventh year of Daye in 609 AD). In his later years, Emperor Wendi advocated severe punishment in criminal law, which changed the policy of doing nothing in the early days of his reign. I am also suspicious of old heroes, killing the founding heroes and generals. On August 2 1 day, 604, Yang Guang succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Yang Di. Emperor Yang Di's national strength was still very strong in the early days. Yang Di managed the eastern capital, dug canals, built the equator and built the Great Wall, which promoted the economy of Guanzhong area and north and south areas.
Trade development; And conquered neighboring countries to expand the territory of the Sui Dynasty. However, due to Emperor Yang Di's own desire for success and tyranny, these behaviors did harm to society. Because Chang 'an is located in the west, the food supply is difficult. In 604, Yang Di sent Su Yang and Yuwen Kai to establish the East Capital in Luoyang, and moved the capital to Luoyang the following year to control the economy of Kanto and Jiangnan. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yang Di promoted the construction of the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal brings many benefits: connecting the important water systems in China and forming a transportation network; Driven the development of coastal cities, many commercial cities emerged, among which Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) became the economic center of the Sui Dynasty. Promoting cultural development and ethnic integration in various regions, some people think that this makes Chinese civilization an organic whole civilization. However, Emperor Yang Di hastily built the Grand Canal, which brought many burdens to the people. Migrant workers who dug rivers worked tirelessly, were frozen and starved, and the death toll accounted for more than half of all.
Because Yang Di spent a lot of manpower and material resources, and also conquered everywhere, it consumed the national strength of the Sui Dynasty excessively. Among them, the war against Koguryo was the most dramatic, which brought about the decline of the Sui Dynasty. In April, 583, the Sui army marched into the northern Turkistan in eight directions. By alienating Sheng, the Sui Dynasty made the Turkic khanate, which had been divided into two parts in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, attack each other. In 599, the Eastern Turkic Khan was defeated and fell to the Sui Dynasty. In 6 1 1 year, the Western Turkic Khan also fell to the Sui Dynasty. In 605 AD, Wei Yun, the Sui general, led the Turks to defeat the Khitan, which basically solved the foreign invasion in the north. In addition to the north, the Tuyuhun khanate, located in the Qinghai area of Longxi, often invaded the Sui Dynasty. In 596, Wendi sent Guanghua Princess and Tuguhun to appease them. In 608, Yang Di sent troops to defeat Tuguhun and establish counties. However, in the same year, Yang Guang sent Fu Shun to manage them, but he could not arrive and return. Later, Tuguhun returned to his hometown and attacked the right of the Sui Dynasty, which was unable to defend itself. Taking this expedition, the counties in Chang 'an and the counties in the northwest of Sui Dynasty will all be placed under the Great Wall, with an annual income of hundreds of millions; It's a long road in Xiu Yuan, and it was robbed by bandits. Anyone who fails to arrive after the death of a person or animal will be requisitioned by the county. So the people were unemployed, and the western half of the Sui Dynasty was poor first.
In the 11th year of Daye (6 15), Turks rose at the end of Sui Dynasty, and Khan led an army to surround Emperor Yang Di in Yanmen. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Yangdi was in chaos, and China was severely weakened, while the rise of Turks was unprecedented. There are countries such as Qidan and Shiwei in the east and Tuguhun and Gaochang in the west, all of which belong to Turkic. Dou Jiande, Xue Ju, Liu Wuzhou, Liang, Li Gui and Wang in Hexi, Longyou and Zhongyuan also surrendered to the Turks and were brought into their sphere of influence. Turks have reached the prosperity level of "Rong Qiang, but there is no such thing in ancient times" Yang Di has waged wars many times, wasting people's money and lives. As early as the sixth year of Daye (6 10), four civil revolts broke out because of resisting the conscription of government soldiers, but they were quickly suppressed by Sui Jun. In the seventh year of Daye (6 1 1), the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in Guandong (Yuzhou Road, Jizhou Road and Yanzhou Road) were flooded, and more than forty counties fell. Wang Bo led the masses to launch a civil uprising in Changbai Mountain, Yanzhou Road (Zhangqiu, Shandong Province) to resist Yang Di's eastward expedition to Goguryeo and sang the famous "Nothing" at that time. Most of the uprisings were concentrated in Yuzhou Road, Jizhou Road, Yanzhou Road, Qingzhou Road and Xuzhou Road in Kanto, and were soon suppressed by Sui Jun. Liu Yuanjin claimed to be the son of heaven in Wu Jun, and was destroyed in the same year. Until Su Yang's son Yang Xuangan sent his troops to rebel, Liyang (now northeast of Xun County, Henan Province), and the children of the Sui Dynasty were involved in succession, but Yang Xuangan was quickly pacified by Yang Di.
