Great-grandfather: Hong Yiwei
Grandfather: Hong Youzhi Father: Hong Qixi is also a scholar, and his personality is solemn and calm, so that he is famous for his filial piety.
Mother: Fu, a noble family, taught her son very strictly. Second brother: Hong Chengyu, died young.
Third brother: Hong Chengmian, a famous calligrapher in Wenquan County. Hong Chengchou's mother, Fu Shi, has read books, is knowledgeable and strict with her godson. Chengchou studied poetry books under the guidance of her mother since childhood. He is smart and eager to learn. At the age of seven, he received an enlightenment education at the Xiyi Pavilion in his village.
It is said that at the age of eight, Hong Chengchou's grandfather Fu died and his mother took him to the funeral. The undertaker asked them if they had any eulogy. Mother shook her head, but he opened his mouth and said yes. After entering the mourning hall, he bowed respectfully to his grandfather's coffin, and then he read plausibly: The divine wind called for an adult, and the descendants bowed down to Kong Yiji, and the gold, silver and paper cost 3, yuan, and the pig's head gift was a niche. This eulogy is paraphrased from the sentence of San Zi Jing, which is not surprising, but as an eight-year-old child, it can be fluent, which shows the agility of his thoughts. Hong Chengchou's move was immediately praised by relatives and friends present. Hong Chengchou's childhood family was poor. It is said that at the age of eleven, he dropped out of school and went home to help his mother make dried tofu. Every morning, he goes from village to village to sell dried tofu. One day, Hong Chengchou went there to sell dried beancurd. Several students gathered around and bought one piece each. Hong Chengchou asked them to buy one more piece. The students said morosely that the pair had not come out yet, and they dared not delay any more. Hong Chengchou promised to help them pair, but each person had to buy an extra piece of dried bean curd.
One day, Mr. Hong pulled a student and asked him to match the pair on the spot. The student couldn't match it. I have to admit that a child selling dried tofu helped him. Hong Qiyin immediately asked the students to call Hong Chengchou. Seeing that the child looked very smart, he learned that he could not continue his studies because of his poor family, so he wanted to try his talents, so he made a pair of couplets, which made Hong Chengchou right. Hong Qiyin pointed to the inkstone on the table and said: The inkstone is long and can write hundreds of poems. Hong Chengchou looked at his leftover dried tofu and quickly replied: Tofu is square, like a jade seal. Hong Qiyin was very happy when he heard this, and then he wrote a pair of couplets: white tofu, white tofu, and being honest and knowledgeable. Hong Chengchou knew that since Mr. Wang had turned the topic of tofu upside down, he should also answer with inkstone, so he casually read out: black inkstone, inkstone black, for the official iron bones jingle when the package is black. Mr. Wang felt that the child was not only talented, but also ambitious, so he went to Hong Chengchou's mother to persuade her to send the child to school, and promised not to charge tuition. Fu was naturally happy, so Hong Chengchou entered the school hall again. He was highly regarded by Hong Qiyin and became his favorite pupil. After the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou not only made many exploits, but also gave many ideas to Huang Taiji, thus accelerating the demise of the Ming Dynasty. After Shunzhi entered the customs, he boarded the golden palace in Beijing and rewarded the civil and military officials. Among the Han officials, Hong Chengchou is the one who has made the greatest contribution, so he was named as a contemporary.
On the first Spring Festival after the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan, firecrackers were set off all night in Beijing. Early in the morning of the New Year's Day, Hong Chengchou and his wives and concubines were sleeping soundly. Suddenly, the gatekeeper's guard broke into the sleeping hall and gave him a pair of couplets with wet ink in their hands. Hong Chengchou took the couplet and looked at it. His face suddenly rose like a purple eggplant. He asked, "Where did this couplet come from?" The guard said, "I just knocked on the fifth watch this morning. I went outside to make a patrol and saw someone posting another couplet on the couplet at the entrance of the mansion. I shouted and ran after it. The man saw me and ran away without paying attention to it." Why is Hong Chengchou so angry? It turned out that the couplet was written: "Loyalty and filial piety are inexpensive; One two three four five six seven ". Part I lacks "shame" and part II forgets "eight". This is clearly calling Hong Chengchou a shameless bastard. Can he not be angry? As a pre-Ming college student who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and served as a pawn for the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou's relationship in the south is intertwined and his reputation still exists, so he should be an ideal candidate to woo the southeast. No, Jiangnan people don't recognize the existence of Hong Chengchou at all. They hope that "Hong Chengchou" is dead, and it is a glorious name that stays in the history books. People are used to evaluating historical figures with the polarized standards of "loyalty and treachery" and "good and bad". Under this standard, historical figures are either loyal ministers or traitors, loyal monarchs or traitors. Hong Chengchou once wrote a couplet in the hall to thank Emperor Chongzhen for his favor: "Your kindness is as deep as the sea, and the minister's festival is as heavy as a mountain." After he was cleared, someone added one word to each pair of couplets: "Your kindness is as deep as the sea, and the minister's festival is as heavy as a mountain?"
