First, the establishment, unification and demise of the Sui Dynasty
1, Establishment of Sui Dynasty: 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.
2. The unification of the Sui Dynasty:
Time: In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.
The reasons for the reunification of the Sui Dynasty are as follows: long-term division and war made the people yearn for reunification; ② North: After the great ethnic integration of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the ethnic boundaries narrowed, creating conditions for the reunification of the North and the South; South: With the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River, the people in the north and south demand to end the separatist regime and strengthen cross-strait economic exchanges. (3) The Sui Dynasty managed vigorously, and its national strength was strong; The Chen dynasty ruled corruptly and its national strength was weak.
Significance: It ended the situation of division and confrontation for more than 270 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, created the situation of "great unification" for more than 320 years in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and laid the foundation for the prosperity and development of economy and culture.
3. The demise of the Sui Dynasty: tyranny triggered peasant uprisings. In 6 18 AD, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
Second, the economic prosperity of the Sui Dynasty-"imperial rule"
1, performance: population surge, cultivated land expansion and abundant granaries.
2. Reasons: ① National unity and social stability; (2) Emperor Wendi vigorously developed production; The ruler advocates thrift.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, the people's burden was light, and the economy was prosperous and developing. History calls the rule of Emperor Wen "the rule of opening the emperor".
Three. The opening of the grand canal
1. Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
2. Reasons for opening: ① During the more than 20 years of Emperor Wen's rule, the country was well governed, and there was a scene of economic prosperity, which enabled Emperor Yang Di to have the economic strength to open the Grand Canal. The unification of the Sui Dynasty made it possible for Yang Di to recruit millions of people. (3) Based on several ancient canals dug by the previous generation.
3. Time and people: Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.
4. Center and starting point: Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south.
5. Length and current situation: It is the longest canal in the ancient world with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
6. Four components (from north to south): Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.
7. Connect five rivers (from north to south): Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
8. Seven provinces and regions in circulation: (omitted)
9. The role of openness: It is conducive to maintaining national unity and centralization, and has greatly promoted economic exchanges between the north and the south of China.
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
First, the establishment of the Tang Dynasty.
In 6 18, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital. Tang Gaozu is Tang Gaozu.
Thinking: What are the similarities between Qin's killing Han Xing and Sui's killing Tang Xing?
The similarities between Qin's death in Han and Sui's death in Tang and Xing are as follows: ① Both Qin and Sui died shortly after reunification. A large-scale peasant uprising broke out in the Sui Dynasty at the end of Qin Dynasty. The reasons for its demise were the cruelty of rulers, the darkness of politics, the abuse of people's power, the retrogression of economy, the poverty of people's lives and the acute social contradictions. (2) The rise of the Han and Tang Dynasties was due to the fact that the rulers learned the lessons of the previous dynasties, and they all became prosperous and became great powers that influenced the world at that time; At the beginning of Han and Tang Dynasties, the rulers were diligent in political affairs, neglected to pay taxes, developed production, rectified official management and appointed sages.
Second, "the rule of Zhenguan"
1. The main measures taken by Emperor Taizong are as follows: ① Drawing lessons from the history of the Sui Dynasty and attaching importance to the people's power. (2) Pay attention to the development of production and reduce the tax labor of farmers. (3) Advocating frugality and abstaining from hedonism. (4) Merging counties and reorganizing official management. 5 those who can coach, those who are talented and modest, say: "room is absolutely"; Wei Zhi is a famous remonstrator. ⑥ Daxing School, developing imperial examinations.
2. Effect: During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, and the national strength gradually increased. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".
3. Evaluation: The Tang Dynasty was a rare feudal period in the history of China. Emperor Taizong's enlightened thought and political vision of being prepared for danger in times of peace and learning from history are rare among feudal emperors in China. Emperor Taizong adopted a series of reform measures conducive to social development, which conformed to the trend of historical development and contributed to the emergence of "the rule of Zhenguan". The rule of Zhenguan laid the foundation for the Tang Dynasty to enter its heyday-"Kaiyuan Shi Sheng".
