Brief introduction of Fan Zhongyan
Fan Zhongyan (August 29, 989-1May 20, 052), of Greek origin, Han nationality. Suzhou Wuxian people. An outstanding thinker, politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Fan Zhongyan lost his father when he was young, and his mother remarried Changshan Zhu, so he changed his name to Zhu Yue. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), Fan Zhongyan studied hard, awarded Guangdejun's manager to join the army, welcomed his mother back to raise him, and changed his name. Later, he served as Xinghua county magistrate, manager of Secret Pavilion School, chief judge of Zhou Chen, and well-known in Suzhou. And has been repeatedly criticized for his rude remarks. In the first year of Kangding (1040), together with Han Qi, he served as the deputy envoy of Shaanxi appeasement. Long-term defense of wasteland? Policy, consolidate the northwest frontier defense. In three years (1043), he took office as a political commissar and formulated ten reform measures in the book Reply to Letters and Ten Events of Chen. Soon, when the New Deal was frustrated, Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Beijing and learned about Zhangzhou, Dengzhou, Hangzhou and Qingzhou. In the fourth year (1052), it was changed to Yingzhou, and Fan Zhongyan took office for illness and died on the way, at the age of 64. Posthumous title, a gift from the Duke of Chu to the Minister of War? Zheng Wen? , known as Gong.
Fan Zhongyan's political achievements are outstanding, and his literary achievements are outstanding. He advocated it? Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later? The ideology and morality of people with lofty ideals have a far-reaching impact on future generations. There are a number of Fan Wenzheng official documents handed down from ancient times.
Fan Zhongyan's life story
Early experience
Fan Zhongyan's ancestor was Fan Lubing, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, who lived in Zhangzhou. Fan Sui, the great-grandfather of Fan Zhongyan, was appointed as Chengcheng of Lishui County when he crossed the river south in Tang Yizong. There was a mutiny in the Central Plains, and he settled in Wuxian (now Suzhou). In the Five Dynasties, my great-grandfather and grandfather were both officials in wuyue, and my father Fan Yong was also an official in wuyue in his early years. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Fan Yong followed Qian Chu, king of wuyue, to the Great Song Dynasty and served as secretary of the Wuning Army. Song Taizong Duangong two years (989), ugly autumn in August, Fan Zhongyan was born in Xuzhou Jiedu Zhang Guan House.
In the first year of Chunhua (990), Fan Yong died of illness in an official position. His mother, Xie, was poor and helpless, so she had to hold Fan Zhongyan, who was two years older than him, and remarried Zhu, a mountain man who was a magistrate. Fan Zhongyan also changed his surname and was named Zhu Shuo (Yu? )。
study hard
Fan Zhongyan was deeply saddened to learn of his family background after four years of auspicious symbols in Dazhong (101). He resolutely bid farewell to his mother and went to Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) to study, where he joined forces with Qi. After several years of cold window career, Fan Zhongyan has learned the essence of Confucian classics and has the ambition to help the world generously.
Eight years of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), Fan Zhongyan? Zhu said? Name, Cai, Second Company of 97th Division, by? Cold Confucianism? He became a scholar and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Guangde Army to join the army. He is in charge of lawsuits and cases, and his official residence is do. In view of the imperial salary, Fan Zhongyan took his mother to support him. In the first year of Tianxi (10 17), Fan Zhongyan was promoted to Wen and returned to his ancestral home to restore his name. 1028, Fan Zhongyan changed his name after his mother's funeral.
Taizhou Yan Zhi
In the fifth year of Tianxi (102 1), Fan Zhongyan was transferred to Taizhou Xixi Salt Warehouse to supervise the storage, transportation and resale of Huai salt. Xixi is near the coast of the Yellow Sea. The old seawall built by Li Cheng in the Tang Dynasty was in disrepair and broke in many places. The people suffered greatly from the flood of brine, flooding fertile fields and destroying salt stoves. Therefore, Fan Zhongyan wrote a letter to transport Zhang Lun by water in Jianghuai, complaining about the interests of Chenhai dike, and suggesting to build a dike along the coast and rebuild the weir.
In the third year of Tiansheng (1024), Zhang Lun played Ming, and Renzong transferred Fan Zhongyan to Xinghua County to be the magistrate, and was fully responsible for the weir repair project. In August of the fourth year of Tiansheng (1026), his mother Xie died of illness and Fan Zhongyan died. The project was completed by Zhang Lun.