6 1 18 April 10, Yu Wenhuaji, Sima Deqi, Pei Gantong and others launched a mutiny, killed Yang Di and made Yang Hao emperor. Soon, he killed Qin, proclaimed himself Xu, and established People's Republic of China (PRC). The following year, Li Shentong in the Tang Dynasty and Dou Jiande in the Xia Dynasty jointly fell. 665438+On May 25th, 2009, he proclaimed himself emperor and established Zheng. In 6 17, Li Yuan killed Wang Wei and Gao Junya and rebelled in Taiyuan. Soon, Tang Gaozu led his men to smash Qu Tutong, who was guarding Guanzhong, and occupied Daxing, the capital of Sui Dynasty. Tang Gaozu made You Yang the emperor, Emperor Yangdi, and Yang Di the distant emperor, and became the prime minister and king of the Tang Dynasty. In Yangzhou, Emperor Yang Di was too happy to return to Guanzhong, and was finally killed by Yu Wenhuaji and other rebels in the Jiangdu coup in 6 18. Li Yuan took this opportunity to force Emperor Yangdi to meditate in May of the same year, and established the Tang Dynasty, namely Tang Gaozu. The capital Daxing was renamed Chang 'an.
Before he entered Guanzhong, he sent envoys to flatter Shi Mi, the wagang army who occupied Henan, and made it a barrier to eastward advancement. After entering the customs, he sent Xue Ju and Xue, the northwest Jincheng, to pacify, and sent Tang Shi An and An Xiuren to capture Wuwei Gui Li alive. In 620, Li Shimin was sent to defeat Liu Wuzhou and Song Jingang who invaded Hedong (now Shaanxi Province). Then, King Zheng of Luoyang and Dou Jiande, the Xia emperor of Hebei, declared an alliance to jointly resist the Tang Dynasty. In 622, he defeated the allied forces, captured Dou Jiande and Wang, and surrendered. Liu Heita, the remaining party of Dou Jiande, was also defeated by Li, and Hebei was pacified. In 623, Fu Gong led Du Yu to fight the Tang Dynasty in Danyang, and was captured and killed by Tang Jun the following year, and Jiangnan was pacified. In 62 1 year, Li Jing won the battle with Xiao, and lost to Tang in Jiangling. The following year, Feng Ang of Lingnan surrendered, Qianzhoulin died, and China was owned by the Tang Dynasty. In 626, Li Shimin launched the Xuanwumen Rebellion, killed Prince Li and Qi King Li Yuanji, and took control of Chang 'an. Tang Gaozu knew the situation very well, so he abdicated and became the emperor's father. Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Taizong.
Emperor Taizong made great efforts to govern and eclectic, and gradually restored the national strength of the Tang Dynasty. In the internal affairs, Emperor Taizong promoted the system of land equalization and tenancy adjustment to promote agricultural development. In the system of being an official, the system of Sui Dynasty was perfected, and the system of selecting scholars in imperial examinations was formed, which restricted the development of imperial power and aristocratic inheritance. Regardless of his background, Emperor Taizong recruited a large number of competent ministers, such as Fang, Du Ruhui, Wuji, Ma Zhou, Gao Shilian and Xiao Yu, as well as military commanders such as Li Jing, Hou, Li Shiji and Qin. In addition, Emperor Taizong also sent officials to ask about the living conditions of the people everywhere, and then wrote the merits and demerits of the officials on the screen to show their praise and criticism.
