Bai Juyi was born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou (now Henan) from the seventh year of Dali (772) to the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan (799). I've been smart since I was a child. I learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and I was familiar with rhyme at the age of nine. 1 1 years old, because of the war between the two rivers, he fled from Xingyang to Fuli, Xuzhou (now Su County, Anhui Province), and soon went south to Vietnam and became the cousin of the county magistrate in Hangzhou. During his exile in 1956, Bai Juyi came into contact with the sufferings of the people and was influenced by two poets, Wei and Fang Rufu, who were the secretariat of Suzhou and Hangzhou at that time. He wrote poems such as "Letters from Xuzhou Brothers to the South of the Yangtze River to the North" and "Farewell to Ancient Grass". At the age of 65,438+05,65,438+06, he decided to be a scholar and work hard. Later, when my father died and my mother became ill, I lived on my eldest brother Bai Youwen's meager salary and traveled between Poyang and Luoyang, and my life was very difficult.
At the beginning of his official career, he was demoted from the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800) to the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15). In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Bai Juyi was twenty-nine years old and a scholar. In the eighteenth year (802), he took the "Excellent Book Judge" with Yuan Zhen. This is where their engagement began. Later, they became famous in the poetry circle and were called "Bai Yuan". In the spring of nineteen years, he was awarded the provincial school secretary. In Yongzheng (805), Wang and Wei Zhiyi carried out administrative reforms, and Bai Juyi wrote to Wei, suggesting that we should open our minds, select talents, punish evil and promote good, appoint talents, and make rapid reforms without losing time. But soon, Wang and Wei were successively demoted, and the political reform failed. His suggestion was not adopted, and he wrote poems such as Moral to express his regret. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he dropped out of school and wrote 75 articles "Celin", which put forward a governance plan for major social and political problems and was an important material for studying his political thoughts. This year, he was named as the county captain of □□ (now Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province) because of "Watching Wheat Harvest" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow". In Yuanhe two years, he was sent to Jixian College of Science. 1 1 month, awarded the bachelor's degree of academician courtyard. The following year, I was awarded the left supplement. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao, a native of Jingzhao Prefecture, joined the army and remained a bachelor. Drafting imperial edicts and participating in state secrets. Under the guidance of Confucian thought of "helping the rich and helping the poor", he was not afraid of offending powerful people, and wrote a series of books on things, such as Inviting Gade to perform a Chinese program, On the Way of Ruling Officials, On the Way of Yu Pei, On the Way of Harmony and Harmony, and Playing a Prison in a Village and County, all of which were related to the government's chaos control and management. At the same time, he also consciously used poetry as a weapon to "assess the situation" and "vent human feelings", promoted the new Yuefu movement, and wrote a large number of satirical poems, which complemented his political efforts. However, due to the increasingly corrupt state affairs, his plays and poems attracted the envy and attack of the authorities.
In the sixth year of Yuanhe, Bai Juyi returned to Beijing after his mother's funeral and served as the doctor of Prince Zuo Zanshan. In the tenth year of Yuanhe, the separatist forces in the two rivers joined forces against the Tang Dynasty and sent people to assassinate Wu, the prime minister who advocated the separatist regime in the region. Bai Juyi took the lead in catching the murderer in order to avenge the country. However, he was attacked by corrupt bureaucratic forces for overstepping his official duties, fabricated the charge of "insulting sacrificial rites" and was demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) Sima. This is a heavy blow to him.
