1. Complete Collection of Literary Knowledge
1. < > is a collection of quotation-style prose from the pre-Qin period of China, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. Compiled from the records of disciples. The book has twenty chapters and four hundred and ninety-two chapters. Confucius: named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni, was a great thinker and educator in China; the founder of Confucianism, the core of his thought is benevolence. He advocates benevolence and loving others. .Restraint and restoration of rites. In terms of education: It advocates teaching without distinction and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. 2. < > is selected from < >. It is an argumentative essay in the form of a dialogue. < > is a compilation of historical materials chronicling the division of states during the Warring States Period. Subordinate States Biese Miscellaneous History is a collection of essays compiled and compiled by Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty. < > records the remarks and actions of counselors and counselors during the Warring States Period in lobbying various countries or arguing with each other. It uses fables and metaphors to illustrate abstract principles. 3. < > Selected Since < >, it is an essay in the form of a dialogue. Mencius: Ke, the main representative of the Confucian school after Confucius, advocated benevolent government, kingly conduct, and advocated that the people are the most important, the country is second, and the king is the people. This thought. Mencius's prose makes good use of the argumentative technique of playing hard to get, leading the emperor into his trap, making good use of metaphors, and is rich in emotion and momentum. 4. < > Selected from < >. This is a piece of reasoning that uses a dialogue method to develop reasoning. Essay. Zhuangzi: Named Zhou, he is the main representative of Taoism after Laozi. He advocates conformity to nature and advocates inaction and doing everything. He strongly criticizes the dark reality that those who steal hooks will be punished and those who steal the country will be princes. The gates of princes, but benevolence and righteousness exist. Zhuangzi's articles are rich in imagination, unbridled, magnificent in rhetoric, and often adopt the form of fables, full of romantic color. 5. < > is Li Si's masterpiece, contained in < >, it is an argumentative essay. Li Si: a famous political figure in the Qin Dynasty Jia Jia is also a representative prose writer in the Qin Dynasty. His articles are good at reasoning and can be found in < > and < >, and other articles. .6. < > is a postscript, that is, a postscript written at the back of the article, with equal emphasis on argumentation and narrative. < > is an epistolary argumentative essay. Han Yu: courtesy name Tuizhi, known as Han Changli in the world, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty Literary scholar, he was the advocate and leader of the classical prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and the head of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he was also known as Han Liu. He advocated that words must be spoken by oneself, and emphasized that only statement should be made. Characteristics of the article: thorough reasoning, momentum It is rich in content, rigorous in structure, and refined in language. He has made great achievements. He is the author of < >.7. Ren. was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He advocated that articles should be clear, practical, practical, and eloquent. His prose should have a smooth reasoning, lyrical and euphemistic style. His works include < > < > and < > (co-authored with Song Qi) 8 .< >Selected from< >. This article is an epistolary refutation essay. Wang Anshi: courtesy name Jiefu, late nickname Banshan, a famous politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He had unique achievements in poetry, lyrics, and prose. His prose He is famous for his superb knowledge, sharp arguments, rigorous logic and strong writing power. He advocates that articles should complement the world and be practical. His works include < >9.< >, which is an allegorical biography. Liu Zongyuan: Zihou, Hedong Jieren, known as Liu Hedong in the world, was a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty and an advocate of the classical prose movement. His work < >< > belongs to the category of landscape travel notes. 10. < > is an inscription on a painting, which can also be regarded as a literary essay. , both a memorial prose and a commemorative prose. Su Shi: courtesy name Zizhan, nicknamed Dongpo Jushi, together with his father Su Xun and younger brother Su Che, were listed as the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and they were all famous writers in the Northern Song Dynasty. < > Belonged to Xiaoling , is a work of mourning and forgetfulness. Su Shi is a writer with the most comprehensive achievements in literary and artistic creation in the Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is unbridled, clear and fluent, and his poems are fresh and bold. It is a prose poem, that is, a prose poem. The main formal features of the poem are: subject-object dialogue, suppressing the guest and extending the subject, interlacing prose sentences and parallel sentences, and rhyming. 11.<
