Chunqiu brushwork is all the brushwork of Confucius in sorting out the history book Chunqiu.
What my friend said earlier is that it is good to say "tell the truth", but it is not good to say that it is to quietly add subjective color when describing objective facts, thus guiding (or misleading) the reader's judgment. For example, it is also a murder case in history. Confucius thought that killing was unreasonable, so he used the derogatory term "killing"; If Confucius thinks killing is good, he uses the word "Zhu" as a compliment.
On the surface, Confucius didn't comment on the merits of the murder at length, but he clearly expressed his likes and dislikes and value judgments in one sentence, so the readers were unconsciously guided by his values. Later generations have different views on the brushwork in the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucianism believes that it is "a little righteous" and that writing history must be written as materials to educate the people like Confucius, but its authenticity does not matter; However, modern historians disagree with this, arguing that history books should be objective and fair, and personal feelings should not be added, and value judgments should be left to readers.
Today, we are talking about "Spring and Autumn brushwork", which refers to this kind of writing method that uses rhetorical skills to quietly guide readers to make the author's expected value judgment. Our officialdom and the media are very good at using the "Spring and Autumn brushwork", but it is bad to curse directly.
For example, Zeng Guofan's initial battle with Taiping rebels was always a fiasco, and he really couldn't make a job with the Qing court. In his report, his master changed "repeated defeats and repeated wars" to "repeated defeats and repeated wars", and immediately changed from a straw bag to a hero, which is a typical "spring and autumn brushwork". In the 007 film Empire of Tomorrow, the media tycoon changed the number of British soldiers killed in the news headline to "murdered" after making trouble, which was enough to turn a friction into a war. This "spring and autumn brushwork" is extremely vicious.
Just look at the headlines of various news on the website and you will find countless "spring and autumn brushwork", which we as readers must be highly vigilant.
2. What is "Spring and Autumn brushwork"
Chunqiu brushwork chūn qi bǐfá idiom interpretation: refers to the combination of praise and criticism in the tortuous brushwork.
The origin of the idiom: Historical Records Confucius Family: "When Confucius was in office, his words were unique to others. As for the Spring and Autumn Annals, a pen is a pen, and cutting is cutting. People in Xia Xia can't be praised. "
Idiom example: I just want to write one less word at first, that's all. (Lu Xun's Hot Wind in Lacrimosa) The so-called "Spring and Autumn brushwork" in literary interpretation, as the name implies, is just a brushwork, or an art of using language, and a method of writing articles initiated by Confucius.
Lu's historical work Spring and Autumn Annals. According to legend, Confucius repaired it.
Scholars believe that every word it uses must contain praise and criticism. Later, it was called "Spring and Autumn brushwork" because it implied twists and turns and included praise and criticism. In Historical Records, Zuo Qiuming made a subtle exploration of the occult, and made a precise summary of this brushwork for the first time: "The name of the Spring and Autumn Annals is subtle and obvious, with a gloomy ambition and a gentle chapter, and it does everything without pollution, punishing evil and persuading good. Who can fix it without a saint? " (Translation: The description of Spring and Autumn Annals has fine words and obvious meanings, and records profound historical facts. It is witty and logical, exhaustive without distortion, warning evil and praising kindness.
If you are not a saint, who can write? ) Because Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, when describing history, it implied praise and blame. Although he didn't directly explain his views on people and things, he euphemistically and implicitly expressed the author's subjective views through detailed description, rhetorical devices (such as word selection) and material selection. In order to explain Confucius' thoughts, later writers wrote special works to explain the inner meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, especially some details about ceremonies.
This practice is called "talking without shame", or "spring and autumn brushwork", which is praised by China ancient tradition. .
3. What is the spring and autumn brushwork?
"Spring and Autumn brushwork" refers to an article writing method initiated by Confucius.
"Historical Records Confucius Family" said: "Confucius is the Spring and Autumn Period, the pen is the pen, and the cutting is the cutting. Ziyou and Xia Zi's disciples can't take a word, and they can't change a word. " That's it.
Chunqiu is the earliest chronological history book in China. Use words accurately and carefully. Different words are often chosen according to the nature, situation and result of the event and the author's attitude towards the event. The chronicle of Spring and Autumn Annals is extremely short. Generally, there are only one or two sentences about one thing.
However, this extremely short narrative is often subtle and contains rich and profound meanings, which not only shows the author's ideological tendency, but also has a profound impact on readers. For example, "Zheng Boke Duan Yanyu" in Spring and Autumn Annals, although only four or six words, records such a great event: during the Lu Yin period, Zheng's uncle Duan planned to seize his brother's throne. After Zhuang Gong found out, he calculated cleverly and took the means of playing hard to get to induce Uncle Duan to push his luck.