After being demoted to Jiangzhou, he was transferred from the 11th year of Yuanhe (8 16) to the 2nd year of Daiwa (828). In the second year after Bai Juyi arrived in Jiangzhou, he wrote Pipa Xing. Through the unfortunate life experience of a famous prostitute who is good at playing pipa in Chang 'an, the poem expresses her political frustration. Before that, he had seen the darkness of the imperial court and had the idea of leaving as soon as possible. After this blow, the thought changed sharply from "two-faced gang" to "being independent", and determined to achieve "career is different from now on, and the world is silent from now on" ("heavy topic"); "On the surface, troubles and happiness are eliminated, and right and wrong are eliminated in the chest" (Yong Huai). However, he did not resign and retire, but chose a road of "official seclusion". While hanging idle posts, I built a thatched cottage in Lushan Mountain and made friends with monks, friends and lovers, in order to be satisfied and peaceful. In line with this, leisure poems and sentimental poems describing the quiet realm and expressing personal feelings began to increase, while aggressive satirical poems in the early stage were relatively rare. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he served as the secretariat of Zhongzhou. In fifteen years, he was recalled to Beijing, worshipped the minister of history as a foreign minister, moved to the doctor, studied the imperial edict, and entered the Chinese book to give up people. Due to state affairs, the cronies of the DPRK and China clashed and repeatedly said that they would not listen. In the second year of Changqing (822), they requested to go abroad and go out to make a secretariat of Hangzhou. After that, I worked as a short-term Suzhou secretariat. When I was in Hangzhou, I built a lake embankment to store water and irrigate more than 1000 hectares of land. And dig six wells in the city to drink. On the day I left Suzhou, people in the county sent each other tears. In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (827), he visited our company. The following year, he was transferred to assistant minister of punishments.
In his later years, he retired to Luoyang in the hot sun for three years (829) and Huichang for six years (846). Bai Juyi began to live in Luoyang at the age of 58. He has served as a distinguished guest such as Prince, Henan Yin, and Prince Shaofu. In the second year of Huichang (842), he became an official with the minister of punishments. In Luoyang, he lived a life of drinking, playing the piano, writing poems, traveling and "telling his family". He often sang with the famous poet Liu Yuxi, and was called "Bai Liu". In his comfortable old age, he still often thinks of the people. At the age of 73, he also invested in digging Longmen Bashi Beach to facilitate navigation. He died two years later. Buried at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, Longmen (see the color map of Bai Juyi's tomb in Luoyang, Henan Province). The poet Li Shangyin wrote an epitaph. It has become a tourist attraction.
Bai Juyi's poetry theory integrates Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Guided by the Confucian thought that poverty is the only way to protect one's health, and achievement is the best way to help the world, it takes action on its own. His ambition of "benefiting both the people and the people" is mainly to implement Confucian benevolent policies, but it also includes the theory of Huang Lao, the technique of treating Xiao and the method of applying for Korea. His mind of "being alone" absorbed the concepts of contentment, uniformity and freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Buddhist thought of "liberation". The second part of "Awakening" said: "I heard that there is a way out for Futura." Seeking peace of mind, going all out, uncomfortable. When trusted by the emperor, he spoke out politically and dared to do things, so his poetry creation actively reflected the sufferings of people's livelihood and served to make up for current events. When he lost his trust and couldn't do anything, he asked to be released to another post or to be an idle official. Instead of avoiding disaster, he amused himself with poetry, wine, Zen and traveling, and his poetry creation mainly expressed his personal feelings. No matter whether he is rich or poor, he can't live without poetry.
Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3000 poems in his life, but also put forward a whole set of poetry theory. He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the famous argument of "root feeling, Miao language, Watson, true meaning" (Yu Yuan Jiu Shu). Emotion is the content of poetry, harmony is the expression of poetry, and righteousness is the social effect of poetry. He analyzed the emotional activities in poetry creation, saying that "when a great man feels useless, he must be moved by emotion, and then he will sigh and sing in the form of a poem" (Zelin, 69). He also said: "Musicians are based on sound, sound is based on emotion, and emotion is based on politics" ("Ce Lin" 64). It is believed that emotional activities are not produced out of thin air, but originated from "events" in social life and are closely related to "politics" at that time. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must come from life and reflect the social and political situation of an era based on various events in real life.
Bai Juyi inherited China's traditional poetic theory, and always focused on the Book of Songs, emphasizing the realistic content and social use of poetry. He said: "Write articles in time, write poems and things" (Nine Books in the Same Yuan). He said, "What about poetry? Six meanings are passed on to each other; " I have never heard of anything except elegance. "(Reading Zhang Ji's Ancient Yuefu) The so-called" doing things for the time "and" doing things for the time "means" relieving people's illness and making up for the lack of time ". The so-called "six meanings" and "elegance" refer to the beautiful thorn effect of Chen in the poem. Due to the darkness of society and political corruption at that time, he paid more attention to the "thorn" side in the Beauty Thorn, emphasized the role of poetry in criticizing social politics, and demanded that "only singing makes people sick", "every sentence must be strictly regulated" ("send"), "teach the king from the top" and "save advice from the bottom" ("Ce Lin" 68), pointing out that Based on the above theory, he put forward a series of principles in the method of poetry expression: ① "speaking with the same quality", concise, unadorned, straightforward and not circuitous; (2) "Speak directly, cut to the chase", talk about the matter, don't hide it, be close to the matter, and speak thoroughly; (3) "Facts" are true in content and can stand the test, without empty talk or exaggeration; (4) "Smooth body", fluent words, easy to recite and easy to tune ("Introduction to New Yuefu"). It is in this direction that some of his own poems have been put into practice.