Promote learning by teaching
In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027), Fan Zhongyan lost his mother and lived in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu) in Nanjing. At that time, Yan Shu stayed in Nanjing and knew Yingtianfu. He heard that Fan Zhongyan was very famous, so he invited him to work in Fu Xue to be in charge of Yingtian Academy. When Fan Zhongyan presided over the educational administration, he was diligent in supervising the school, set an example and initiated the political theory of current affairs. Whenever he talks about world affairs, he makes selfless statements. At that time, scholar-officials were strict with themselves and advocated moral integrity, which was advocated by Fan Zhongyan, and the style of study in the academy was also brand-new, and Fan Zhongyan's reputation was growing.
In the sixth year of Tiansheng (1028), Fan Zhongyan presented the Book of Ruling to the court, demanding the reform of official management, the abolition of redundant staff and the appeasement of generals. Prime Minister Wang Zeng appreciated Wan's talent very much. When Yan Shu was a secretary, Wang Zeng strongly recommended Fan Zhongyan, and Yan Shu personally presented Fan Zhongyan's past achievements. /kloc-in October/February, Renzong recruited Fan Zhongyan to Beijing as a captain of the Secret Pavilion, responsible for sorting out the imperial books and classics.
not to mince matters
In the seventh year of Tiansheng (1029), Injong was nineteen years old, and Zhang Xian (Zhang Xian, Queen of Song Zhenzong) still presided over the state affairs. On the solstice of winter, Renzong will lead the officials to celebrate the birthday of the Queen Mother in Huiqing Hall. Fan Zhongyan thought that this practice confused the family ceremony and the national ceremony, so he said to Ren Zong, a senior minister. The emperor has something to do with his parents, but not for ministers; If you want to be filial, you can do family etiquette in the inner palace. If you worship the queen mother with a hundred officials, it will be detrimental to the majesty of the emperor? It is suggested that Renzong give up worship. I reported to the palace and got no reply. Fan Zhongyan wrote to the Queen Mother again, asking Injong to return to China. Play the book into the palace and sink into the sea.
When Yan Shu learned that Fan Zhongyan was a scholar, he was shocked and criticized him for being too rash, which not only hindered his career, but also brought trouble to those who recommended him. Fan Zhongyan argued, and wrote a long letter (Prime Minister Yan's Letter), explaining in detail the reasons for his behavior and stating his political stance. Serving the emperor is dangerous and will never be rude and flattering. If it's good for the court, just speak out, even if it's fatal. ?
In the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030), Fan Zhongyan requested to leave Beijing to be an official and was appointed as a judge in the river. The following year, he was transferred to Chen Zhou. Although Fan Zhongyan? Stay away from the rivers and lakes? He will not change his true nature of worrying about the country and the people. During this period, he also discussed politics many times. The imperial court will build Taiyi Palace and Hongfuyuan. What does Fan Zhongyan think? Large scale construction, wasting people and money? , it is recommended to stop work; In terms of official management, Fan Zhongyan advocated cutting counties and reducing officials, and repeatedly wrote to state the harm of direct reduction of officials by the central government. Isn't it a policy of peaceful rule of the world? ; Some people also suggested that the court should not recall Zhitian. What do you think? What will happen if the officials are short of clothes and food and clean and muddy? . Fan Zhongyan's letters were not adopted by the court, but his loyalty moved Renzong.
In the second year of Ming Dow (1033), the empress dowager died, and Injong ascended the throne, calling Fan Zhongyan to Beijing and worshiping him as the right minister. At that time, many ministers were talking about the Queen Mother's failure to listen to politics, but Fan Zhongyan thought that although the Queen Mother had been in power for many years, she also had the merit of protecting Renzong, and suggested that the court cover up the fault of the Queen Mother and fulfill her virtue. Renzong adopted it and ordered the court not to discuss the Queen Mother without authorization. Because of the new death of Empress Liu, Injong wanted to appoint Yang (Empress Zhang Hui) as the Empress Dowager and participate in military affairs. Fan Zhongyan thinks that the frequent establishment of empress dowager is suspected that the emperor can't lead the government. Renzong adopted and deposed the Queen Mother, but his title remained unchanged.
In July, there was a severe drought and locusts spread, especially in Jianghuai and JD.COM. In order to appease the people, Fan Zhongyan asked the court to send someone to inspect the disaster, but Injong ignored it. Fan Zhongyan questioned Injong:? What should your majesty do if the palace stops eating for half a day? Injong suddenly realized and sent Fan Zhongyan to appease the victims. Fan Zhongyan wants to write a letter to help the people, open a warehouse to help the people, bring the weeds of the victims back to the court, and warn the nobles in the Sixth Palace to get rid of the arrogance.
