Poetry is a major story of a literary genre, which is highly concise and reflects social life in a concentrated way, expressing thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic language and line-by-line arrangement. The rhythm, rhythm and rich emotional language art form of poetry are the oldest and most basic literary forms in the world. Poetry originated from ancient social life? Because of the love of labor productivity, it is a primitive form of religious emotion, rhythmic language, and gender decline. "Yu Shu's Book:" Poetry expresses ambition, singing words, Yong 'an, rhythm and voice. "The Book of Rites and Music": "Poems, words and songs, singing voices and dancing will also improve their abilities; 3, taking this into account, and from the early poetry, songs, music, dance as one of the musical instruments. This lyric poem, always with the actual performance of music, dance, singing, poetry, songs, music, dance every development, an independent institution, poetry and songs are collectively referred to as poetry.
Abstract of Poetry
Poetry classification is a complicated problem. Now, only it is generally believed that the poems of Han, Wei, Tang and Song dynasties are simply discussed.
Poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, commonly known as poems, include the resignation of Han and Wei Yuefu, folk songs in the north and south, and literati poems in this period. Yuefu, this is the name of the government agency. Yuefu song resigned from the acquisition of organs of Han Yuefu, which was accompanied by music scores, such a singer. The paper "Yue Fu Wen Xin Diao Long" said: "Quit your job, say poetry, the voice of poetry, say this song. "It can be seen that the relationship between these three concepts, poetry, songs, Yuefu poetry is the poet's song speech, songs refer to mating songs and poems, Yuefu administration refers to the later copying of Yuefu old topics or imitating Yuefu genre works, although there is no soundtrack, also known as Yuefu. Tang Bai Juyi set off an innovative problem of the new Yuefu movement and wrote current events, so it was called "new music".
From the perspective of meter, poems after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two types: modern poems and ancient poems. Poetry, which is also called poetry today, has certain meter. Classical poetry is called ancient, which is more free in written form, rather than bound by metrical poetry.
Please refer to the number of poems from Chinese characters, so-called four-character poems and five-character poems. Among these four words, Wu Yan has five words and 717 words. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems are rare, and it is usually the only one that can be divided into two categories. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems, and seven ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems, which can generally be considered as seven ancient poems. Five-character poems refer to five tones, which are limited to eight 4-word poems, and seven-character poems are referred to as seven-law limited eight five-group leaders for short. More than eight so-called long methods, also known as extended forms. Fa is generally a five-character poem. There are only four so-called quatrains; 25 unique words, four lines of poetry ***28 words. The law must be divided into two ancient Jedi. The law must be flat and flat, and there has never been a flat and flat rule in ancient times. Generally limited to five unique ancient Jedi.
Modern Poetry Society was founded in 1953-the name of "Modern Poetry" established by Qixuan. Significance of modern poetry:
1 Freedom of form
2. The connotation is open
the statement that the image management is too heavy.
Comparing the significance of "poetry" between classical poetry and modern poetry on this issue is a reflective mentality. The idea of "thinking innocently"? Poetry and classical poetry express tenderness and sadness between solvable and insoluble, but emphasize that they will not complain. "Modern Poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and open communication, and the "sense" of frank statement.
Poetry mainly includes the following parts:
(A) The origin of poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most literary literary style. From ancient people's labor ballads and folk songs, they were originally poems and songs. Anyway, poetry, songs, poetry, music and dance are collectively called poetry. China has a long history and rich cultural heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, the Han Dynasty and the poems of countless poets. In western Europe, the poems of Homer, Sappho, and Romano Erluji in ancient Greece opened the source of creation.
(B) Characteristic Poetry
Poetry is a high-concentration literary genre that generally reflects social life. It is a concise image of imagination and language full of thoughts and feelings, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and general musical beauty, emphasizing the beauty of structure.
He Qifang, our modern poet and literary critic, once said: "Poetry is one of the most concentrated literary styles that reflect social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often a direct lyrical expression. It is refined and harmonious to explain this definition and scope, especially in the unique rhythm of its language, which is different from prose language. "Summarizes the poem: first, it is highly concentrated and generally reflects several basic characteristics of life. First, it is lyrical and full of thoughts and feelings; Rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, the musical beauty of language.
(3) the expression of poetry
The expression of many poems is our earliest popular and commonly used traditional expression
"Fu, Bi and Xing". Mao's preface says: "Poem Six Meanings Yan: A wind is given a second, third and fourth time, and Wu Yue Ya Liu Yue Yong.