; >Selected from < >. It is a narrative essay, a historical prose. < > is also called < > or < >. It is the earliest chronological historical work in my country. It is said to be written by Zuo Qiuming. < > focuses on describing the Spring and Autumn Period. He is good at narrating the conflicts and struggles between various countries. He is particularly good at describing wars. 12. < > is selected from < >. It is a biography. Sima Qian: courtesy name Zichang, < > is the first biographical general history of our country, *** 130 articles, including 12 chronicles, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 family members, and 70 biographies. It is a great historical work and a great biographical literary work. 13. < > is an epistolary work Narratives. Zongchen: courtesy name Zixiang, author of < >. His creations are less imitative and his prose achievements are more prominent among the later seven sons. The latter seven sons: Zongchen, Li Panlong, Wang Shizhen, Xie Zhen, Liang Youyu, Xu Zhongxing , Wu Guolun. 14. < > is a biography, a narrative. Hou Fangyu: courtesy name Chaozong, nickname Xueyuan, a famous poetry writer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Some of his works reflect the real life in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He participated in Fushe in the late Ming dynasty. , fought against Wei Zhongxian and Ruan Dacheng. His works include < >< >15. < > is selected from < >. It is the earliest poetry collection in my country, containing 305 poems. < > is divided into winds (Fifteen Kingdoms Styles, ***160 chapters), Ya (with < >< >, produced near the royal capital). Song. (with < >< >< >, ***40 chapters, poems used for worship in ancestral temples) < > It is a narrative poem among the four-character ancient poems. < > is mainly composed of four characters and emphasizes rhythm and rhyme. Folk songs often have repeated chapters and overlapping sentences and often use bixing techniques. 16. < > is selected from < > and was originally written in the Warring States Period. A folk sacrificial song from the Chu region at that time. This poem is used to commemorate the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country. Qu Yuan: was the first poet with great achievements in ancient my country. His main works include < >< >< >< >< >, etc. Qu Yuan's The poem uses a large number of myths and legends to structure the poem.
2. What a few people mean to a country.
1. If you use fake characters, you can’t hope to have more people than your neighboring countries.
(无, which means "wu", don't want. The meaning of the sentence is: don't expect the people to be more than those of neighboring countries) Those who are awarded white will live up to the road (off, the same as "spot".
The meaning of the sentence is: The gray-haired old man will not carry things on his back on the road) Tu is hungry but does not know how to do it (Tu is the same as "road", road.
The meaning of the sentence is: Yes: There are people who are starving to death on the road but they don’t know how to open warehouses to provide relief.) 2. Use the part of speech to fill the drum (drum, the noun takes the object "zhi" as a verb. Beat the drum.
The meaning of the sentence is: The war drums are beating loudly. ) Tree of mulberry (tree, the noun takes the object "of", as a verb.
Plant. The sentence means: plant mulberry trees.)
People who are fifty can wear silk clothes (clothes, the noun takes the object "帛" as a verb, to put on. The meaning of the sentence is that people who are fifty can wear silk clothes with it.)
I would like to preface this. Teach (jin, as an adjective as a verb, to engage in it seriously. The meaning of the sentence is: to set up school education seriously.)
However, the person who is not king (king, the noun is modified by the adverb "not" as a verb, to be a king, to make The people of the world surrender.) The people are neither hungry nor cold, but there is no king (usually "king" is a noun, here it is used as a verb: to be king, to be king, to unify the world). The king is innocent (usually "sin"). " is a noun, here it is used as a verb: blame, blame) Please use the metaphor of war (generally "war" is a battle (verb), here it is used as a noun: war) is to make people live and die without regrets (generally "live" is a verb) "" means alive (verb), here it is used as a noun: a living person; generally "die" means dead (a verb), here it is used as a noun: a dead person) "Jin" means to be cautious (generally "jin" means to be cautious) adjective), here used as a verb: to work seriously), then move the people to the east of the river, and move the millet to the river (generally "move" means to move, here it is used as a verb: to move...) 3. Different meanings in ancient and modern times: few people As for the country (little people, it is a modest word used by ancient kings to describe themselves).
Today it is used for lonely people. The meaning of the sentence is: I am against the country. )
Hanoi is bad (river, Yellow River. Today generally refers to rivers.
The meaning of the sentence is: there is famine in Hanoi.) Please use the metaphor of war (please, please allow me.
