Prime Minister: the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and the person who comprehensively manages the national government affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called Xiangguo, it is often referred to as the prime minister, referred to as "Xiang" for short. For example, "Chen She Family": "The princes will be better off." Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru ":"And the mediocrity is still ashamed, and the situation is almost the same! " Shu Xiang: "where is the temple of the famous Premier, in a deep pine grove near the City of Silk." Preface to "Guide to the South": "Except for the right prime minister and the Tang Dynasty envoy, I am in charge of all the troops."
Taishi: refers to two official positions. First, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "three publics" in ancient times. Later, most of them were given titles to big officials, indicating that they were favored without real duties. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo were given titles to Taishi in the Song Dynasty. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were teachers of the Prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of Prince Taishi, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Yan Taishi solved by soldiers", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince Taishi, so he called it. Another example is that there were eight virtual titles in Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty, and finally the title of Prince Taishi was added; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also given the title of Prince Taishi, but actually he didn't give a lecture to the Prince.
teacher: see "teacher". One of the ancient "three fairs". It also refers to one of the "Three Divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi once served as the teacher of the Prince Changsha and Liang Huaiwang, so he was named a teacher. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Ceng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang were forced to give gifts to teachers after their deaths.
Shaobao refers to two kinds of official positions. First, Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three orphans" in ancient times, and then they gradually became empty titles. For example, in Meihualing Ji, "Wen Shaobao also learned the great light to make cicadas", and Wen Tianxiang was once an official position of Shaobao, so it was called. Secondly, in ancient times, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao were called "Three Shaos in the East Palace", which gradually became empty titles.
Shangshu: Originally, he was an official in charge of the memorial of documents. There were no six departments at the beginning of Sui Dynasty. In Tang Dynasty, six departments were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers, and ministers and assistant ministers were the chief officers of each department. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Write a letter begging for bones, and worship the ministers." Another example is that Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, was the official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, was the minister of punishments, and Shi Kefa was the minister of war.
Bachelor: In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was an official position in charge of ceremonies and compilation. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to the academician as a bachelor, became the secretary and consultant of the emperor, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". In Ming and Qing Dynasties, though they were also Hanlin bachelors, they were responsible for reading, lecturing, editing and editing, and Jishi Shu, but their positions and duties were different from those in Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, "Preface to (Guide to the South)" is a bachelor's degree in the Senior Minister's Hall, which is an official position granted by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned from the Prime Minister; "Tan Sitong" "You recommended Jing with a bachelor's degree, Xu Gong", and Xu Zhijing was a bachelor's student in the Imperial Academy at that time, which was an office dedicated to giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all academicians of Hanlin.
Shangqing: The official system of the Zhou Dynasty, the emperors and governors all had ministers, and they were divided into upper, middle and lower levels, and the most distinguished one was called Shangqing. For example, "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Lian Po is the general of Zhao ... worshiped as the Shangqing."
General: The pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties were the highest titles of generals. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general. After Wei and Jin dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The official position of general was established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties during the war, and it was abolished after the war. "Zhang Hengchuan" said that "the general Deng Zhi is brilliant", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time.
participation in political affairs: also referred to as "participation in politics". He was one of the highest government officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" together with Tongping Zhangshi, Tang Tangshi and Bian Mi. Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi all held this post in the Song Dynasty. In "Training frugally to show health", "Duke Lu" refers to Lu Zongdao in Song Zhenzong. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participate in the New Deal are better than those who participate in political affairs in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and they are actually prime ministers".
Minister of Military Affairs: military department was an administrative organization that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. The incumbent has no fixed number of employees, and is usually a prince, a university student, a minister of history, an assistant minister or a Beijing hall, and is called a minister of military aircraft. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai were ministers of military aircraft for a short time. "Tan Sitong", "The Minister of Military Aircraft was resolute and supervised".
Military Zhang Jing: See the article "Military Minister". He is an official of military department and a subordinate of the Minister of Military Affairs. He is called "Small Military Aircraft". Tan Sitong: "The Emperor surpassed Si Jingqing in the title of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and joined Yang Rui, Lin Xu and Liu Guangdi in the New Deal."
suggestion: I am a historian, such as Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, the book before Qin suggestion, and the book before Gu Zhao and Zhao suggestion. After the Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as an imperial historian, whose position was second only to that of the prime minister, and he was in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' faults. Han Yu served as the censor, and Hai Rui served as the censor of the right capital of Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Event", "The public is the suggestion of the capital, and the eunuch is guarding Liaoning", and Wang Ao was then the chief of Douchayuan.