Vogel, please.
In the winter of the second year (1033), Queen Guo accidentally injured Renzong. Because of the estrangement from the Queen, the Prime Minister cooperated with Yan and others who were working, and advocated abolishing the Queen. As soon as the news came out, ministers talked about it one after another and thought it was not appropriate to abolish it. Fan Zhongyan also advised the emperor. Due to Lv Yijian's prior orders, the company may not accept Taiwan Province's protest and enter the palace, or it may not broadcast it. Fan Zhongyan then led Zhong Cheng, Shi Jiangtang and Duan Shaolian to kneel outside the vertical arch hall and requested to be summoned. However, Injong disappeared and sent Lv Yijian to explain. Fan Zhongyan and others argued with him in court, but Lv Yijian's argument was exhausted and he thought it was wrong.
The next day, Fan Zhongyan discussed with everyone and planned to leave the officials after the early dynasty and argue with the Prime Minister again. As soon as the party arrived at the hospital, it was leaked, and the imperial edict was issued. Fan Zhongyan was released as the judge of Zhou Mu, and Daofu Kong and others were either demoted or punished, and none of them survived. Heyang signed and sentenced Fu Bi to write a letter to Injong, suggesting that Fan Zhongyan return to Beijing to open the way, but he didn't get a reply.
Beijing-right party struggle
In the first year of Jing You (1034), Fan Zhongyan was transferred to Suzhou, lived in Nanyuan and established a county school. When there was a flood in Suzhou, Fan Zhongyan ordered people to dredge five canals to build water conservancy projects and lead Taihu Lake into the sea. The following year, Fan Zhongyan was transferred back to Beijing, sentenced to imperial academy, and was soon promoted to be a foreign minister in the official department and a magistrate in Kaifeng. Fan Zhongyan made great efforts to rectify the bureaucracy, get rid of the drawbacks and open a government in Beijing? Awe? , say? The imperial court does not worry about Fan Jun, and the capital does not worry about Greece? .
You Jing for three years (1036), Fan Zhongyan was dissatisfied with Prime Minister Lv Yijian's control of state affairs, cultivating cronies and appointing cronies, and presented the "Hundred Officials Map" to Emperor Renzong, sharply criticizing the Prime Minister's employment system, and persuading the emperor to formulate a system to personally grasp the promotion of officials. Not to be outdone, Lv Yijian retorted that Fan Zhongyan was pedantic and slandered Fan Zhongyan? Beyond the post, colluding with cronies, alienating the monarch and his subjects? . Fan Zhongyan even took three chapters to criticize Lv Yijian's cunning. Because of his fierce words, he was ousted and changed to Raozhou. Han, an imperial envoy, catered to the audience last year, listed the names of Fan Zhongyan's companions and invited Renzong to make a public announcement in the court.
The dispute between Fan and Lu has a wide influence. Minister Cheng Yujing wrote a letter requesting the revision of the imperial edict; Prince Zhong Yun, Athena Chu and Fan Zhongyan are teachers and friends, and they are willing to be relegated together. Guan Ge collated Ouyang Xiu's responsibility for Gao Re-ne as an admonition officer and made no mention of Fan Zhongyan's demotion. Cai Xiang also wrote a poem "Four Sages and One Unfortunate", attacking Gao Re-ne, which was implicated in the demotion. The courtiers were afraid of the power of the prime minister and dared not speak. Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Beijing, but no one dared to bid farewell. Only Li Bi, a straight bachelor from Dulong Tuge, and Wang Zhi, the manager of Jixian School, went to the suburbs to see him off.
You Jing four years (1037), Lv Yijian was removed from the post of prime minister, and the scholar-officials defended Fan Zhongyan in succession. The two sides argue with each other, and the cronies argue everywhere. Zhang Shixun, the prime minister of Renzong, asked for advice and forbade each other to form cronies.
Because Fan Zhongyan was demoted for remonstrance many times, Mei's composition "Lingwu Fu" advised Fan Zhongyan to talk less and mind his own business. Fan Zhongyan wrote Lingwu Fu back, emphasizing himself? Ningming died, but was born silently? It shows an awe-inspiring festival of pleading for the people.
