Forensic pathology

The establishment of human anatomy has opened up a new era for the development of western medicine. In ancient times, people thought that the body was the place where the soul lived. In feudal society, autopsy was prohibited by all ethnic groups without exception. So human anatomy can't develop. In the medical books of this era, such as Anatomy written by Galen, almost all anatomical drawings are drawn according to animal internal organs. In the Renaissance culture, people are regarded as the center of attention, and the first thing people pay attention to in the medical field is to study the structure of the human body. Leonardo da Vinci of Italy was the first person to innovate anatomy. He thinks that as a realistic painter, he should understand anatomy, especially bones and muscles, so he engages in human anatomy. But so far, he has drawn more than 150 anatomical maps. Most of the paintings are accurate and beautiful. He first questioned Galen's anatomy. He used to blow into the trachea, but no matter how hard he tried, his heart didn't swell, so he came to the conclusion that Galen's theory that the lung and the heart were connected was wrong. He also checked the structure and shape of the heart, and his heart map was much more correct than the previous one. In addition, he also discovered the activity and properties of the aortic root valve, which proved that the function of the valve is to prevent blood from flowing back. The cardiovascular problems he mentioned quickly attracted the attention of medical scientists. By the18th century, medical scientists had dissected countless corpses, established pathological anatomy, and had a clear understanding of the normal structure of the human body. On this basis, they may find some abnormal structures. Italian pathological anatomist G.B. Morgagni (1682 ~1771) published a book on the location and causes of diseases in 176 1 year, describing the changes of organs under the influence of diseases and analyzing the causes of diseases. He regards diseases as local injuries and thinks that every disease has its corresponding pathological changes in an organ. After him, doctors began to use "lesions" to explain the symptoms. This idea has a great influence on the whole medical field in the future. Since then, pathology has gradually built a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine and become the "gold standard" of clinical diagnosis. Forensic pathological identification is developed on this basis, including the following important contents:

1, determining the cause of death generally refers to the specific disease or violence that causes death. The main task of forensic pathology to determine the cause of death is to confirm whether it is a violent death or a non-violent death. The former mainly includes physical injuries such as mechanical injury, mechanical asphyxia and poisoning. The latter is mainly caused by various diseases, especially sudden death caused by potential diseases. 2. The way to judge death, also known as the nature of death, refers to the way to realize death. Including homicide, suicide or accidents and disasters. 3. Inferring the time of death The time from death to autopsy is called the time of death, also called the time after death. 4. Inferred injury refers to the time from injury to death. Inferring the injury time has two contents: one is to determine whether the injury is formed before death (pre-death injury) or after death (post-death injury); Second, we must speculate on the survival time of the injured. 5. Inference and identification of damage. Injury usually refers to an object that causes mechanical damage. Broadly speaking, any object that can cause violent harm to the human body can be regarded as harm. It is mainly inferred from the characteristics of violence on the corpse and the results of auxiliary tests. 6. Relationship between injury and disease When there are both violent injuries and diseases on the same corpse, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze and judge the relationship between injury and disease through comprehensive and systematic inspection to determine which is the main cause of death. 7. Personal identification For an unknown corpse, it is necessary to find out the source of the deceased. Forensic pathology makes a comprehensive analysis according to the signs of the corpse, and can examine and identify the bones, teeth, blood type and DNA of the deceased when necessary. 8. Medical disputes involve the death of patients in autopsy, and the focus is whether the death is related to errors or accidents that may occur in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the core problem of solving such medical disputes is the cause of death. Finding out the cause of death plays a very important role in clarifying the facts and judging whether there are medical errors. 9. The growth and development of bone age appraisers can be expressed by two "ages", namely, living age (age) and biological age (bone age). In the process of development, because of the relatively stable synchronization between bone age and age, the age of the offender or victim is usually judged by bone age. X-rays of six human joints are usually taken to observe the development of ossification center and determine the bone age. The methods of determining bone age include atlas method, scoring method and computer bone age scoring system. 10, pathological diagnosis, life insurance claims, medical disputes and other cases will all involve the diagnosis of diseases. According to pathological sections and tissue wax, various diseases and tumors can be diagnosed.