Comparison of Historical Achievements between Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty
project
Emperor Wu of Han dynasty
Emperor Taizong
politics
Implementing asylum laws, weakening the power of vassal States and strengthening centralization; Attach importance to talents
Draw lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, be diligent in political affairs, and be modest in coachable; Develop imperial examinations
economy
Put the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron into the central government, personally manage the Yellow River, and attach importance to building water conservancy projects.
Attach importance to the development of production and reduce farmers' taxes and corvees.
military affairs
Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to fight back against the Huns and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, so that Hungary could no longer confront the Western Han Dynasty.
Establish the highest administrative and military institution in the western regions-Anxi Duhu House.
Thought culture
Deprived of a hundred schools of thought, Confucianism was the only one, and imperial academy was established in Chang 'an.
Attach importance to personnel training, expand the scale of Chinese studies and increase the number of students.
Ethnic relations
Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions.
Marry Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu to enhance the friendship between Tang and Fan.
The reasons why China ruled the world in ancient times are as follows: ① Policy factors: the role of peasant wars (peasant uprisings forced rulers to adjust their ruling policies). ② Political communication factors: ethnic integration and the strengthening of Sino-foreign exchanges. The role of the masses: the hard work of the people. ④ Personal role: the personal political qualities of outstanding emperors and generals.
Third, Wu Zetian.
1, the only female emperor in the history of China. In his later years, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed his title to Zhou.
2. During the reign of Wu Zetian, Emperor Taizong continued to carry out the policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents, with further social and economic development and increasing national strength. It is said that her rule is "political enlightenment and macro-governance."
Lesson 3 "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"
First, "The Rule of Kaiyuan"
After Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern: ① appointing talents (Yao Chong); (2) attaching importance to local bureaucracy; ③ Pay attention to thrift. These reform measures brought about a new situation in the political situation in the Kaiyuan period, which was called "the rule of Kaiyuan" in history.
Second, the prosperity of the prosperous economy.
1. Agriculture: ① Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming techniques: Rice seedlings are generally transplanted. ③ Development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and its author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations. Tea drinking began in Sheng Xing in the Tang Dynasty. ④ Improvement of production tools: A new agricultural tool, Qu Yuan Plow, appeared; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.
Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: there are many varieties of colors and superb technology. (2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai (world craft treasures).
Business prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. ② Chang 'an City: The city is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a bustling commercial area. Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.
4. Kaiyuan Shi Sheng: In the early days of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the politics was clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the warehouses were full, and the population increased obviously. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
5. The same reasons for the prosperity and development of feudal society and economy: ① Inheritance factors: the inheritance of the economic base of the previous dynasty. ② Social environmental factors (political factors): social stability. ③ Political factors: national unity and political clarity. ④ Economic policy factors: the rulers adjust economic policies and encourage the development of production. ⑤ Economic exchange factors: economic exchanges between ethnic groups and the strengthening of Sino-foreign exchanges. 6. The role of the masses: the hard work of the people. ⑦ Productivity (science and technology) factors: production technology innovation (production tools are the most active factor in productivity), water conservancy construction.
The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system
First, the birth of the imperial examination system
1 year, during the reign of Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty, officials were selected by the method of examination in different subjects, and the nine-grade system since Wei and Jin Dynasties was changed to the method of selecting people by different subjects.
Thinking: Why did the Sui Dynasty adopt the imperial examination to select officials?
Teacher: Before the imperial examination system was established (since Wei and Jin Dynasties), the Tu nationality system and the Jiupin Zheng Zhi system were the basic conditions for being an official. Most officials can only be selected from dignitaries, and the children of dignitaries can be officials regardless of their merits and demerits. Many people with real talent and learning can't contribute to the court and the country. The selection power of officials is concentrated in the hands of local dignitaries, which is not conducive to centralization. Use exams to select officials. Ordinary scholars and poor children can voluntarily sign up for the official examination, thus expanding the scope of selecting officials and firmly controlling the power of selecting officials in the hands of the central government.
2. When Yang Di was in Yangdi, he formally established Jinshi and selected talents according to the examination results. China's imperial examination system was formally born.
3. Significance: From then on, a scholar with a humble younger brother can learn to be an official with his own talent; The power to select officials is centralized from the local government to the imperial court.
Second, the perfection of the imperial examination system.