Tang Tang: the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs, and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of a Tang dynasty envoy is equivalent to that of a prime minister. Military ministers in the Qing dynasty are often addressed as "Tang secretaries". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as an assistant envoy of the Council. "Preface to the Guide to the South": "Except for the right prime minister and the Tang Dynasty envoy, he is in charge of all the troops." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of military affairs.
Zuotu: The official name of Chu in the Warring States Period is equivalent to the left and right of later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan's name is Ping, and Chu's surname is also the same. Left disciple for Chu Huaiwang. "
Taiwei: the official name before Yuan Dynasty. It was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor, and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. Song dynasty as the highest military attache. Lin Jiaotou's Temple of the Snow Mountain: "I was framed by a lawsuit because I was evil to Gao Taiwei." Gao Taiwei refers to Gao Qiu.
Shang Dafu: the official name of the pre-Qin dynasty is lower than that of Qing dynasty. "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Worship each other is like being a doctor." At that time, Lin Xiangru was lower than Shangqing Lian Po.
Doctor: Different dynasties refer to different contents, and sometimes it can refer to important positions of the central organs, such as the imperial doctor and the councilor. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Shangguan doctors are in the same column, competing for favor and hurting their abilities." "Shangguan doctor" is generally considered to refer to Shangguan Jinshang. "I'm not a doctor?" Qu Yuan was the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames Zhao, Qu and Jing. Preface to the Guide to the South: "The gentry, doctors and scholars are extracted from the left prime minister's house." It refers to the suggestion doctor, the suggestion doctor and so on.
Scholar-bureaucrat: In the old days, it referred to officials or intellectuals with high prestige and status. "Teacher's Theory": "The family of scholars, who call their teachers disciples, get together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "Scholar-officials refused to spend the night in a boat under the cliff, so they didn't know." "Training frugally shows health": "At that time, all the scholar-officials were natural." "Five-person Tomb Inscription": "The wise men and scholars of the county please be in power."
Taishi: During the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a high-ranking court minister, who was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also taking charge of classics, calendars and sacrifices. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Order was set up, and its scope of duties was gradually reduced and its status was gradually lowered. Sima Qian made an official order. "Zhang Hengchuan": "At the beginning of Shundi, turn around again and return to Taishi Order." "Monument to the Tomb of Five People": "A wise scholar and scholar asked Qing why Wu Gong, Taishi Wenqi Wengong, and Meng Changyao Gongye." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was a historian, so it was called Taishi.
long history: in Qin dynasty, he was an official of the prime minister. For example, Li Si was a long history, which was equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. After the Han dynasty, he became a general's official and was the chief of staff. "Teacher's List": "I know that I am a minister of chastity and good death." "Long history" refers to Zhang. "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Son Yu, bright brother Jin also, avoid chaos in Jiangdong, for Sun Quan's long history."
assistant minister: I'm a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, assistant minister was the deputy of ministers (ministers) in three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu) (see "Three Provinces and Six Departments" for details). Han Yu has served as an assistant minister in the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Official Affairs. "Model" includes "Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is Assistant Minister. Tan Sitong: "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was summoned to the audience to reward the assistant minister." Yuan Shikai is the assistant minister of the Ministry of War.
Shi Zhong: Originally, he was one of the officials in addition to the official position. Because of the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds that of assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "The Teacher's List" are Shi Zhong.
Langzhong: He was a court bodyguard during the Warring States Period. From Tang to Qing, he became a senior official below Shangshu and Assistant Minister, taking charge of the affairs of each department. For example, "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin": "All the Langzhong soldiers are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the court guards. "Zhang Hengchuan" is the official name for the management of the car riding portal.
Joining the army: the abbreviation of "Staff Military Affairs" was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister, such as Jiang Wan who joined the army as mentioned in the Model. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined, and he became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming once joined the army in Zhenjun, and Fan Ye, the author of the Book of Later Han Dynasty, once joined the army of Liu Yu's fourth son, Liu Yikang. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Du Fu gradually became a local official. For example, Du Fu once led Cao Yu to join the army, Hua Zhou Sigong Cao joined the army, and Bai Juyi once served as Cao Yu, a household in Jingzhao.
ling yin: the official in charge of military and political power in Chu during the warring States period, equivalent to the prime minister, such as biographies of qu yuan: "yin zilan was furious." In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it refers to the county magistrate, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Those who will be rewarded in the sky will be blessed by Fu Chen and Ling Yin.
yin: see "ling yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistant of Chu Lingyin was Zuo Yin and You Yin, such as "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo" in Hongmen Banquet, and Zuo Yin's position was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also the general name of ancient officials, such as Jing Zhaoyin, He Nanyin, Zhou Yin and County Yin.
a general: a military attache who ranks second to a general. "Chen She Family": "Chen She is a general and Wu Guang is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Chen Ping, the ambassador of Xiang Wang, called Pei Gong."