In the mid-Tang Dynasty, class contradictions and internal contradictions of the ruling class were very acute, and this poetic theory was of positive significance to urge poets to face up to reality and Guan Xinmin's disease. It also plays a critical role in the poetic style that has gradually emphasized form since Dali period. However, he overemphasized that poetry creation was subordinate to the needs of real politics, and sometimes it was inappropriate to turn poetry into a rhyming sermon. Sometimes he used this theory to criticize famous poets such as Xie Lingyun, Tao Yuanming, Xie and Li Bai, which inevitably seemed biased and narrow-minded. Even Du Fu has only thirty or forty good poems (nine books with Yuan) worthy of recognition. Similarly, if we blindly emphasize the expressive methods of poetry, such as "speaking with quality but following path", it will inevitably restrict the creation of poetic art and the diversity of poetic style, and will inevitably produce shallow disadvantages, so it will be criticized by Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and some poets in the Song Dynasty.
When Bai Juyi was in Jiangzhou, he compiled his own poems, which were divided into four categories: irony, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods. According to his own account, the satirical poems he wrote are "those who feel comfortable and beautiful, those who reconcile with the Yuan by force, and those who are named as new Yuefu people because of things", and the leisure poems are "those who retire from public office and live alone, or move to a sick place to live in seclusion, content with peace and sing"; Sentimental poetry is "things are introduced from outside, reasons move inside, and are shaped by sighers"; Miscellaneous poems are "five words, seven words, long sentences, quatrains, ranging from hundred rhymes to two rhymes". Generally speaking, the first three categories are ancient poems, and the last category is modern poetry; The contents of the first three categories are quite different, but some of them are intertwined. Among these four kinds of poems, Bai Juyi pays more attention to satirical poems and leisure poems. He believes that satirical poems reflect "the will to help others" and leisure poems express "the intention to be independent", which are the direct manifestations of his life goals. Sad poems and miscellaneous poems "are either caused by a moment's event or a smile, which is natural and not a lifetime's work" (Yuan Zaju "Nine Books").
The most essential part of Bai Juyi's poetry creation is satirical poems, including 50 masterpieces such as New Yuefu and 10 Qin Zhongyin. These poems widely reflect the major issues in all aspects of social life in the mid-Tang Dynasty, focusing on the darkness of reality and the sufferings of the people, such as Watching Wheat, Rehmannia Extract, Heavy Fu, Ling Du Cuo, etc., describing the hardships of farmers and heavy tax exploitation; "Ziwei Geshan North Village" and "Selling Charcoal Weng" describe the arrogance of eunuchs and the suffering brought by the court market to the people; Light and fat, singing and dancing, red carpet, Zhuge, etc. Expose the luxury of the rich and noble; Xinfeng Brokeback Weng, Bin Rongman, Cheng Yanzhou, Xi Liangci, etc. Reflect the border defense problem and the disaster brought to the people by the war. Loosening the sword, winning the world, leaving sadly, remaining, etc. Angry at the suppression of talents under the restriction of family status; Silver Bottle at the Bottom of the Well, Marriage Proposal, My Mom's Farewell and Shang Yang's White-Haired Man accuse women and girls of their tragic fate under the bondage of ethics. "Bad Friends", "Harmony Pheasant" and "The Way of Heaven is Measurable" attack the declining world and show weak human feelings; Long Sea and Dream Fairy satirize the falsehood and ignorance of superstitious immortals. These works are called hard work and directness. On the basis of widely reflecting the reality, the poet criticized unreasonable phenomena, such as "taking my warmth and buying my immediate favor" ("Chongfu"); "I don't know if the ground is warm for cold people, so I don't want to put people's clothes on the ground" ("Red Carpet"); "Abusing people and harming things is a jackal. Why do you have to eat human flesh with claws and teeth? " ("Du Lingcuo") sharp wording, no scruples, broke through the Confucian "gentle" poetry teaching frame. This is very prominent in ancient poems and songs that criticized current politics.