Defend the northwest
In the first year of Baoyuan (1038), Li Yuanhao, a Tangut, proclaimed himself emperor, whose title was Daxia (known as Xixia in history) and whose capital was Xingqing (now Yinchuan, Ningxia), and diplomatic relations with the Song Dynasty officially broke down. The following year, in order to force the Song Dynasty to recognize the status of Xixia, Li Yuanhao invaded the border of the Northern Song Dynasty, defeated Song Bing in Sanchuankou (the Battle of Sanchuankou), and assembled troops at the gates of Yanzhou to prepare for the siege. The news reached the capital and shocked the ruling and opposition parties.
In March of the first year of Kangding (1040), due to the shortage of border affairs, Renzong returned to Beijing with Fan Zhongyan, and served as the waiting system of Tianzhangge and knew Yongxing Army. In July, he was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Longtuge. Together with Han Qi, he served as a special envoy to appease Shaanxi and served as the deputy of Xia Song, the messenger of peace. In August, Fan Zhongyan asked Yanzhou to change the old army system, train in different divisions and take turns to defend the enemy. At the same time, Qingjian City and Yucheng City will be built into military bases to save border defense expenses. Renzong named this army Kangding Army.
In the first month of the second year of Kangding (104 1), Renzong ordered all roads in Shaanxi to crusade against Xixia, and Fan Zhongyan went to the desert. He suggested strengthening border defense, sticking to Liyan, and recruiting Naxi Qiang soldiers to join the army with military power and kindness (when the Qiang people were guided by Yuan Hao, they were used by him), which was adopted by Xixia and Renzong in Xu Tu. Fan Zhongyan also called for the construction of castles such as Chengping and Yongping, and the transformation of twelve old castles into city castles to allow refugees and Qiang people to return.
In February, Yuan Hao invaded Weizhou (now Pingliang, Gansu), and Renzong approved Xia Song's counterattack plan. Han Qi ordered Athena Chu to meet Fan Zhongyan, contact him and send his troops at the same time. Fan Zhongyan believes that the time for counterattack is not yet ripe and insists on not following. Han Qi sent Huanqing Road Deputy to dispatch Ren Fu to lead the troops to attack, and the Xixia Army was defeated and retreated. Ren Fu ordered an urgent chase to the foot of Liupan Mountain in Xixia and was trapped in Haoshuichuan. Ren Fu and other 16 generals were killed and more than 10,000 soldiers were lost (the Battle of Haoshuichuan). In April, Renzong promoted Xia Song to judge Haozhou, and Fan Zhongyan to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Zhizhou, with the same responsibilities.
In May, Fan Zhongyan moved to Gyeongju and deployed the steward of Celebration Road. When Yuan Hao started his army, he contacted the Qiang people and agreed that more than 600 leaders of Huanqing Road would guide him. After Fan Zhongyan came to power, he rewarded the Qiang department in the name of the imperial court, signed a treaty with them, and strictly rewarded and punished them. The Qiang people then left Xixia to work for the Song Dynasty. In order to further stabilize the border defense, Fan Zhongyan built Dashun City to stop the enemy invasion of Bai Bao City and Quantang City. At the same time, repair the military blockages such as waist and fenugreek, cut off the enemy's access, and let the two tribes, Mingzhu and Mizang, join the Dasong with peace of mind.
In September of the second year of Li Qing (1042), Yuan Hao split his troops and attacked the Song Dynasty again. Yuan Jing Road appeases and persuades Wang Yan to learn that Garu is coming to attack, and orders Deputy Special Envoy Ge Huaimin to lead the army to stop the attack, and then arrives at Dingchuan Village. In the Battle of Song and Xia, Song Jun was defeated. Ge Huaimin, Benbu and others 16 people died and more than 9,400 people were lost (the Battle of Dingchuan Village). After Yuan Hao's victory, he sent his troops south to Yuan Pan, and Guanzhong was shocked. In October, Fan Zhongyan led six thousand troops and set out from Yizhou and Jingzhou for rescue. Xixia troops withdrew from the frontier fortress. Renzong appreciated Fan Zhongyan's military ability very much, and named him a straight bachelor and a right admonition doctor. He was appointed as the deployment of Yan Yanlu, and he was appeased and recruited.
1 1 month, Renzong adopted Fan Zhongyan's suggestion and resumed the establishment of Shaanxi Road to appease, manage and recruit envoys, so that Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi and Pang Ji were responsible for the division of labor. Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi set up officials in Jingzhou, transferred Wen Yanbo as the governor, Teng Zongliang as the governor of Gyeongju, and Zhang Kang as the state governor. As a general, Fan Zhongyan has clear orders and cares about soldiers. He sincerely accepted and trusted all the Qiang people who came to him. Therefore, when Yuan Hao went to the Northern Song Dynasty to be a minister, the Xixia army did not dare to invade the area under his jurisdiction easily.