Tong Qing: another name for Taipusi Qing, who is in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaph of the Five Tombs, the words "a wise scholar and a scholar, for which Tong Qing was Wu Gong" and "for which" are Mok Ng's words.
Sima: The official positions referred to in different dynasties are different. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said it." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official of the prefecture and county satrap (secretariat), such as Pipa Xing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of the state and county.
Our envoy: the general manager in charge of military and political affairs in several states in the Tang Dynasty, originally located only in border states; After that, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it "the buffer region." The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun hastily wrote two letters with Jia Zheng and Wang Ziteng, our envoy to Beijing."
economic strategy: also referred to as "economic strategy". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy envoy of Shaanxi Economy. When there were important military tasks in Ming and Qing dynasties, they were specially run, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Running Hong Chengchou has something old with it", after the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou served as running seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
secretariat: it was originally the name of an inspector, and became the highest military and political chief of a state and county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the prefect. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.
satrap: see "secretariat". Also known as the "county chief", the chief executive of a county. Fan Ye was once the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Garden": "And the county, Yi Taishou, said so." "Peacock flies southeast": "Let's just say that the Taishou family has this order." Battle of Red Cliffs: "I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the satrap of Cangwu, and I want to vote for it."
viceroy: please refer to the article "running the mission". The official name of a military officer or a general who leads the troops, in some dynasties, the highest local officer is also called "the commander-in-chief", which is equivalent to our time or the secretariat of counties. For example, The Plum Blossom Ridge says: "Ren Taishou Minyu and all the generals Liu Dudu and Zhao Ji all died." Liu Zhaoji is the military chief of the resident Fangwei Office.
governor: in the early Ming dynasty, it refers to the places visited by Beijing officials. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial local governor, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor. He was nicknamed "Fu Yuan", "Fu Tai" and "Fu Jun". For example, "The Monument to the Tomb of Five People": "It is time to take the person who caresses Wu by Dazhong Cheng as Wei's private." Fu Wu is the governor of Wu.
Fu Jun: See "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "It's a reward, and it's dedicated to the army." Fujun was so happy that he entered with a golden cage. "Also known as" Fu Chen ",such as" Fu Chen's famous horse clothes and satin ".
a captain: the official position in the Han dynasty was second only to that of a general. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Take Lu Su as a captain of Zanjun." Lu Su was then the assistant general to assist coach Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, the status gradually declined.
Coach: An officer who coached martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin is the gun and stick coach of the 8, imperial troops in Beijing.
Prefectural jurisdiction: the official name of the county military attache in Song Dynasty, who was in charge of training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves. For example, Lu Ti governs Lu Zhishen in Water Margin.
engaged in: the subordinate appointed by the central or local governors themselves, also known as "engaged staff". "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Jing's fame is still worthy of Cao's engagement."
magistrate: that is, "satrap", also known as "zhizhou". "Climbing Mount Tai": "It's Yue Dingwei and Zi Ying, the magistrate, who climbed from the south foot."
county magistrate: the chief executive of a county, also known as "magistrate". Peacock flies southeast: "After returning home for more than ten days, the county magistrate sent media."
lizheng: an ancient township official, that is, a mile long. For example, "Promoting Weaving": "Make the responsibility right."
Li Xu: Manage the tolerance of village affairs. "Promotion of Weaving": "Li Xu is cunning, and he is taking advantage of this subject to gain a position."
three provinces and six departments: the three provinces are Zhongshu province, Menxia province and Shangshu province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Chinese book was in charge of decision-making, the provincial government was in charge of deliberation, and the ministers were in charge of implementation. The chiefs of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Order, and there are official positions such as Zhongshu Assistant Minister and Zhongshu Sheren. Under the door, the provincial governor called Shi Zhong, and under the door, there were assistant ministers and middle-ranking officials. The governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshuling, and there are officials such as left and right servants. Shangshu Province has six departments: the official department (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the current organization department), the household department (in charge of land registration, taxation and finance, etc.), the ritual department (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), the criminal department (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice) and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, etc.). Ministers are called ministers, assistant ministers with deputy titles, and there are officials such as doctor, foreign minister and principal. The six-part system was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
appointment and removal of official posts: after the emergence of the system of "three provinces and six departments", the promotion and appointment of officials are in the charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of official positions:
(1) Bye. Grant a certain official position or position with certain etiquette. For example, "So the words are printed and don't worship" in "Guide to the South" means that the Prime Minister has not been accepted.