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Nowadays, it is often used to ask the other party to sit down; to ask the other party to give guidance. The sentence means, let me use the metaphor of fighting)
Seventy. People can eat meat (yes, "ke" means "can", and "yi" means relying on it. It is often used today to express agreement and approval.
The meaning of the sentence is: people in their seventies can eat it with the help of it) Meat. ) Abandon armor and drag soldiers away (walk, run, here refers to escape.
Today it often refers to ordinary walking. The sentence means, abandon armor, drag weapons and run away.)
Or a hundred steps and then up (or, for some people, indefinite pronoun. Today it is often used to select the choice word in a complex sentence.
The meaning of the sentence is that some people run away for a hundred steps and then stop.) Si The people of the world will come to an end (Si, then, then.
Today it is often used in pronouns, when "this" and "this' are spoken, such as "Sven", etc.) 4. Special sentence pattern judgment sentence: not me Yes, year.
(...ye, expresses judgment, meaning "it's not me, it's the year") Object preposition sentence: Wei Zhiyou (the pronoun in the negative sentence precedes the object. Place, it should be "something that has not existed", and the sentence means "I have never [heard of] such a situation") 5. The word "ran" has multiple meanings. meaningless) but not a king (like this).
3. Essential literary knowledge
The first volume of literary knowledge Lu Xun (1881-19360, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, courtesy name Hencai, the main The collection of works includes: novel collection (two volumes): "Scream" and "Wandering" Zhu Ziqing, courtesy name Peixian, is a modern essayist and poet.
He is the author of the collection of poems "Traces" and the collection of essays "Back" and "Back View". "Miscellaneous Notes on Travels in Europe". His excellent prose includes "Back View", "Spring", "Moonlight over Lotus Pond", "Green" and "Hurry".
5. Liu Xie, courtesy name Yanhe, was a literary critic of the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. , authored my country's first literary theory monograph "Wen Xin Diao Long" 12. "Zuo Zhuan": It is my country's first detailed and complete chronological history book.
Formerly known as "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu". , "The Biography of the Zuo Family in the Spring and Autumn Period" is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming, the historian of the State of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. It was compiled based on the "Chun Qiu" of Lu history revised by Confucius. The records begin in the first year of Lu Yin and end in the 27th year of Duke Ai of Lu. The main records are It describes some political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural events in various countries during the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It is a valuable document for studying the history of my country's pre-Qin Dynasty. It is also an excellent prose work. "Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Army" is an excerpt from this work. /p>
13. "Guoyu": It is the earliest country-style history book in my country, with 21 volumes. It is said to be written by Zuo Qiuming. It records the Zhou Dynasty from the 12th year of Zhou Mugong to the 16th year of King Zhen. "Guoyu" is known as the "Spring and Autumn Period", and the earliest existing annotated version of "Guoyu" is "Guoyu Jie" written by Wei Zhao of the Wu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period. 》.
The text "Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu" is selected from "Guo Yu Yue". 14. "Warring States Policy": a country-specific history book compiled by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, with 33 chapters. It mainly records the vertical and horizontal struggles of counselors and counselors during the Warring States Period and related plans or speeches.
It marks the development of ancient Chinese historical prose to a new height, and has a major influence on the creation of prose and poetry in later generations. 16. "The Analects": It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius, a great thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his disciples. It was written by Confucius disciples (including disciples who were re-transmitted) based on their own memories or the legends they heard.
It is the most important classic work on Confucianism, with 20 chapters in total, covering many aspects such as politics, education, literature, philosophy, and principles of conduct in life. 17. Confucius: (551 BC - 479 BC) named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni, a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a famous thinker, educator, the earliest theoretical critic of literature and art in ancient my country, and the founder of the Confucian school.
The core of his thought is "benevolence", which includes two meanings: "the benevolent love others" and "restraining oneself and restoring propriety to be benevolent". 18. "Mencius": It is a book that records the words and deeds of the thinker Meng Ke during the Warring States Period. It was compiled by Mencius and his disciples. It has seven chapters and covers political activities, political theories, philosophy, ethics, and educational thoughts. It is a Confucian classic. one.
The articles are famous for their eloquence, good use of parallel sentence patterns, and aggressive writing. "The Identity of the Country" comes from this work.