In fact, Hong Chengchou's last years were shrouded in humiliation and embarrassment. After he entered the Qing Dynasty, he returned to his hometown and built a mansion in Quanzhou. After the completion of Hongfu, none of my relatives and friends visited me. Even Hong Chengchou's mother and brother refused to stay. The younger brother felt painful about the country's demise, and the older brother defected to the enemy. He swore that "he would not wear the Qing Dynasty sky and his feet would not set foot on the Qing Dynasty land", and he took his mother to live in a boat and lived in seclusion across the river. In 1659 (the 16th year of Shunzhi), Hong Chengchou, who was exhausted, was old and weak, and his eye disease became worse. In the first month of the following year, he was relieved of his post and returned to Beijing.
The most embarrassing thing is that Hong Chengchou was strongly rejected by the adherents of the Ming Dynasty, and was not really accepted by the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of entering the customs, Hong Chengchou suggested that Manchu dignitaries should be sinicized and learn Confucian etiquette. However, the Manchu people in Chinese accepted the Confucian ethics, and thought that Hong Chengchou's honor was deficient, disloyal and unfilial. How to place Hong Chengchou, the capital of triumph in the south, has become a big problem for the imperial court. Without the expected reward and the comfort of the post, the ruling and opposition parties watched the elderly Hong Chengchou walk back to the court with strange eyes.
in the Qing dynasty, Hong Chengchou experienced four periods: Huang taiji, dourgen, Shunzhi and Kangxi. Huang Taiji only used Hong Chengchou as a consultant, but he didn't really reuse it. Dourgen and Shunzhi valued Hong Chengchou, but didn't let him enter the decision-making level. (1661) In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the emperor shunzhi died and his son Kangxi succeeded him. The four Manchu ministers divided the power of the auxiliary government. And Hong Chengchou has been to seventy years of age, with the empty title of a university student, left out in the cold, and had to ask for retirement. When an important person like Hong Chengchou retires, the court must reward him for his contribution. After several discussions, Emperor Kangxi granted Hong Chengchou a hereditary title of a third-class pomp. Hong Chengchou sacrificed his honor, served for 2 years, and guided the Qing Dynasty to secure its position after several wars. He only got a small captain without pomp, and provided new content of sarcasm to those who condemned him.
Hong Chengchou died in p>1665 (the fourth year of Kangxi). At this time, Hong Chengchou's position in the official documents of the Qing Dynasty was at least positive. By the Qianlong period, Manchu dignitaries had been completely sinicized, and the anti-Qing sentiment of Han people everywhere gradually subsided, and Manchu and Chinese ideology and culture began to blend. Emperor Qianlong claimed to be a descendant of Confucian sages and a master of Chinese * * *, and began to praise Shi Kefa, Huang Daozhou and other loyal and patriotic examples. The stain of Hong Chengchou's "rebellion against Ming Dynasty" began to cover up the achievements of "Xiao Qing", and his image was reversed. In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was listed in Biography of Erchen, and it was only because of his great merits that he was listed as a second-class minister. The generation of loyal ministers in the Ming Dynasty, as Huang Zongxi said, the greatest impulse came from the moral and spiritual heroism of the Donglin Party movement. At the same time, however, the Donglin Party movement also triggered fierce party struggles, which continued until Nanming, leading to the split between the Nanjing court in Fu Wang and the followers of Wang Gui. Cronies despise "traitors" and such treason. However, after the early Qing Dynasty, the country was relatively stable, the people were stable, and the Qing regime became more and more stable.
Confused by this phenomenon, thinkers in the late Ming Dynasty reflected on the Ming Dynasty's demise, and at the same time made some thoughts. Gu Yanwu, for example, tried to distinguish between individual serving the dynasty and preserving civilization. In "Rizhilu On the Customs of Zhengshi", Gu Yanwu wrote: "There is national subjugation, and there is world subjugation. Debate between national subjugation and world subjugation? Yue:' Changing one's surname and changing one's number is called national subjugation. Righteousness and kindness are a hindrance, but as for leading animals to eat people, people will eat them, which is called the death of the world. " It is an old knowledge to protect the world, and then to protect its country. He who protects the country, his monarch and his minister, the carnivore, seek it. Those who protect the world are ashamed and responsible. " Gu Yanwu believes that if the Qing government can continue China's civilization, such as Chinese dress, free speech and scholarship, the spread of western learning, Confucianism and etiquette, it should be supported by the common people, and the only thing that should be devoted to the Ming government should be "its monarch, its ministers and meat eaters seek it".