1. There were many fixed examination subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important. The key figures to improve the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty are Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
2. Emperor Taizong: Expand the scale of Chinese studies, expand the learning museum and increase the number of students.
3. Wu Zetian: Initiate court examinations and martial arts.
4. Tang Xuanzong: Enrich the content of the examination, and poetry has become the main examination content of Jinshi.
figure
contribution
Sui Wendi
We began to select officials through subject examinations.
Birth stage
emperor
The official establishment of Jinshi, the official birth of the imperial examination system.
Emperor Taizong
Expand the scale of Chinese studies and increase the number of examinees.
perfect stage
Wu Zetian
Jia Gongkao and Wu Ju.
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang dynasty
Enrich the examination content: Poetry Fu has become the main examination content of Jinshi.
Third, the influence of the imperial examination system.
1, the employment system has been improved, and talented scholars have the opportunity to work in governments at all levels.
2. It promotes the development of education, and it is welcome for scholars to study hard.
3. It has promoted the development of literature and art, especially because Jinshi attaches importance to the examination of poetry and fu, which is also greatly conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry.
4. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the end of Qing Dynasty.
Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today-the viceroy of Anxi and the viceroy of Beiting.
First, the southwest-Tubo (Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng)
1, Tubo people are the ancestors of Tibetans today.
2. At the beginning of the 7th century, Zangbo's outstanding Zapusong Zagambo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.
3. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
At the beginning of the 4th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zambo Kridê Zukzain. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".
Second, the north-the rise of Uighur
1, Uighur is the ancestor of today's Uighur.
2. In the middle of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed the Uighur leader Guli Pelo as Huairen Khan. Later, Uighur changed its name to "Uighur".
Third, the northeast-Mo Hong ("Che Shu Jia")
1 In the last years and the 7th century, Rong Ruo, the leader of Mohe Department at the end of the millet, unified the surrounding ministries and established political power.
At the beginning of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made Da Zuorong the king of Bohai County and appointed him the governor of Bohai Sea. Since then, the late Soviet regime has taken the name of "Bohai Sea". Xiaomi is known as "Haidong Guo Sheng".
3. The institutions that managed the northeast frontier in Tang Dynasty were Bohai Governor's Office and Heishui Governor's Office.
Fourth, the southwest-Cangshan Erhai Nanzhao.
1 and Liu Zhao residents are the ancestors of Yi and Bai people today.
2. Piluoge, the leader of Nanzhao, unified six imperial edicts, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made him the king of Yunnan.
nation
effective area
Relationship with Tang Dynasty
What ancestors?
Tufan
southwestward
He Shen is a family: Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng, and Kridê Zukzain married Princess Jincheng.
right
Huihe
northwest
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Guli Peiluo as "Huairen Khan".
Uygur
Mohe
northeast
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Da Zuorong as the "King of Bohai County".
Manchu
Nanzhao
southwestward
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Piluoge the "King of Yunnan".
Yi and Bai nationalities
nation
Tubo
Huihe
Mohe
Nanzhao
geographical position
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Selenger river basin
Songhua River and Heilongjiang in Northeast China
Yunnan Cangshan Erhai Lake
Living custom
Nomadic, farming, textile, iron smelting level is higher.
Advocating brave and simple style
Brave and strong, able to sing and dance.
Excellent architectural art
Outstanding leader
Songtsen Gampo
Huairenhan
Bohai Wang Jun
Yunnan Wang
Relationship with Tang Dynasty
Princess Wencheng, Princess Jincheng and their relatives
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader Huairen Khan.
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader as the king of Bohai County.
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader King of Yunnan.
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign exchanges were active, and there were contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and people all over the world called China a "Tang man".
First, the relationship between Tang and Japan-Tang sent envoys and traveled to the east.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty.
2. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty were highly valued after returning to China. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life.
Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.
Second, the relationship between Tang and Silla
1, mode: ① sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty.
2. The performance is as follows: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.
Third, the relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu-Xuanzang's Journey to the West
During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Thinking: According to what you have learned and combined with the contents of the textbook, talk about the characteristics of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? What are the factors that make foreign exchanges active in the Tang Dynasty? Today, China is in a period of reform and opening up and rapid economic development. What does the foreign communication in Tang Dynasty give us?