Zuo Zhuan explains the implied meaning of praise and disparagement in the Spring and Autumn Annals: "The book says,' What is the joke of Zheng Boke?' Duan is not a brother, so don't talk about his brother.
Such as the second gentleman, it is called gram. Calling Zheng Bo is a mockery of losing education.
It's called Zheng Zhi. It's hard to run without saying anything. "
On the surface, this sentence in Chunqiu seems to be a purely objective record, which does not reveal the author's ideological tendency, but actually has both praise and criticism. Later, people called this style of writing "Spring and Autumn brushwork", which was tortuous, slightly expressive and with a certain tendency.
4. What is "Spring and Autumn brushwork"
The so-called "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy" is also called "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy" or "Slight Meaning", which is a historical narrative method and skill in ancient China.
It is a writing method initiated by Confucius, that is, expressing the author's ideological tendency in the narrative of the article, rather than expressing it through rhetoric of argumentative writing. As the tradition of China's historical narration, the Spring and Autumn brushwork originated from Spring and Autumn Annals.
Lu's historical work Spring and Autumn Annals. According to legend, Confucius repaired it.
Scholars believe that every word it uses must contain praise and criticism. In history, Zuo Qiuming made a subtle exploration of the occult, and made an accurate summary of this brushwork for the first time: "The title of Spring and Autumn Annals is hidden and obvious, with gloomy aspirations, graceful and logical, everything is pollution-free, punishing evil and persuading good, and who can cultivate it without sage?" (Translation: The description of Spring and Autumn Annals has fine words and obvious meanings, and records profound historical facts. It is witty and logical, exhaustive without distortion, warning evil and praising kindness.
If you are not a saint, who can write? ) Because Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, when describing history, it implied praise and blame. Although he didn't directly explain his views on people and things, he euphemistically and implicitly expressed the author's subjective views through detailed description, rhetorical devices (such as word selection) and material selection. In order to explain Confucius' thoughts, later writers wrote special works to explain the inner meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, especially some details about ceremonies.
5. What is "Spring and Autumn brushwork"
The so-called "spring and autumn brushwork", as the name implies, is a writing method, or an art of using language, named after Confucius first used it when he wrote Spring and Autumn Annals.
The characteristic of this writing method is that it contains praise and criticism in the tortuous writing method, and it is not directly judged in the text. Vividly speaking, it is like deliberately "pasting enough paper" on the article. Whether readers can understand the author's meaning can only depend on their own eyesight.
When Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals based on Lu Shi, he was often hesitant and secretive about the important and inconclusive historical facts at that time. Just don't know what happened, just give a quick hint in a few words, and then let the readers enjoy it themselves; Sometimes it means praise and criticism. Although the style of writing does not directly explain the views on people and things, it expresses its views euphemistically and implicitly through detailed description, rhetorical devices or screening of materials.
The biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, one of the three great biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period, holds that Confucius has clear principles, namely, to be ashamed of the venerable, to be ashamed of the sage, and to be afraid of illness by his relatives. This "spring and autumn brushwork" of Confucius was later widely used in China's history, literature, art and other fields.
Confucius is not a historian, but he wants to make a history book and pass it on to future generations. He really has the idea of "putting righteousness above family members", and his purpose is to express his thoughts through history. Even many scholars believe that every word used in Chunqiu must contain praise and criticism.
Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the Warring States Period, first made a precise summary of this kind of "micro-speech and great righteousness": "The name of Spring and Autumn Annals is implicit and obvious, with a gloomy mind and graceful rules. What it does is pollution-free, punishing evil and persuading good. Who can repair it without a sage?" Moral: The description of Spring and Autumn Annals uses fine words, has obvious moral meaning, records historical facts, has profound moral meaning, is witty and reasonable, exhausts without distortion, warns evil and rewards good. If you are not a saint, who can write? Put forward the purpose of setting the standards of good and evil and good and evil in Spring and Autumn Annals.
Mencius also said: "Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, and rebels and thieves were afraid." The purpose of Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals here is not only to record historical facts, but also to serve as a "warning".
Confucius himself once said to his disciples: "The Spring and Autumn Annals are used by people who know hills in later generations, and the Spring and Autumn Annals are also used by people who are guilty of hills." It means: future generations know me in this spring and autumn period, and blame me in this spring and autumn period.
It can be seen that Confucius really put his political thoughts and views on right and wrong in Spring and Autumn Annals.