In the form of expression, satirical poems mostly adopt the method of direct assignment. Sell charcoal Weng, Xinfeng Brokeback Weng, Binrongman, silver bottle at the bottom of the well, etc. , has a complete narrative and vivid plot, vividly depicts human feelings and things, and has made positive contributions to the development of Chinese narrative poetry tradition. The other part of satirical poetry uses allegorical excuses and relies on natural images to express the author's political feelings. For example, "Black Dragon" is about every family killing pigs to sacrifice to the Dragon King. The fox is actually fed with wine and meat, but the Dragon King, who lives in the ninth place, knows nothing about it. It vividly depicts the situation that the emperor has no eyes and ears, and the saturated people are badly exploited by the corruption of officials. On the other hand, Painting on the Sea creates a scene of "Wan Li has no living scales and all rivers flow backwards" by making waves at sea, which gives a true portrayal of the political situation of the separatist regime and the joint rebellion against the Tang Dynasty. There are also anthropomorphic animals and plants such as cranes, birds, pines and bamboos, which are used to express various characters and their relationships in social life. For example, the twelfth chapter of Birds and Insects written in his later years belongs to this kind of fable poem. No matter whether it is directly assigned to it or implied words, it is generally profound and broad, with typical materials, concentrated theme, vivid image and clear language. A part of "New Yuefu" also adopts the sentence pattern of "three, three and seven", which shows that the poet draws lessons from folk popular literature and art.
Bai Juyi's leisure poems are mostly used to express his leisure, his yearning for seclusion and quiet life and his interest in a clean and honest life. Many chapters also promote the negative thought of contentment. However, there are some cautionary phrases, such as "it is more difficult to be a guest, but it is more difficult to be a minister", "I am very quick when I am straight, but it is not my ambition when I meet a paradox" (Erfu), and "The situation is too rigid to share the dust with the world. Not only is it not expensive, but it is also afraid of disasters "("write straight from the topic "). , or from the side reflects his dissatisfaction with the real society, that his pursuit of leisure is just a helpless self-liberation. There are also some excellent works describing natural scenery and pastoral scenery in leisure poems. Such as "Looking at Crops" and "Three Songs Returning to Fields", writing rural scenes is simple and fresh. "130 Poems of Youwuzhen Temple" describes a five-day trip to the mountains in turn in the style of travel notes, which makes people feel immersive.
Bai Juyi's sentimental poems are about temporary feelings, but they often have deep sustenance. Among them, such as the famous narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa". Song of Eternal Sorrow tells the story of love and marriage between Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and Yang Yuhuan, the imperial concubine of the Tang Dynasty. The poem "The emperor of China yearns for the beauty that may shake an empire" leads to ignorance and misunderstanding of the country, with obvious irony; He even wrote, "The earth endures, and the sky endures; One day and two ends, this hatred is endless ",sentimental, sincere and lingering love for Xuanzong imperial concubine, showing the writer's sympathy." Tang Hong Chen said that Bai Juyi was "deeper than poetry, more than emotion" and wrote The Song of Eternal Sorrow, "I feel sorry for things, but also want to punish the stunner, smothering chaos and hanging my future" (The Legend of Eternal Sorrow). Pipa travel has a sense of urgency. These two long poems have twists and turns in narrative, delicate feelings, vivid descriptions, changeable atmosphere and harmonious rhythm, and have made great artistic achievements. "That boy explained" Song of Eternal Sorrow ",and Hu Er can sing" Pipa Line "(Li Chen's" Hanging Bai Juyi "by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), which just shows that these two poems are loved by the masses. Therefore, Zhao Yi, a Qing Dynasty man, pointed out that Bai Juyi "has no complete works, but his two poems are immortal" (Volume 4 of Ou Bei Shi Hua). Many sentimental poems have been rewarded by relatives and friends, such as Moonlit Night after Farewell to My Brother, Happy Su of Tianbao in the South of the Yangtze River, Painting Bamboo Songs, Praise for Silver after Drunk, etc. , are sincere. Most of these poems lament the old man's illness and mourn his death, such as "Fear of old age turns to force, worry about illness", "Cry in my heart, love at dusk" ("Conscience"), etc. Tired of worldly troubles, he tried to get rid of them, claiming to "get rid of the wheel of life and death" and "wash away the dust of troubles forever" (ibid.), which was obviously branded with Buddhist thought.