Li Qing New Deal
Main entry: Qingli New Deal
In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Yuan Hao made peace, and the situation in the west was slightly better. Renzong called Fan Zhongyan back to Beijing, granted him a council agreement, and appointed Ouyang Xiu, Yu Jin, Wang Su and Cai Xiang as admonishers (commonly known as? Four admonitions? ), forge ahead. In June, the remonstrator said that Fan Zhongyan had the talent to kill and assist, that Renzong wanted to worship and study politics, but Fan Zhongyan refused. In August, Renzong dismissed Wang, the deputy prime minister, and then worshipped Fan Zhongyan as a political commissar.
After adjusting the assistant minister structure, Injong summoned Fu Bi, Fan Zhongyan and others for many times to discuss world affairs. Although Fan Zhongyan thanked the emperor for his kindness, he thought that things had been done in an orderly way, and the shortcomings of the court had accumulated over time, which could not be changed overnight. Injong wrote a letter in person, opened the Tianzhangge, set up a pen and inkstone, and asked them to wait. Fan Zhongyan was terrified. After retiring from the DPRK, he wrote "Ten Answers to Chen" and wrote a letter to Shu Renzong. Are you obviously lucky? Wait for ten things. Renzong adopted it, and the imperial edicts were uniformly promulgated and announced to the world. Only the art of war of the imperial court was abandoned because of the opposition of the auxiliary ministers.
Li Qing four years (1044), Fan Zhongyan went to Shuren Sect again? Re-discuss the plan of stationing troops, repairing the outer cities of the capital and secretly setting up a crusade army? And other seven things, and please expand the power of ministers, auxiliary ministers in charge of military affairs, official promotion and other affairs, and further increase the breadth and depth of reform. After the implementation of the New Deal, people who want to muddle through are deeply inconvenienced, so the remarks that denigrate the New Deal gradually increase, accusing Fan Zhongyan and others. Close friends? The discussion got up again. In June, when things started again, Fan Zhongyan asked for a patrol, and Injong was appointed as Fu Xuan's ambassador to Shaanxi and Hedong.
In the first month of the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1045), the opposition intensified. Fan Zhongyan asked to be known as a teacher, and Renzong was allowed to play, so he was removed from his post of participating in politics and changed to a bachelor's degree in the well-known senior minister's hall, and he was also the minister of the four roads to Shaanxi. In winter and November, Fan Zhongyan requested to withdraw the commander-in-chief of Silu due to illness, and became Dengzhou, in order to avoid the cold and plug the border. Renzong was promoted to a teacher and knew Dengzhou. With the departure of Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and other ministers, the New Deal, which lasted for more than a year, was gradually abolished and the reform ended in failure.
Noble morality and noble character
In the sixth year of Li Qing (1046), Fan Zhongyan arrived in Dengzhou, where he was appointed to rebuild the pavilion, build Shumputei, build Baihuazhou and set up Huazhou Academy. In his spare time, he gave lectures in the academy, which greatly promoted the literary development of Dengzhou. When Athena Chu was demoted to Yunzhou for illness, Fan Zhongyan took Athena Chu to Dengzhou for illness.
In the eighth year of Li Qing (1048), Fan Zhongyan was ordered to know about Jingnan House, and the people of Dengzhou warmly retained him. Fan Zhongyan also likes to go to the state, so he asked the court to stay. Fan Zhongyan lived in Dengzhou for three years, and the people lived and worked in peace. His masterpiece Yueyang Tower and many poems were written in Dengzhou.
In the first year of you (1049), Fan Zhongyan was transferred to Hangzhou. With Fan Zhongyan's plan to retire, the children discussed buying land to let them enjoy their old age, but Fan Zhongyan refused sternly. In October, Fan Zhongyan invested to buy a thousand acres of fertile land, let his brother find a wise man to run it, and set up Fan's Yizhuang to give food to Fan Yuanzu's descendants and subsidize the wedding and funeral expenses.
For three years (105 1), he was promoted to assistant minister of finance and transferred to Qingzhou. Because of the cold winter, he found Yingzhou.
(of a respected person) leave this world forever.
In the fourth year (1052), he was transferred to Yingzhou, and Fan Zhongyan went to Xuzhou, where he died at the age of 64. In December, he was buried under Wanan Mountain in Yinfan, Luoyang County, Henan Province. Injong wrote a book? Virtue monument? , given the ministry of war history, posthumous title, after sealing the king of chu.