What kind of poetry are these six meanings "style, elegance and praise"? The Book of Songs "and" Fu Bi Xing "are the expressions of this poem.
fu: the direct expression of the state of things. Zhu Xi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said, "Fu, tell the truth about Chen Qi." For example, the Book of Songs, "It's easy to cover it, and it's easy to plant a plantain", is to use this technology to spread comments in poetry collections.
: Metaphorically describe things to express thoughts and feelings. What does Liu Xie mean when he says, "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing"? The addition of covering materials threatens the meaning of all these things. "Zhu Xi said:" Compare his material with this matter. "For example, this method was written in the song" Cats "in this book.
Xing: the theme of caring for children, which describes things by the first thing, the words expressing thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda said in Mao Zhengyi's "Zhu Xi said more clearly:" The sexual analogy was cited, because the heart of hair, the plants and animals listed in Zhu Shi's poems, Italy, and Xing resigned also played a role. "It is pointed out in the middle:" Xing's first sentence is different. In the Book of Songs, the article "Guan Ju" and "Tao Yao" is expressed by "Xing".
The three expressive techniques have been handed down from generation to generation, and they are often used synthetically and complement each other, and have a great influence on ancient poetry.
It is difficult to describe the expressive techniques, development and creation of poetry by using flexible and exaggerated repetition, overlapping and jumping continuously since ancient times. However, all methods are inseparable from the rich imagination of imagination, and the poems embodied are the most important practice. In poetry, there is an important technique of expression, which is a symbol. A symbol is simply "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol, in turn, shows the original intention of direct image, which should be paid attention to. The ways of using modern poetry to create images are mainly manifested in three aspects:
1. Match. Liu Xie said: the metaphor of "Wen Xin Diao Long" is "or metaphorical sound, or square appearance, or intended in the heart, or to give an example, at all. "In front of us listed these poems, there are many examples. Analogy is a common practice, which is personification of "personification": object or simulacra. Former Xu Zhimo said: I left gently,/I waved gently, just as I did gently; //Cambridge Golden willow by the river,//Yan Ying's bride; /Bride in the sparkling sunset/Waves are in my heart. The golden willow of "cloud" is as a human being. Imitation, such as love ",is because of the wind": ... My heart/your window is bright, like candlelight/slightly ambiguous/potentially inevitable/because of the wind/.../May be extinguished at any time? ... light a lamp, the whole material//my love of fire/because of the wind. My heart is compared to a candle, and I am compared to a lamp. Finally, of course, the reality is "personification".
2。 Exaggerated. To depict any larger, such as the lens of the film "capital close-up" to attract readers and associations. Li Bai's "Peach Blossom Swimming Pool pays attention to the water depth of thousands of feet, not as the love given to me by Wang Lun" ("Gift Wang Lun") flies down to the Three thousands of feet and suspects the Milky Way for 9 days ("Lushan Waterfall"), and comes to the Three thousands of feet with a depth of thousands of feet. Although this is not the case, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics and expresses the poet's passion, readers. However, this exaggerated art, America, cannot be too absurd, too real and too vulgar. As described in the cotton harvest poem: "The cotton is packed/the weight of the truck head Alice/Tilt head, 3 feet/anti-aircraft gun." On the contrary, reading gives people the impression that it is untrue and will not produce aesthetic feeling.
3。 Metonymy He's from the place where he takes things. As well as places with similar metaphors < P >, but different, the difference lies in: unparalleled general ratio and concrete things are visible, the concrete metonymy of the party is more abstract, and the gap between concrete and abstract makes the image of poetry even more eye-catching and prominent? , in order to trigger the reader's association. This is what Ai Qing said, "The wings of thought, the feelings of clothes, and the color of sound are solidified through the change of time."
To shape the image of poetry, you can not only describe the picture from the perspective of material intake, but also use the images reflected by hearing, touch and other sensory materials, impressive and vivid novels. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode a donkey that chanted, "Where birds live, there are trees by the pool, and monks push the door next year", but he also thought that "monks knock on the moon and go to the door. What is "pushing" or "knocking"? He can't decide. Their hands look like donkeys blocking the path of the high official. This person is a great writer Han Yu. When the guard Jia Dao brought his horse to fool South Korea into thinking, or just typing to get along better. The sound of "shanzhai version", one or two recorded knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, makes such things possible to "live", and the silent environment is even more the crowing touch of this poem. It is the description of Li Bai, the pipa in music, and some of "like a pouring of large and small pearls into a plate of jade", which is very realistic and wonderful! Modern times, such as Bo Huang's "Morning Song": "There is a statue reef/stubbornly listening to the sound of bells/wind energy, waves/vague/dawn/Lingquan, and the rain outside is like Gushan Yongquan Temple//responding far away/a faint break/counting Liu Shuxing/raising the red crown/bold relief cock/if the sea,/singing the sunrise on a sunny day/like a tide.