Features: ① Active foreign contacts, and contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (2) The Tang government encouraged businessmen from all over the world to trade in China and allowed them to live in China for a long time. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and other places have frequent foreign trade activities. (4) The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and all countries called China a "Tang man".
Factors: ① national stability and unity; (2) economic and cultural prosperity; ③ Opening-up policy; (4) Foreign traffic is developed.
Enlightenment: First, we must have a stable political situation and adhere to the policy of opening to the outside world. Second, improve their own quality and strive to develop economy and culture. Third, learn from the broad mind of the Tang Dynasty, while spreading advanced culture, we should be good at absorbing its essence for our use.
Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures
I. Science and technology
1, building:
Features: large-scale, magnificent, neat but not rigid, gorgeous but not refined.
Representative: ① Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world. It took Europeans more than 700 years to build a similar bridge. (2) Chang 'an, Tang Dou was the largest city in the world at that time (Daming Palace contains Yuan Hall).
2. Printing: ① China was the first country to invent printing in the world, and printing was one of the four great inventions in ancient China. (2) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were block-printed Buddhist scriptures, calendars and poems. (3) The Diamond Sutra published in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world.
3. Medicine: "The King of Medicine" Sun Simiao's "Thousand Golden Formulas".
Second, literature: poetry
1. The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry creation, with more than 2,000 poets writing nearly 50,000 poems.
2, on behalf of the poet:
(1) Li Bai (in the prosperous Tang Dynasty)-"Poet Immortal" (Baidicheng was initially developed, but it was difficult to travel in the middle of Shu)
② Du Fu (Prosperity-Decline)-"Poetic Sage" and "Poetic History" ("Three Officials" and "Three Farewells")
(3) Bai Juyi (Middle Tang Dynasty)-Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, whose poems reflect reality.
Third, calligraphy: "Yan Liu Jin Gu"
1, Yan Zhenqing: He created a bold and frank new book style called "Yan Style". He is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China after Wang Xizhi. His representative works include Yan Family Temple Monument and Duo Pagoda Monument. Yan Zhenqing.
2. Liu Gongquan: Learn from others, be brave in innovation, and become a "Liu style" with beautiful words and strong bones. Represented by the "mysterious tower monument".
Fourth, painting.
1, (Tang Dynasty) Yan: Good at figure painting, represented by Kings of Past Dynasties and Walking Map.
2. (Tang Dynasty) Wu Daozi: "Painting a Sage", which created a precedent of great freehand brushwork in later generations, is his masterpiece "The Heavenly King sends a picture".
Verb (abbreviation of verb) art treasure house
Representative: Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province (most of them were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and murals and colored sculptures are one of the largest art treasures in the world).
Vi. Grand and festive music and dance
1, Early Tang Dynasty: "Qin Wang Broken Array Music"
2. Tang Dynasty: "Colorful Feathers"
The above contents can be simplified and summarized as follows:
I. Science and technology
kind
dynasty
designer
achievement
build
Sui dynasty
Li Chun
Zhao Zhouqiao is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.
Engraving printing
the Tang Dynasty
"Diamond Sutra" is the earliest existing block printing with exact date in the world.
Second, literature (poetry)
Representative figure
life
representative works
Characteristics of poetry
human
Lipper
In the prosperous Tang dynasty
The early development of Baidicheng and the difficulties in Shu.
That is, bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant, rich in imagination, beautiful in artistic conception and light in language.
Immortal poet
Du Fu
change from prosperity to decline
"Three Officials" and "Three Points"
Or boldness of vision, or melancholy, the language is concise and dignified.
Poet saint
Bai Juyi
Zhongtang
Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu
Realism, satire on society, sympathy for people. Poetry is straightforward and easy to understand
Third, calligraphy, painting and grotto art.
kind
Representative figure
work
achievement
calligraphy
Yan Zhenqing
Yanmiao monument
Yan Ti is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China after Wang Xizhi.
Liu Gongquan
Mysterious pagoda monument
Self-contained "Liu style"
draw
Yan liben
Don't read the picture
Statues of emperors of past dynasties
Good at character story painting
Wu Daozi
Born of Gautama Buddha.
Later generations painted freehand brushwork for the first time, which was called "painting sage"
Grottoes art
The Mogao Grottoes in western Gansu is one of the largest art treasures in the world.