Externally, Emperor Taizong adopted the strategy of active defense, stopping the war with war, and appeasing the quartet with restraint and force. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the East Turkic khanate in the north was very powerful, and it often invaded the south and intervened in various forces in the Central Plains. In the early Tang Dynasty, everything was ready. In 626, the East Turkistan suddenly attacked Chang 'an and led troops to Jingyang (now Jingyang County, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province) not far from Chang 'an. In this regard, Emperor Taizong personally led Gao Shilian, Fang and others to confront the Turkic Khan across the river in Weishui, and set the alliance of Weishui. Later, Emperor Taizong actively handled the relationship with Turks, provoking the relationship between Li Jie Khan and Tuli Khan, and the relationship between Turks and surrounding ministries. In 627, the vassal departments of East Turkistan, namely Xueyantuo, Uighur, Batyagu and Tongluo, broke away one after another and changed Xueyantuo to Khan because they disagreed with the decree of Jielikan, and Tulikan also surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. In 628, the Shuofang man Liang was killing Liang and surrendering to the Tang Dynasty. However, after the split, East Turkistan was hit by heavy snow, and most of the livestock froze to death and starved to death. In 629, Li Jing led a cavalry raid and unexpectedly wiped out East Turkistan. The following year, all ethnic groups in the north entered Changgong 'an, and all ethnic groups respectfully called Taizong Tiankhan. In 635, Li Jing was sent to capture Tuguhun, in 657, Su was sent to capture the West Turkic khanate, and in 64 1 year, Princess Wencheng was sent to marry Tubo Zampsong Zagambo. All these have stabilized the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and other countries in the Quartet.
During the Zhenguan period, the country was stable and the economy resumed development, which was called "Zhenguan rule" in history. According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), a bucket of rice was only three or four yuan, and only 29 people were sentenced to death in the whole year. His achievements summed up Zhenguan Dignitary, which became a textbook for Japanese and Silla emperors to govern the country, and was also the object for later monarchs to imitate and learn. After the death of Emperor Taizong, Li Zhi acceded to the throne, namely Tang Gaozong. At this time, the Tang dynasty inherited the rule of Zhenguan, and its national strength was at its peak, which was called the rule of Yonghui in history. There are famous artists such as Su Shi and Xue Shi, and famous ministers such as Wuji and Chu Suiliang. Internally, we will continue to implement the system of equal land use, and select lower-ranking but talented officials. Externally, the western Turkistan was destroyed in 659, and its territory expanded westward to the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya River. The establishment of Anton Duhu House on the Korean Peninsula in the Tang Dynasty also indirectly promoted Silla's unification of the Korean Peninsula.
After the middle period of Emperor Gaozong, the regime was gradually controlled by Wu Zetian. -After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Prince Li Xian succeeded to the throne of Tang Zhongzong. Due to disagreement with Zhongzong, Wu Zetian soon abolished Zhongzong as the king of Luling and changed her fourth son, Li Dan, to the emperor of Tang Ruizong. After Wu Zetian put down the rebellion, in 690, she abolished the position of emperor, changed her country name to Zhou, namely Wu Zhou, made her capital Luoyang (commonly known as the capital of the gods), and changed Li Dan as the heir, becoming the only female emperor in China history. During Wu Zetian's reign as emperor, the country developed more than during the Zhenguan period. Continue to implement the land equalization system and develop agricultural production; The imperial examination system was further improved, and the imperial examination and martial arts were created. Wu Zetian began to crack down on Guanlong Group from the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and vigorously promoted officials who were born in imperial examinations, calling them "North Gate Bachelor", many of whom were scholars from Kanto and Jiangnan. And vigorously promote talents, such as Di, Zhang Jianzhi, Zhang Renyuan, Yao Chong and other famous ministers and generals. Culture and art also made progress, Buddhism flourished, and Buddhist temples were frequently built during the Wu and Zhou Dynasties. However, another feature of Wu Zetian's ruling is her strong control, which mainly includes severely suppressing Xu Jingye and other opposition parties, slaughtering the princes of the imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty, and supporting the ministers and generals in the Tang Dynasty. Encourage informers, spy on officials and princes, and implement the system of cruel officials. Support Wu Sansi, Shangguan Waner and other henchmen. These are often criticized by later historians.