Miscellaneous poems are the most numerous in Bai Juyi's poems. Among them, Farewell to Grassland, Spring Tour in Qiantang River, Farewell to West Lake, Mujiang Song, and A Suggestion for Friend Liu. It takes only a few strokes to outline the business, and it has always been very popular. And some long lines that tell the truth and compare sounds and rhymes, a glass of wine and a variety of small pieces of customs are also quite effective, but not enough.
The basic style of Bai Juyi's poems is simple, clear and popular. Pingyi refers to writing ordinary things in ordinary words, understanding nature and letting everyone appreciate it. The so-called "there is no trace of the weight of people, and there is no trace of the clothes of immortals" (Liu Yuxi's "Twenty-two Poems Sent by Hanlin Bai") is a high praise for this simple and natural poetic style. The realm of Pingyi is not easy to reach. Liu Xizai's Introduction to Art said: "Common sayings are easy, but strange words are difficult. This poem is also closed at the beginning. Strange words are easy and common sayings are difficult, so this poem is also important. " Xiangshan is often used strangely. This place is not easy. Zhao Yi's Ou Bei Shi Hua also thinks that "Yuan and Bai Shang are frank and free, and people say what they think", and points out that "those who are frank and free are mostly moved by the situation, have a bright future, are articulate, can refresh people's minds and endure chewing". The plainness of white poetry is also associated with the straightforwardness and fluency of describing emotional affairs, which means to follow the pen and write freely. "Emotions lead to the end of the song, enter the liver and spleen, follow things, and are full of danger and vitality" (Wang Ruoxu's Su Shinan Hua), which is very infectious. This simplicity is the result of refining. Zhao Yi added: "His pen is as fast as scissors and as sharp as a kundao, without any hidden meaning or slightly gloomy words;" "I work hard and exercise to the maximum cleanliness. I thought it was dull, but it was pure. " Hui Hong, a monk in the Song Dynasty, told the legend that Bai Juyi wrote poems to make the old woman understand. Although it is not necessarily true, it is obvious to all that his works are concise and rarely use allusions and archaic language, which is convenient for readers to accept. He also likes to refine folk proverbs into poems to add poetic flavor. Tang Yin Gui Qian is quoted as saying: "In Dr. Bai's poems,' clothes dry in summer, and the tide gives birth to boats', and Wuzhong takes the rising tide as the boat movement and adopts it into the poem, which becomes a good sentence." Gong Yizheng's Notes on Tibetan Mustard also said: "If you use the present in poetry, like a horse, be more and colder, be jealous of him, bully me, hate me, stay, win, be gentle, and be happy with heaven."
The creative style of Bai Juyi's poems has been criticized by later generations. Some people call him "vulgar" and "shallow", and even call him "strong anger" (Si Kongtu's On Poetry with Wang Jia). These criticisms have seen one of Bai Juyi's sub-works, which is dazzling, charming and vulgar in style; In his later years, he was "more contented and stereotyped" (Wang Shizhen dialect was quoted in Poem Bian Yuan Ti), and "among them, the decadent customs in the Tang Dynasty ranked sixth and seventh" (Ye Xie's original poem). In art, he also has a considerable number of poems, the meaning is too detailed, the language is too explicit, lacking implicit charm and cadence. However, most of his successful works can be "shallow and profound, and the meaning is clear" (Xue Xue's "A Ladle of Poems"), which contains far-reaching thoughts and interests in a simple and compact form, and effectively shows the important achievements of the popularization of white poetry. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wei called Bai Juyi "an educator in a broad sense" in the poet's subject-object diagram, which just illustrates this point.