19. Mencius: Named Ke, courtesy name Ziyu, a native of Zou during the Warring States Period, a thinker, politician, and educator. He was a disciple of Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius, and a Confucian master after Confucius. He developed Confucius's thought of "benevolence" into the political proposition of "benevolent government", emphasizing that "the people are valued more than the monarch" and the support of the people; he proposed the theory of "good nature" and believed that human nature is inherently good.
20. "Xunzi": It was written by Xun Kuang, a thinker at the end of the Warring States Period. A small part of it was written by his disciples, and there are 32 chapters in existence. 21. Xunzi: Named Kuang, with the title "Qing", he was a native of Zhao during the Warring States Period. He was a thinker, educator and representative of the Confucian school. He was the master of pre-Qin materialism.
He put forward the theory of "evil nature" and the idea that "the behavior of nature is constant" and "man is determined to defeat nature". 22. "Zhuangzi": It was written by Zhuang Zhou, a thinker in the mid-Warring States Period, his disciples and later scholars. It is also known as "Nanhua Jing". It has 33 existing chapters, including 7 internal chapters, 15 external chapters, and 11 miscellaneous chapters.
23. Zhuangzi: named Zhou, a native of the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period, a representative figure of the Taoist school, and together with Laozi, are known as "Laozi and Zhuangzi". 24. Laozi: a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Taoism. His surname was Li Ming'er, known as Lao Dan. He wrote "Laozi", also known as "Tao Te Ching".
25. Jia Yi: Known as Jia Sheng, Jia Changsha, and Jia Taifu, he was a political commentator and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. His representative works include "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty", "Ode to Qu Yuan" and "Ode to Song Bird".
26. "Historical Records": It is my country's first biographical general history, also known as "Tai Shi Gong Shu". It records nearly three thousand years of history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There are 130 chapters in the book, divided into twelve chronicles, ten lists, eight books, thirty aristocratic families, and seventy biographies.
It pioneered biographical literature in my country and was praised by Lu Xun as "the swan song of historians, the rhymeless "Li Sao"". This chronicle: records the emperor's words, deeds and political achievements chronologically.
Table: Lists major events in each period chronologically. Book: records the evolution of various regulations and systems.
Aristocratic families: It records the rise and fall of vassal states and the achievements of outstanding figures. Biographies: records the lives and deeds of various celebrities.
27. Sima Qian: Zi Zichang, a historian, writer and thinker of the Western Han Dynasty. 28. Wang Xizhi: courtesy name Yishao, known as Wang Youjun in the world.
A calligrapher and writer of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy". His "Preface to the Lanting Collection" is a famous work handed down from generation to generation. 29. Tao Qian: also known as 2, named Yuanliang, known as "Mr. Jingjie" in the world, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He once served as the magistrate of Pengze County. He later resigned and returned home to live in seclusion in the countryside and wrote a large number of poems.
The poems "Return to the Countryside" and "Drinking", the prose "Return to the Countryside", "The Peach Blossom Spring", and the poem "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu" are all famous works handed down from generation to generation, including "The Collection of Tao Yuanming" . 1 Classical Literature (1) Spring and Autumn Period "The Book of Songs", my country's first collection of poems, was edited by Confucius.
It is divided into three components: Feng, Ya and Song, using the techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing. "Fa Tan", "Shuo Shu" and "The Analects of Confucius" record the words and actions of Confucius and his disciples, and were compiled by Confucius' disciples.
Confucius (551-479 BC), whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was a native of Lu. He was a thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Confucianism. The six chapters of "The Analects of Confucius" "Sitting", "Ji's General to Attack Zhuanyu", "He Zhangren" and "Zuo Zhuan" are my country's first chronicles with relatively detailed narratives, recording the political, military, diplomatic and other aspects of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is said that this important event was done by Zuo Qiuming.
"The Battle of Cao GUI" and "The Battle of Cao GUI" (2) Warring States Period "Zhuangzi", written by Zhuang Zhou and his disciples, is a work of the Taoist school. "The Cook and the Cow" "Mencius" records Mencius' words and deeds and was written by Mencius and his disciples.
Mencius (about 372 BC to about 289 BC), whose name was Ke and whose courtesy name was Ziyu, was the representative of the Confucian school.