When Wu Zetian was seriously ill in 705, Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi, General Li Duozuo and others held Prince Li Xian hostage to launch a coup. They killed the Queen's brother Toy Boy Zhang Yizhi and forced Wu Zetian to abdicate. In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Li Xianzhong was restored, and his younger brother Li Dan was named King An, while his younger sister Princess Taiping was called Princess Taiping of Zhenguo, which is known as the Dragon Revolution in history. With the help of his aunt Princess Taiping, Li Longji, the son of Li Dan, initiated the change of Tang Long, swept away the influence of Wei Hou and Wu Shi, and made Li Dan emperor. After the restoration of Zong Rui, he made his son Li Longji a prince and allowed his sister Princess Taiping to interfere in the political situation. Power struggles often occur between the two sides. In July12, Zong Rui decided to abdicate, and Prince Li Longji ascended the throne, namely Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. After Li Longji ascended the throne, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was politically clear, economically developed and militarily powerful, and all ethnic groups came to the DPRK in succession, creating a prosperous "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng". During the Tianbao period, the national population reached more than 80 million.
In order to strengthen national strength and increase fiscal revenue, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty first carried out economic reform. First of all, crack down on gentry and compete for land and labor; Second, reform and implement the ban system to increase government revenue and reduce people's burden; Thirdly, Xuanzong attacked Buddhist forces and destroyed monks and nuns; Fourth, develop agriculture.
In diplomacy, Xuanzong carried out the policy of national reconciliation, improved national relations and further unified the country. At the same time, harmonious ethnic relations in the Kaiyuan period also played a great role in promoting social stability and economic development.
Thanks to a series of positive political and economic measures taken by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the hard work of the broad masses of people, the Tang Dynasty reached an extremely high level in all aspects and its national strength was unprecedented. Social prosperity has promoted a substantial increase in population. During the prosperous period of Kaiyuan, the population of the Tang Dynasty increased to more than 52.9 million. The commerce in the Tang Dynasty was also very developed. The domestic traffic extended in all directions, the cities were more prosperous, and the foreign trade was growing day by day. Persian and big food merchants came in an endless stream. Businessmen from Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and other metropolises gathered, and businessmen from different languages came and went in different clothes, which was very lively. China's feudal society reached its heyday. The Anshi Rebellion became a turning point in the history of the Tang Dynasty. The separatist regime of the buffer region, foreign invasion, eunuchs' authoritarian power and the struggle between the Niu and Li parties flocked in, which became the internal and external troubles of the Tang Dynasty. In order to end the war as soon as possible, Tang Shi appointed Anshi as our special envoy to the scene to appease him. In order to guard against the rebellion of the generals, we also put time everywhere. Due to local military, political and economic affairs, all parts of the country are almost semi-independent. After the war, the population of Kanto decreased sharply, and a large amount of land was barren. The land of Hebei gradually became Hu Hua, and the people loved martial arts and despised literature, forming a completely different cultural area from the land of Guanzhong where poetry and fu took scholars. As the border guards were transferred back to quell the chaos, foreigners invaded one after another. Tubo occupied Longxi and invaded Guanzhong, and Chang 'an once fell. Extortion of Uighur also consumes national strength. Eunuch was autocratic, and Li Hecheng became emperor, which was the first emperor made by eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty. Eunuch Yu Chaoen was ordered to command the imperial army. In 779, Tang Daizong died in these events, and his eldest son Shi Li succeeded him, namely Tang Dezong.
In the early days, Tang Dezong made great efforts to destroy the buffer region, and the buffer region was in awe of him. He used Yang Yan to implement two tax laws, Ada to reform grain transportation, modify salt law and adopt common law to improve finance. However, he is willful, and he won't let anyone know. After the traitor Qilu was appointed in 78 1, politics became worse and worse. Listen to Qilu's slanderers and kill two ministers of Liu Yang. Political corruption made the buffer region gradually despise, and finally chaos broke out. In the same year, Chengde Li died of illness, and his son Li was not approved to succeed him, so he joined forces with Wei Yue and Nan to send troops to rebel. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent Ma Sui to defeat the rebel army. Tian Yue was besieged by the Central Army in Weizhou (now Hebei), and Li was killed by his subordinate Wang. Because Tang Dezong didn't trust the generals, the imperial army was transferred to powerful eunuchs. In his later years, Tang Dezong appointed Pei Yanling, a traitor, and made friends with eunuchs and corrupt officials, which led to the decline of national politics. Tang Dezong died in 805, and Prince Li Yong succeeded him, namely Tang Shunzong.