The profound content and simple style make Bai Juyi's works widely circulated in the society. When he was alive, his poems have been widely read, "There are no books on the walls of the forbidden temple, and the wives of the princes and concubines are everywhere." As for those who write about moles and sell them in the market, or use them to make wine and tea, they are everywhere (Preface to Evergreen Collection in Yuanshi County). The so-called "Yuanhe Style" that he sang with Yuan Zhen, "He dressed himself as a scholar, slandered slang and learned irony" (Biography of Yuan Zhen in the Old Tang Dynasty). Bai Juyi's fame spread far and wide overseas. At that time, a Korean businessman came to look for white poems and took them back and sold them to the prime minister. One of them is worth one hundred dollars. Hui E, a Japanese monk, also copied a white collection in nanzenji, Suzhou, and brought it back to China. Later, others copied it back one after another. Japan has so far preserved three manuscripts corresponding to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, each of which is regarded as a national treasure.
Bai Juyi's poems have a great influence on later literature. Pi Rixiu, Nie, Lu Guimeng, Luo Yin and Du Xunhe in the late Tang Dynasty, Wang Yu □, Mei, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasty, Wu and Huang Zunxian in the Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Bai Juyi's poetic style in different ways and to varying degrees. In addition, many playwrights in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties created plays based on the stories of Bai Juyi's works, such as The Song of Eternal Sorrow by Bai Juyi evolved into Rain, The Palace of Immortality by Hong, Tears on a Shirt by Ma Zhiyuan and Autumn on Four Strings by Jiang Shiquan. Many words and expressions of Bai poetry have also been adopted in the scripts of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
Besides poetry, Bai Juyi's articles are also very distinctive. Although he does not belong to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan's literary group, he promoted the innovation of prose with his own creative practice. Seventy-five articles in his "Ce Lin" discuss world affairs and consciously follow Jia Yi's "public security policy". Some of these chapters, such as Deception, Honest Officials and Eliminating Thieves, are not only realistic in content, but also profound in analysis, vivid in language and straightforward in words, making them excellent argumentative works. The Book for the Prime Minister and a series of political essays are detailed and incisive, which started Wang Anshi's writing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Yuan Jiu Shu is an important literary criticism document in Tang Dynasty. Like Caotang, Cold Spring Pavilion, Preface to Three Visits to Cave and Preface to Litchi Map, writing landscapes is interesting, meaningful and beautiful prose. Bai Juyi also actively participated in the creation of Qu Zici, a new style. His Memories of Jiangnan, Waves for Sand, Flowers Not Flowers and Sauvignon Blanc have opened up a road for the development of literati ci.
This collection and research data Bai Juyi arranged his poems several times before his death. Originally named Bai Changqing Collection, it was later renamed Bai Wen Collection. * * * Collected more than 3,800 poems, 75 volumes and 5 volumes. It is hidden in Lushan, Suzhou, Luoyang and their grandnephew's home. The turmoil at the end of the Tang Dynasty was scattered, which was not the original appearance. The earliest extant white anthology is the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing engraving (11~162), with only 7 1 volume and more than 3,600 poems (including dozens of others). In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1606), Ma Yuandiao reprinted Bai Changqing Collection (volume 7 1), which was basically the same as Shaoxing edition. In addition, there is a movable-type engraving of 16 18 by Bona Daoyuan in Japan (printed and published by the Commercial Press), which is divided into two parts, and the content is basically the same as that of the Shao edition. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wang Liming printed 40 volumes of Poems of Baixiangshan, only the poems had no text, including 2 volumes of lost addenda, and annotated the original notes. 1979, Zhonghua Book Company published the Collection of Bai Juyi, which was collated by Gu, with Shaoxing edition as the base, and the books were revised and supplemented. He also compiled two volumes of Waiji, looking for lost poems, and attached Bai Zhuan, Important Preface and Postscript of Baiji and A Brief History of Chronology. In terms of research materials, both new and old Tang books have biographies of Bai Juyi, and Chen He has chronicles. Chen's Shi Hua and Cen's Bai Juyi's Fake Collection of Changqing have made textual research on Bai Juyi's poems in many aspects. Today, Wang Ji Bai Juyi was born, and Zhu Jincheng collected Bai Juyi's chronicle. 1962, Zhonghua Book Company published Bai Juyi Volume, a collection of classical literature research materials edited by Chen Youqin, and collected relevant comments from the middle Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. In addition, Bai Juyi's Study by Hideki Hideki, a Japanese flower house, is an important reference book for studying Bai Juyi.