? Calligraphy in Qin dynasty
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were great differences in languages among countries, which was a major obstacle to economic and cultural development. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Minister Li Si presided over the unification of the national characters, which was a great achievement in the cultural history of China. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, this script was called Qin Zhuan, also known as Xiao Zhuan, which was simplified on the basis of Jin Wen and Shi Guwen. Li Si, a famous calligrapher, presided over the compilation of Xiao Zhuan. Li Si wrote the stone carvings of Mount Li, Mount Tai, Langya and Huiji. All previous dynasties have a very high evaluation. Qin is a period of change of inheritance and innovation. The preface to Shuo Wen Jie Zi says: "Shu Qin has eight styles, namely, big seal, small seal, seal, worm, kai, official script and official script." It basically summarizes the face of the font at this time. Li's seal script was harsh and inconvenient to write, so official script appeared. Official script is also a great victory of seal script. Its purpose is to facilitate writing. During the Western Han Dynasty, official script changed from seal script to official script, and its structure changed from vertical to horizontal, with more obvious lines and waves. The appearance of official script is a great progress of China characters and a revolution in the history of calligraphy, which not only makes Chinese characters tend to be square, but also breaks through a single center in brushwork, laying the foundation for various calligraphy schools in the future. In addition to the above calligraphy masterpieces, there are also handwriting such as imperial edict, weight, tile and coin. In the Qin dynasty, the style was very different. Calligraphy in Qin Dynasty left a brilliant page in the history of calligraphy in China, which is a pioneering work. ?
? Calligraphy in Han dynasty
Calligraphy in Han Dynasty can be divided into two forms: one is the mainstream system of stone carvings in China; One is tile seal, and the other is bamboo and silk alliance calligraphy and ink. The Monument to Yun Qi in the Later Han Dynasty is a symbol of Han Li's maturity. Among the cliff stone carvings (words carved on cliffs), Ode to Shimen is the most famous, and calligraphers regard it as a "masterpiece". At the same time, Cai Shark's "Jia Jing" reached the requirements of restoring ancient ways to Li and opening a tire. Inscription is the most important art form reflecting the times and phonology, among which Feng Longshan, The Story of the Western Chamber, Kong Zhou, Yi Ying, Chen Shi, Zhang Qian and Cao Quan are especially admired and imitated by later generations. It can be said that each monument is unique and has no similarities. The northern book is magnificent, while the southern book is simple, which embodies the different aesthetic pursuits of the "scholar" and "vulgar" classes. As for the tile seal and the simple silk script, it embodies the combination of artistry and practicality.
The prosperity of calligraphy art began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy theory's works appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Yang Xiong was the earliest author in calligraphy theory at the turn of the Han Dynasty. The first calligraphy theory monograph was a cursive script written by Cui Yuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Calligraphers in the Han Dynasty can be divided into two categories: one is calligraphers in the Han Dynasty, represented by Cai Yong. One is cursive writers, represented by Du Du, Cui Yuan and Zhang Zhi, and later called "Cao Sheng".
Bamboo slips calligraphy can best represent the characteristics of calligraphy in Han Dynasty. There are many inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The inscriptions in this period were carved by Han Li, with square fonts, strict statutes and clear waves. At this time, the official script has reached its peak.
The creation and birth of cursive script in Han dynasty is of great significance in the history of calligraphy art, which indicates that calligraphy has begun to become an art that can express emotions and express calligraphers' personality with high freedom. The primary stage of cursive script is cursive script. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, cursive script developed further and formed Cao Zhang. Later, Zhang Zhi founded modern calligraphy, namely cursive script.