The problems left over by Tang Daizong are getting more and more serious, and both of them are trying to solve them. Among them, Yuan and Zhongxing have been successfully realized. With Wei Zhiyi as prime minister, the reformists headed by Wang were launched. They abolished the oppressive Wu Fang Palace market and children, and reduced taxes. Ren Hantai took control of the Shence Army and tried to seize the eunuch's military power, which is known as Yongzhen Innovation in history. In the same year, Tang Shunzong had a stroke. Eunuch Wen Zhen took advantage of the psychology that Prince Chun wanted to be emperor, and joined forces with Wei Gao and other buffer regions to force Tang Shunzong to give way, thus bringing down the reformists, known in history as Yongzhen Neichan. Li Jicheng, the Prince of Alcohol, ascended the throne, that is, Tang Xianzong. By 8 19, all the provinces and towns in China were nominally subordinate to the central government and sent envoys to pay tribute, which was called Yuan and Zhongxing in history. However, Tang Xianzong is a bit lazy about state affairs and likes to build luxury houses. He worships Buddha very much. Once I went to Famen Temple to worship Buddha bones, but I was persuaded by Han Yu and was demoted.
In 820, Tang Xianzong was poisoned by eunuchs in Daming Palace, and the ZTE period ended. During the period of Tang Jingzong and Tang Wuzong, most of the three towns in Hebei were controlled by their Qiang Bing, sometimes usurped by their subordinates, and they were far less domineering now. Until the Huang Chao Rebellion, local buffer regions still obeyed the central authorities. Most of the political power in the Tang Dynasty was held by the emperor and the prime minister, but after Tianbao, it was transformed into a combination of the emperor and the eunuch of the imperial court, and the prime minister of the imperial court became a second-rate political role. After the change of Jingyuan, the emperor no longer trusted Chen Wu, and eunuchs restrained the central imperial army even more. The incident of Yong Zhen's internal reference made the eunuch successfully defeat the foreign dynasty and the literati. The eunuchs in charge of military and political power became the behind-the-scenes ambassadors of the central government. Most emperors after Tang Xianzong were arbitrarily abolished by eunuchs, such as eunuch Wang Shoucheng. In 820, Tang Xianzong was poisoned by eunuch Chen Hongzhi, and eunuch Wang Shoucheng was behind this incident. Wang Shoucheng supports the succession of Prince Li Huan, namely Tang Muzong. After he ascended the throne, he indulged in pleasure, and rebellions broke out again in three towns in Hebei Province, and the struggle between Li and eunuchs intensified. Tang Muzong died three years after he ascended the throne, and his son Li Zhan succeeded him, namely Tang Jingzong, and the power was still in Wang Shoucheng's hands. Tang Jingzong also ignored the failure of state affairs, and concentrated on playing games and giving banquets. In 826, Tang Jingzong went out to "hunt night foxes" and returned to the palace for a big banquet. He was killed by eunuch Liu Keming. Liu Keming intends to seize the rights of Wang Shoucheng and establish Wu Li and Jiang Wang. When Wang Shoucheng learned this, he went to see Tang Muzong's son Li Han and killed his political opponent. Li Han succeeded to the throne, namely Tang Wenzong. At that time, Wang Shoucheng was the most powerful, followed by Chen Hongzhi and Chou Shiliang.
Tang Wenzong listened to politics diligently, lived frugally, hated eunuchs very much, and wanted to bring them down at any time. In 83 1 year, the plot with Prime Minister Song failed and Song was killed. Then Tang Wenzong joined forces with Li Xun and Zheng Zhu to launch a coup. They are all recommended by Wang Shoucheng, so eunuchs have no taboos. Li and Zheng first suggested that Tang Wenzong use Shiliang Zhou, while Shiliang Zhou disagreed with Tang Wenzong, and advocated the execution of Yuan He and the records, and put some eunuchs in power to death. In 835, Tang Wenzong took Li Xun as the prime minister, and Zheng presided over Fengxiang, echoing both inside and outside. Then the secret faction poisoned Wang Shoucheng, and Yuan and the anti-party were wiped out. Li Xun expanded his power and military power, and could compete with eunuchs who only mastered the Shence army. In 835, Li Xun launched the Ganlu Rebellion, aiming at seizing the emperor from the eunuchs, but Chou Shiliang, the eunuch, regained the emperor first, and defeated his political opponents with the Ce Shen army, killing the ministers. After the change of Ganlu, eunuchs joined forces with the outside world and firmly grasped the military and political power. Emperors and ministers were just showing off, and even the late masters Tang Wuzong and Emperor Xuanzong could not destroy the eunuch's power. The minister can only use the buffer region to fight against the eunuch forces and bury the shadow of the buffer region's entry into the customs to seize power in the late Tang Dynasty. In 840, unhappy Tang Wenzong died, and his younger brother was succeeded by eunuch Chou Shiliang, namely Tang Wuzong. Because there were many factions in the imperial court at that time, Shiliang Zhou had to let Tang Wuzong personally handle state affairs. Tang Wuzong reused Li Deyu, reducing Chou Shiliang's influence, and put forward a series of achievements in revitalizing the imperial court, which was called Huichang Zhongxing in history. He vigorously advocated the extinction of Buddha, which is known as Huichang in history. Tang Wuzong preached Taoism, hoping to live forever, and finally took the golden medicine and died.