it's up to you to know your emotions, whether they are comparable, exaggerated or metonymic, and everything depends on the customer? Poets who look at things have keen observation, bold imagination and even
fantasy. It can be said that whether it is romantic, realistic or without imagination (fantasy), it will become a poet. For example, bold and unconstrained, Li Bai said, of course, rich imagination and poetic magnificence, a realist said, Du Fu wrote, such as "When you see the front of the house with tens of thousands of Ann towering ..." ("The autumn wind in the hut broke the song) and" Xiang Wuyun was wet, her jade-white shoulder is cold in the moon. When leaning on emptiness, double, tears begin to dry. "("moonlight "), a masterpiece of imagination.
(D) the classification of China's ancient poems
1. The temperament of poetry can be divided into two types: ancient poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry and modern poetry are the concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and the poet temperament is divided from this angle.
(1) Classical poetry (Tang poetry), Chuci and Yuefu poetry. Songs "Pure Land" lead ","Songs "Whispering" Poetry School's poetry is archaic poetry. Classical poetry, telling antithesis, rhyming is not free. The development track of classical poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Songs of Chu → Regret for Yuefu →→ Folk songs of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties → Poems by Tao, Five-character Poems by Jian 'an literati → Ancient style of Tang Dynasty, New Yuefu.
① Chu Ci Style: During the Warring States Period, it was characterized by the use of Chu dialect, phonology, strong and clear color of Chu Quyuan's state to create a poetic form. Liu Xiang's "Songs of Chu" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, this book contains 17 works of Qu Yuan, mainly Qu Yuan. The original work "Li Sao" is a masterpiece, and later generations are also called "The Song of the South".
② Yuefu: The name of this bailiff service is responsible for music in the Han Dynasty, which later became the name of this poem. Songs collected and composed by bailiffs in Han, Wei and Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. After the poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties were quasi-Yuefu, they became Yuefu and quasi-Yuefu although they did not enter music. "Chile Song" Mulan ",Duan Gexing" (Cao Cao). The title of general Yuefu poems
is added with "Song", "Line" and "Yin".
③ chanting style: a variant of Yuefu poetry. There are many titles of Han Wei's post-Yuefu poems, including "Song" and "Line". Although the names are different, in fact, whether there is a strict distinction is the meaning of this song. Its syllables are generally free of five words and seven miscellaneous outdated words, which are rich in changes. Later, he once "chanted" the rhythmic form of the body. In writing Yuefu poems of poets in Tang Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty, in addition to following the old problems of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, some poets formulated new titles, such as Yuefu's resignation and unlimited rhythm, which was called New Yuefu. Such poems, Li Bai and Du Fu, have made great progress. For example, Du Fu felt sorry for Chen Tao's "Ai Jiang Tou" and "Song Bing Che Hang", and "Many works of Bai people in two for the road are in the form of Yuefu chanting, and most of them are mixed with three words and seven words.
(2) modern poetry: ancient poetry, modern poetry, also known as poetry today, is a poem and song in the Tang Dynasty, which forms two kinds of metrical patterns, such as the number of words, the number of sentences, the rhyme of flat and even words, etc., all of which have strict regulations.
① A quatrain, with five unique abbreviations for the first four or five characters, and seven for four lines.
② ",each of the first eight five words is referred to as the Five Laws for short, and the so-called extended form (or long law) of the Seven Laws is more than eight and seven short.
The poem is extremely strict in meter, the sentence given in the paper (except for more than eight lines), the given rhyming position of this sentence (rhyming fixed position), the sound of the given word (fixed poetic flat tone), and the alliance has been given (two opposites in the middle of the text). For example, it originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and in the early stage of maturity, the first turn was doubled and eight verses. Every sentence must be the same, which can be four or five rhymes, and the two in the middle must be opposite. Two, four, six and eight rhymes. This sentence can be recharged. If the layout is expanded to more than 1 lines, claiming more than eight lines, except for the first and last two, assuming that all the opposites are needed, each sentence is called "fans" based on the frozen verse. Another example of quatrains, only when the two are combined, is also called absolute poetry, sentences, punctuation, leveling and rhyming, and even has certain requirements.
(3) This word is also called a short sentence, a song, and a song, Yuefu. Its characteristics: sound freezing, a given number of sentences, the sound of the given word. Words can be divided into long tones (more than 91 words), middle tones (59 to 9 words) and Xiaoling (less than 58 words). this word