During the period from Tang Xianzong to Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, there was a long-term party struggle, which was called Niu Li party struggle. These two factions are divided into Li Party, which is orthodox in Confucian classics, mostly Kanto clan, mainly including Li Jifu, Li Deyu,; Li Zongmin, Niu Sengru, etc. They are all major cattle parties with gorgeous style and Jinshi origin since Gao Zongwu. There are eunuchs behind the two schools of literati, and eunuchs have the ultimate power. The infighting between the two factions is fierce and only consumes national strength.
After the death of 846, the eunuchs fought for power and profit, and his uncle acceded to the throne with the support of the eunuch immediately. Li Deyu was demoted to Yazhou (now Qiongshan, Hainan) because of the downfall of the Li Party, and the 40-year struggle between the two parties ended. On the surface, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was a monarch who was easily used by eunuchs. However, after he acceded to the throne, he vigorously strengthened the imperial power and suppressed the eunuch power. At that time, there was a brief revival scene in the Tang Dynasty, which was called temporary rule by Dazhong. However, Tang Xuanzong was suspicious and critical, which made him whitewash everything. He believes in Taoism and always hopes to live forever by taking Dan medicine. In 859, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died of taking too much Dan medicine. In fact, the temporary treatment of large and medium-sized enterprises is not stable. In his later years, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty saw chaos in China, which broke out shortly after his death. After the death of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Yizong and Tang Xizong, who became emperors one after another, were both famous bad emperors, which made the national situation in the Tang Dynasty go downhill all the time. Political corruption, the gap between the rich and the poor is too large, and many rebellions have occurred one after another. The Jiangnan area, the economic lifeline of the Tang Dynasty, has also been completely destroyed, which has completely shaken the political power and produced new buffer areas such as Li, Li and Yang. In 859, Tang Yizong succeeded to the throne. He is arrogant and extravagant, and he loves eunuchs. And believe in Buddhism. On the other hand, Huang Chao surrendered to Zhu Wen, gave him the name Zhu Quanzhong, and was awarded Xuanwu our time (governing Bianzhou). Huang Chao moved eastward and surrounded Zhu Quanzhong, Chen Zhou. In 884, Li Keyong led the army to solve Zhou Chen's siege and pursued Huang Chao's army. The following year, Huang Chao was beheaded and surrendered by his nephew Lin Yan, and the rebellion in Huang Chao was put down. Then, Huang Chao surrendered to Qin Zongquan, led an army to attack, plundered the Central Plains, and once captured the East Capital (now Luoyang, Henan Province), resulting in a situation of "thousands of miles away, no fireworks", and it was not until Tang Zhaozong was pacified by Zhu Quanzhong.
In 890, Zhu Quanzhong and Zhang Zhuo failed to attack Hedong Army, and Zhang Zhuo was demoted. Li Keyong took the opportunity to annex Luzhou and Zezhou in Zhao Yi and occupied today's Shaanxi Province. Soon eunuch Yang Fuguong fell out of power. In the south, Yang Shouliang rebelled according to his brother Shannan West Road, and Li and others were used to quell the chaos in the Tang Dynasty. Li Keyong's influence in the imperial court declined. Li Fengxiang had a dispute with Tang Gaozu because it could not expand its territory, and the two sides went to war. Finally, Li was defeated by Wang Xingyu. They controlled the Guanzhong area, and eunuchs and courtiers were under their control. Only the capital was left in the Tang Dynasty.
In 907, Zhu Wen forced Tang Aidi to abdicate. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Tang Dynasty perished and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period began.